AL-MA’HAD

Non-state
actors, including Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), are entities that participate or operate in bilateral and international relations, possessing sufficient power to influence and bring about change, while not belonging to any established state institution. Non-state actors have played an increasingly significant role in global dynamics since the end of the Cold War, and this trend is likely to continue. These entities wield greater influence across and within multiple global domains. Each type of such actors brings unique capacities and varying degrees of influence to affect the objectives and dynamics of states and their interactions. Given the importance of water in all aspects of life on Earth, this study focuses on water to examine the activities of these actors in the fields of water, environment, and climate change, along with the difficulties and challenges they face, as well as ways to support and enhance their work in order to ensure the sustainable availability of water resources in both quantity and quality for all users. Moreover, the diverse roles of the different specializations of non-state actors share notable similarities.

Due to its limited domestic energy resources, China faces an energy deficit and relies on imports to meet its growing demand. However, energy supply is subjected to market fluctuations and political factors, making energy security a key concern for the country To sustain economic growth, China has strengthened its relationships with energy-producing countries. Chinese energy companies play a crucial role in meeting the country’s rising energy demand. China’s approach to energy security involves economic, political, and strategic measures to ensure a stable energy supply.

Due Since the emergence of humanity, the world has been busy arranging its affairs according to systems and models with varying capacities for survival, taking into account the disparity or interaction between these systems and models to sometimes establish "norms" and other times "laws and dynamics" characterized by the flexibility necessary to accommodate variables and reassure the various concerns or preoccupations that plague the politician or strategic leader, in a way that ensures him the formation of opportunities, the construction of positions, and the performance of roles or functions. Therefore, talking about security and politics is not enough to follow the conversation itself, but rather to monitor the nature of their strategic performance as an approach to controlling the integration of the close relationship between security and politics, especially since security has not always been heading towards a positive state. After a long series of studies and intellectual, theoretical, and applied comparisons, the results and repercussions of which varied, a type of trend crystallized that indicated the necessity of agreeing on a specific model that pushes the necessity of determining the nature of the rhythm of strategic performance between security and politics through the fact that "performance" is the applied aspect of that relationship

Genocide
is one of the most serious international crimes as it aims to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group in whole or in part. Therefore, its criminalization is considered within the international customary rules and was approved by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948, Article (9) of which referred to the International Court of Justice the powers to interpret or apply the provisions of the Convention, including those related to the responsibility of a state for committing, conspiring, inciting or attempting to commit genocide, through the court’s powers to make final decisions in lawsuits and issue legal opinions on the issues presented to it, as well as its power to take interim measures to protect the rights of either party and prevent the parties from any actions that cause irreparable damage that empty the final judgment of its true content or make it unenforceable, and prevent the escalation or expansion of the conflict, as well as preventing any action that could hinder the collection or destruction of evidence, as in the case that was submitted to the court in late 2023 in which it was accused Israel's failure to abide by the provisions of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, during which it requested the adoption of several interim measures to oblige Israel to immediately suspend its military operations in Gaza, and to take the necessary measures to prevent the commission of any of the acts of genocide mentioned in the Convention, as the Palestinian issue is the most difficult test of the ability of the international legal system to protect international peace and security from repeated and ongoing violations by Israel and the United States, to the point of threatening international judges officially and publicly, which requires searching for deterrent rules and provisions for those accused of committing crimes of genocide and providing adequate protection for the victims of those crimes.

Confronting
the challenges posed by modern technologies to the legal system has become an urgent necessity to ensure the rule of law in the digital space just as it is in the physical world. While there are advanced international efforts to establish a robust legal framework to deter the misuse of technology—particularly sophisticated artificial intelligence tools—some countries, including Iraq, are still in the early stages of understanding the full scope of the issue. Nevertheless, there remains a valuable opportunity to benefit from the experiences of other nations, especially the French and Emirati legal systems, and to adapt these experiences in formulating appropriate legislative solutions tailored to the Iraqi context.This study emphasizes the importance of achieving a legislative balance that provides effective protection for individuals and society against harmful synthetic content, without compromising the guarantees of freedom of expression. This can be achieved through clear definitions of criminalized acts, explicitly excluding legitimate cases, and by introducing proportionate penalties. Undoubtedly, advancing the proposals of this research—particularly the suggested legal texts for the Iraqi legislator—will play a pivotal role in minimizing the misuse of AI technologies and deterring anyone who seeks to exploit them as tools for violating human dignity or societal security. As technology continues to evolve rapidly, the law must progress steadily to ensure that rights and freedoms remain protected, and that anyone who oversteps the boundaries under the guise of modern technology is held accountable, in pursuit of justice and the protection of society..

