Rafidain journal of science

This paper highlighted a study on the use of bacteria as biological material for heavy metals removal from wastewater, using biomass of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. in two time intervals (4, 24 hrs.) of biosorption process.The maximum capacity was found to be the highest for zinc by the two types of bacteria and two time intervals.While the minimum capacity was found for lead by pseudomonas spp.. The other metals have differed in the percentage uptake by two types of bacteria and two time intervals.
The study has found that there is an increase in uptake after 24 hrs. of biosorption process except the lead which its percentage of uptake has decreased after 24 hrs. by Bacillus spp. while the percentage of zinc for two types of bacteria has remained constant after 24 hrs. of biosorption.
As well as the research has studied the effect of addition of glucose on biosorption as an additional carbon and energy source and the results revealed that there is variation in bacterial ability for metal adsorption within the two intervals 4 and 24 hrs.

The nucleotide sequences of fifty genes of Shigella flexneri 5 strain 8401 were analyzed. The very lowly expressed genes (nine genes) have P2 value range of (0.29-0.42) while moderately low expressed genes (thirteen genes) have P2 range of (0.42-0.5). Highly expressed genes (sixteen genes) range between(0.50-0.63) and very highly expressed genes (twelve genes) range was (0.63-0.85). GC% content fluctuated from 44%-55% with a mean value of 52% indicating the nucleotides G and C slightly higher than A and T and it is a GC rich microorganism. The points of the ENc plot against GC3 composition are quite spreaded which suggest that there are other contributors to the codon usage pattern besides the genomic composition. CAI values clearly parallel levels of gene expressions so highly expressed genes have higher CAI values

In the course of screening for novel naturally occurring insecticides from plants, the ethanol extract of the Arial parts of 5 Euphorbia weeds was found to show insecticidal activity against Utetheisa Pulchella L. Extracts from E. granulata L., E. petiolata L., E. peplis L., E. nutans Lag. and E. heliscopia L. possessed bioinsecticidal activity against immature stages with LC50 values between 84.0 and 480 ppm. Although all could be viable insecticides, extracts of E. granulata, E. petiolata and E. peplis are by far the most likely to succeed.
Significant observations about wings malformations were reported, they varied between fair and heavy curly wings and eclusion failure. Histological effect of the applied Euphorbia extracts was tested by E. granulata extract, the extract induces separation of peritrophic matrix and necrosis of epidermal cells. The extract affects the metabolic activities of prepupa midgut which is represented by notable variation in chromatin color of epidermal nuclei

Keratinocytes are the natural target cells for infection by humanpapillomaviruses (HPVs), most of which cause benign epithelial hyperplasias (warts). HPVs, cause lesions that can progress to carcinomas. Inflammatory genes such as those coding for cytokines, chemokines and other genes are induced in response to a viral infection. HPV effect on host cellular responses is critically important to explore the molecular mechanisms of viral-host interaction. The aims of this study were to detect changes in the mRNA expression in a panel of 84 inflammatory genes in the leukocyte of three HPV infected patients using real time-PCR array technology. Nine inflammatory genes showed a significant gene up regulation ranging between 16.897 mean fold change for Interleukin-1 alpha and 353.804mean fold change for Interferon-alpha2 gene. The up regulation of mRNA of nine geneswith high significance (P > 0.05) might suggest that the host-viral interaction is a cellular response against viral effect. In conclusion,this study revealed several alterations of many Leukocyte`s inflammatory gene expressions as a response against HPV. The common up regulated genes after HPV infections stimulate the activity of different immunological functional pathways represented by cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway

Two novel aroylhydrazonemonoxime ligands and their metal (II) complexes of [CoII,NiII,CuII,ZnII,CdII] were synthesized. These ligands are Diacetylmonoxime-4-nitrobenzoylhydrazone (L1H2), Diacetylmonoxime-4-hydroxybenzoylhydrazone (L2H2). The synthesized 4-hydroxybenzoyl hydrazide and 4-nitrobenzoylhydrazide were reacted with diacetyl monoxime to obtain the (L1H2, L2H2) ligands. Mononuclear complexes of these ligands of the type [M(LnH)2] where (M- = CoII,NiII,CuII,ZnII,CdII; n =1,2) with metal:ligand molar ratio of (1:2) were prepared in the presence of Et3N . The metal ions complexes [M(LnH)2] are proposed to be six-coordinated with a N4O2 donor environment. Each ligand is coordinated through the oxime nitrogen, the imine nitrogen and the enolic oxygen atoms while the phenolic hydroxyl and oxime hydroxyl groups of aroylhydrazonemonoxime moiety do not participate in coordination. The structures of the complexes were suggested on the basis of 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis (CHN), magnetic susceptibility measurements and U.V.–visible spectroscopy