Awareness is no longer limited to what happened, but rather attempts to uncover what will happen in the future, especially after the wave of rapid change that took place and is still continuing in the international arena. Here, awareness began as if it were an attempt to uncover what the process of change and the rapid events conceal in the future, and that awareness generates the ability to guess and manage risks through estimating the past and the present, and deducing images of their existence from the available and incoming information that may be fragmented or contradictory, as well as generating a vision of the future, given that the latter is often based on expectation, intuition and guesswork; it seems that perception is the process that leads to creating an image of reality and the future, and China’s strategic perception has begun to soar strongly towards the summit. ...following a dynamic strategic, political, economic, and military plan to realize the Belt and Road Initiative, aided by its awareness of its strategic strengths and risk management, guided by its geopolitical position and capabilities, as well as the important position China enjoys at the regional and global levels..

The
right to privacy is one of the important personal rights closely related to the human personality and is the basis for respect for human dignity and humanity, which imposes many obligations on states to protect this right in light of the information revolution, modern communication devices and the internet, which has made it vulnerable to electronic violation، The research was limited to the extent of the interest of relevant international and national legislations in providing legal protection of individuals ' right to privacy, relying on the descriptive and analytical approach of legal texts, which came in line to some extent with international conventions, including the Universal Declaration of human rights of 1948 and the International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights of 1966, which imposed an obligation on states to provide legal protection to all individuals through their constitutions or relevant laws، These include the Iraqi Penal law (No. 111 of 1969) and the Iraqi postal Law (No. 97 of 1973) by respecting the inviolability of individuals 'homes and protecting them from any arbitrary interference in them, as well as the confidentiality of individuals' Postal, Telegraph and telephone correspondence and not viewing, monitoring or eavesdropping on them, except for security or judicial necessities.

Medical advancements, particularly in the field of human organ transplantation, have significantly contributed to the treatment of various health conditions. However, these developments have also raised complex legal and ethical challenges, especially regarding human rights. While organ transplantation is generally carried out within a legitimate legal and ethical framework that aligns with the right to health and life, the highly organized and intensive nature of legal transplant procedures has also paved the way for the emergence of illegal transplantation practices—namely, human organ trafficking.Illegal transplants often utilize the same infrastructure as legal ones, indicating the deep entrenchment of organ trafficking within the transplant industry. Case studies reveal that the transplant sector, in certain instances, facilitates the continuation of organ trade by providing the necessary medical infrastructure. A comparison between legal and illegal transplant operations highlights the strategic planning involved in trafficking activities, marked by a wider range of recruitment methods, secrecy strategies, and diverse preparatory arrangements for both donors and recipients, These findings emphasize the need for a broader understanding of organ trafficking—one that encompasses both organized and white-collar crimes operating on transnational levels.

The
process of transferring funds according to the SWIFT system is of great importance in practice The process of transferring money between banks leads to the transfer of financial rights without physically transferring the money through delivery, So the conversion process is done according to the Swift system, It is based on the double entry on the debit side of the orderer’s account and on the credit side of the beneficiary’s account.The bank\\\\'s obligation towards the beneficiary finds its cause in the entry that makes the bank indebted to the beneficiary With what was recorded in the creditor\\\\'s account, not through the order issued by the person in charge of the bank, And that the Swift system does not produce legal effects against its parties only, but extends to the beneficiary as well, and this is what distinguishes it from other contracts.

This
research explores the theoretical and intellectual debate surrounding the concept of the "Clash of Civilizations," as articulated by Samuel Huntington in the late 20th century. It examines the cultural and geopolitical dimensions of the thesis and its implications for East-West relations, The study critically analyzes the philosophical and political underpinnings of Huntington’s argument, placing it in its historical and ideological context. It highlights the Arab and Islamic intellectual responses that have proposed a civilizational alternative grounded in dialogue and mutual respect. Relying on analytical and comparative methodologies and focusing on Arabic sources, the study concludes that the clash is not an inevitable destiny. Rather, it can be overcome through a genuine commitment to intercultural dialogue based on shared human values..

The
European Parliament is one of the main institutions of the European Union, and it is the only transnational parliament in the world whose members are directly elected by the citizens of the Union. Throughout its history, the European Parliament has undergone developments that have reflected on its structure and competencies. Its internal organization has changed, the number of its members has increased, and its powers have gradually expanded due to the amendments introduced by successive European Union treaties. It has evolved from a powerless assembly with mostly consultative functions to a parliament that holds several roles, one of which is being an essential partner in the EU decision-making process, on equal footing with the Council of the European Union in most policy areas. Despite the importance of the European Parliament's legislative role, its powers remain limited compared to national parliaments. This is due to the nature of the European Union's political system, which has made the legislative process not solely the responsibility of Parliament, but a shared responsibility among the three main institutions (the Parliament, the Commission, and the European Council), with Parliament often being the weakest link in comparison to the roles of the Commission and the Council. Furthermore, the internal organization of the European Parliament has contributed to difficulties in performing its legislative role due to the fact that the Parliament is not a single, cohesive institution, but rather a collection of actors with diverse and changing strategies.