The present research included the determination of xanthine oxidase XO in tissues of benign and malignant colon tumor patients.
Six samples were collected from patients in surgery unit in Al-Zahrawi hospital in Nineveh Governorate, three of them were benign and the others were malignant colon tumors.
The results showed that there are (62%) increase in the specific activity of the enzyme in malignant than benign.
The research also included an isolation and partial purification of XO using gel filtration chromatography from benign and malignant colon tumor tissues. The number of purification folds was (12) fold from benign and (17) folds from malignant.
The molecular weight of XO was determined using gel filtration on sephadex G-100 and it was found to be (199000 ± 2000 , 191000 ± 2000) dalton from benign and malignant colon tumor respectively.
The results also showed that the enzyme gave a maximum activity at (1.5×10-4 M) of xanthine as a substrate and phosphate buffer at pH (8.5), temperature of (40/°C) and incubation time (6 minutes). Using linweaver-Burk plot, the Km was (2.5 × 10-4M) and Vmax was ( 7.1 10-5) U/ml.
The research also shows an inhibition effect of some metal ions like Cu+2, Hg+2, Ag+2 (but not by Co+2) and some chemical compounds like N-acetyl cysteine,
1-phenl-3-pyrazolidinone on XO activity.

The rate of bromination of 2-benzylidene-1,3-indandione (I1) and its derivatives p-NO2 (I2), p-Cl (I3), furan ring (I4), and p-OCH3 (I5) have been studied in chloroform by means of U.V spectroscopy technique. The study indicated first order dependence on each of reactants with order of rates I2 > I3 > I4 > I1 > I5 at any temperature. The effect of substituents on the rate showed that electronic factors, inductive and resonance effects play reasonable role on the stability of the intermediates. Moreover, bromination processes showed a good free energy relationship with Hammett ρ value of greater than "1.0" at 298 K. The kinetic studies for these reactions revealed that these reactions are of nucleophilic addition type which characterized by the formation of intermediates that transformed to the desired products (II). Suggested mechanisms, which are consistent with the results, have been postulated and suitable rate laws in consonance with the suggested mechanisms have been derived.

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of ganciclovir (GCV) in a bulk drug and in its pharmaceutical formulations. The method was based on the reduction of potassium permanganate by ganciclovir in alkaline medium to form a green colour product showing maximum absorbance at 610 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range 2-100 µg.ml-1 with average recovery (accuracy) 100.24% and precision (RSD) is less than 1.0%. The molar absorptivity is 4.59x103 l.mol-1.cm-1 with LOD 0.21µg.ml-1 and LOQ 0.72 µg.ml-1. The proposed method was further applied to the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical formulations as an injection and capsule and the results are compatible with both certified values of pharmaceutical formulations and the standard addition method

A suppression of nonlinear optical Intra-Channel Four Wave Mixing (IFWM) induced phase and amplitude noise in optical fiber is reported by simulation. A 40 Gb/s transimpedance amplifier (TIA) circuit was investigated for this purpose. Circuit components were modeled under thermal conditions of 30ºC. Using 81 kΩ nonlinear feedback resistor RTIA, an optimal Minimum Noise Figure (MNF) of 1.758 dB was achieved. A 1.760 dB of MNF is reported when RTIA value changes to 80 kΩ. However, when an IFWM-induced phase and amplitude combined noise is applied at the TIA input with a magnitude of 19.081 dB, it was effectively suppressed under the influence of TIA input impedance Zin of 19914 Ω which lead to IFWM combined noise of 14.55 dB in a decreasing pattern at TIA output. An |S21| simulated measurement showed a gain of 10.15 dB.

This work investigats the physical properties and the nanotopography of the growth SiO2 film in the thickness range (2.2- 12.9) nm on Silicon polycrystalline p-type substrates, by using the anodic oxidation technique using acetic acid medium containing 0.1N KNO3 as supporting electrolyte. In this technique the polarization curve indicates the presence of active peak. The chemical analysis of the surface of SiO2 has been done by (SEM ) shows the presence of O2 gas and C element, The films thickness has been found to increase as formation potential increases. The quality of the SiO2/Si interface, as examined by FTIR and it appears, the value of band apbsorption displacement depends on SiO2 thickness. Moreover the bond angle Si–O–Si has been found to depends on SiO2 thickness. The (AFM) is used to study the nanotopography of SiO2 film . However it has been found that a relation between SiO2 film thickness and roughness of the SiO2 film (As the SiO2 thickness increase the surface roughness of SiO2 film increase too).

The major objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms controlling the thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) and use this understanding to develop new TBCs with improved performance characteristics. The system studied consisted of the Cobalt-Base superalloy as a substrate and yttria-stabilized Alumina as a ceramic topcoat. A second objective of the study was to see the degradation behavior of the systems during thermal cycling (three hour cycles in a bottom-loading furnace). The failure mode for the aluminized because of the defects at the coating -thermally grown oxide (TGO) interface and at the TGO bond coat interface. The fractures then propagated along the interface between the bond coat and the TGO. The failure the aluminide was found a coat interface and a deformation mode of the bond coat.
The effect of cycle frequency on the spallation failure of the state TBCs was also found small degradation. The molten salt of (Na2SO4) conditions affect the lifetimes of the coatings. Exposure temperature was found to have a strong effect, which is consistent with TGO growth being a first order variable in scale failure.