The
spread of deviant ideas and phenomena, global openness, crises, problems, and wars have produced numerous dangerous social phenomena that have evolved into major intellectual deviations, some of which have left rifts, repercussions, and damage to societal peace and the security and safety of human groups. This has necessitated the intervention of criminal law to protect the foundations of peaceful coexistence. Among the most important of these phenomena is hate speech, which has spread throughout societies. Hate speech stimulates feelings of resentment and animosity toward a particular group based on race, creed, or gender, leading to mass violations of human rights. The study aimed to clarify its meaning, its effects on peaceful coexistence, and the consequences of criminalizing it on that peaceful coexistence The study reached a number of results, the most important of which is the necessity of legislating an independent law to combat hate speech in Iraqi legislation, similar to comparative laws such as the Emirati law that criminalized hate speech in Law (Combating Discrimination, Hatred and Extremism) No. (34) of 2023, or adding texts to the Penal Code that explicitly criminalize hate speech and acts.

Social media has become a space for all trends, and some countries have cleverly used it to influence the fateful policies and decisions of other countries. This is done by inciting public opinion to confuse decision-makers in the targeted countries and creating the perception that this is the true direction of public opinion. However, this is artificial and unreal, and its source is organized entities with a long-suffering mindset and the ability to use these technologies to influence public opinion and oppose any decision that does not align with their orientations.

Sustainable development is one of the most important issues that occupy the world and humanity recently, and interest in it has increased, until it became Sustainable with its multiple dimensions and goals - the optimal and urgently necessary option to achieve prosperity and facilitate decent living for better life for current and future generations; because it meets and provides the needs and services of the current generation while preserving and guaranteeing the rights of future generations without prejudice to their wealth and gains. Sustainable development is closely linked to modern democratic principles that have been confirmed within explicit and direct constitutional frameworks and rules, and they are largely related to the rights of individuals guaranteed by constitutions, and constitution rules are supplemented by laws and legislation related to multiple aspects such as economic, social, cultural and environmental, and these laws are important frameworks for achieving sustainable development. Iraq has witnessed many transformations after 2003 - like the rest of the world - in all fields and at various social, political, economic, cultural and other levels, and these transformations require reviewing various legislations and addressing the challenges resulting from the abundance, conflict and shortcomings of legislation that hinder the process of sustainable development in Iraq. In cover subject of study, we followed the critical approach. In order for this study to achieve its objectives, we addressed the concept of sustainable development, its dimensions and objectives, as well as its legislative foundations and challenges. Finally reached the most important conclusions and suggestions that contribute it achieving the concept of sustainable development in Iraq, similar to what is practiced in advanced and developed countries.

Muslim
jurists from various Islamic schools of thought, and even jurists of one school of thought, differed in determining the time during which the testator may have the option to correct the will. As well as determining the time during which the heirs can leave more than a third, Muslim jurists agreed that it is permissible for the testator to correct the will after its creation and before his death, because the will is disbursed in addition after death,There are several forms of correcting a will, including correcting the place of the will or the person recommended. The correction may take the form of involving another person in addition to the person recommended. The heirs of the testator have the right to correct the will. This mandate is given to the heirs after the death of the testator and within the limits of more than a third of the estate. Comparative laws stipulate that the testator may correct the will, but the Iraqi Personal Status Law does not address this issue except to the extent of retracting the entire will, and this is considered one of the reasons for the invalidity of the will.

The
study addressed the tasks of Geneva Call in its efforts to ban anti-personnel landmines. This comes through the negotiations it conducts to reach an agreement obligating those armed groups to ban anti-personnel landmines, by devising a new mechanism called (the Deed of Commitment), which is a document to be signed. By those groups and Geneva Call to commit to a comprehensive and total mine ban, which includes ten provisions somewhat similar to the provisions of the 1997 Ottawa Convention banning anti-Africa landmines, The study addressed the definition of non-international armed actors that play an important role in non-international armed conflicts. These actors differ from each other based on some criteria, so they are represented by several types and are characterized by characteristics that differ from one another, and the armed activity that they carry out greatly affects the disintegration of a single state and its fabric Social.

Online commercial arbitration is an important and relatively recent topic in international transactions.
However, relatively little independent writing has been done on it, furthermore, its mechanisms differ
somewhat from traditional arbitration, both in terms of the means and procedures. Therefore, we will
examine this commercial arbitration in terms of its concept, the procedures, in order to encourage the
Iraqi legislation to legally regulate it in an independent law. From a practical perspective, reality indicates
the existence of many websites on the Internet specializing in electronic transactions. As a result of
technological development, the communications revolution, the growing volume of electronic trade,
and the increasing requirements of the international trend, represented by the liberalization of trade in
goods and services, as well as the ease of competition via the Internet compared to traditional
competition, it is well known that the technological system requires a legal system to regulate it.
Our study, in the first section, addresses the definition of electronic arbitration, divided into two
sections. The first section addresses the definition of electronic arbitration, while the second section
addresses the characteristics of electronic arbitration. The third section addresses the nature of
electronic arbitration. The second section addresses the mechanism of electronic arbitration, divided
into three sections. The first section addresses the referral of the dispute to arbitration, the second
section addresses the review of the dispute, and the third section addresses the termination of electronic arbitration.