A total of ( 31) white (W) and/or resistant to potassium chlorate (Chl) or sodium selenate (Sel) mutants were isolated from strain AA1; a black wild type strain of the plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata. Exposing conidia of this stain to 20 min UV at a 20 cm – distance was found to kill more than 90% of the conidia and these conditions were adopted to isolate various mutants.Three white mutants; SW1, SW2 and SW3 were isolated as white sectors after two days of irradiating two-day old colonies of AA1. Concentrations of 100, 60, 100 and 80mM potassium chlorate or concentrations of 200, 280, 280 and 200mM sodium selenate completely inhibited the growth of strains AA1, SW1, SW2 and SW3 respectively and these concentrations were used to isolate the various resistant mutants. Twenty spontaneous chlorate- resistant mutants were isolated from strain AA1(Chl5-Chl9) and strain SW3(Chl13-Chl27). Five Sel mutants (Sel1-Sel5) and one chlorate resistant (Chl10) mutants were isolated from irradiating conidia of SW2 and AA1respectively. The double mutants SW4, white conidia and chlorate resistant, was isolated by irradiating conidia of Chl10. This collection of mutants should allow starting the genetic analysis of this important fungus.

Different concentrations of Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) and Salicylic acid (SA) were tested on the mycelial growth of the fungus Alernaria alternata, the causal agent of leaf spot disease of broad bean. All tested conc. (1,3,5,10,20,30,60) mM gave significant inhibition in accordance with the increase of conc., and the growth of the fungus was inhibited completely at (10) mM of (ASA) and (20) mM of (SA). Results indicated that the addition of different conc. of (ASA) and (SA) to the liquid media Potato Sucrose Broth (PSB) caused complete inhibition to the fungal growth at (10) mM of (ASA), the same effect was noticed when (20) at (3 (5-mM of (SA) applied in greenhouse experiments, seeds were soaked mM of (SA) and (ASA) for 24 hrs. as a protective treatment, then planted in soil contaminated with the pathogen caused significant reduction in percent infection and disease severity of leaf spots. Dual treatment by soaking the seeds with the same conc. along with spraying the shoot system was the most efficient in reducing percent infection by (100)% and disease severity of the disease and improving growth characters of the treated plants. Studying the biochemical changes occurred as indicators for induced resistance in the treated plants, caused high increase in peroxidase activity as compared to untreated plants. The best treatment was soaking the seeds in (5) mM of (ASA) as well as spraying the shoot system.

Hyperglycemic diabetic have a deficit in their non-specific defense. The present study investigated phagocytosis of Nitrobluetetrazolium in 62 diabetic patients with age between (5-70) years, and with variable disease period (1-20) years of both sex; (31) of them are IDDM, other are NIDDM. All patients were divided in two groups depending their glucose level (more 200mg/dl) and (less than 160mg/dl) and were compared with control. The results indicated a significant reduction in phagocytic activity in all diabetic patients, moreover a significant reduction (p≤0.05) in phagocytic activity in both IDDM, NIDDM. On the other hand a significant reduction in phagocytic activity in the two groups of IDDM, NIDDM (glucose level more than 200mg/dl) and (160mg/dl) when compared with control. The study suggests that all diabetics have a significant reduction in their phagocytic activity, and this reduction is not related to the type of disease, age, sex, but depending on the glucose level in blood

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different cadmium and lead concentrations on the carbohydrates, proteins and the nutrient metals concentration in the leaves, stem and root tissues of sunflower Helianthus annuus L. plants under wire house conditions. Results showed that soil treated with cadmium (3, 6, 9 mg / kg) and lead (400, 600, 800 mg / kg) resulted in a significant decrease in carbohydrate and protein concentrations in all plant tissues studied with exception of the non significant decrease in the protein concentration in the stem that treated with Cd (3 mg/kg) as compared with the control. A significant decrease in calcium, magnesium and potassium in different plant tissues accompanied with non significant decrease in magnesium concentration in the leaf and stem with Cd (3 mg /kg) treated soil were observed in comparison with the same element concentration in the leaf and stem of the control plants.

This study was conducted on the river Tigris between Albo-Sayf and Hammam Al-Aleel, on four positions stretching along the river for eight months started from November 2010 to June 2011. The study concluded measurement of some biological factors.
The results showed that the dissolved oxygen value ranged between (2.63- 813) mg/L, the minimum value was recorded at station of Albo-Sayf at downstream Mosul city at November while maximum value recorded on station 4 Hamam Al-Aleel at April.
The range value of biological oxygen demand (BOD5) ranged between (1.93- 17.2) mg/L the minimum value recorded at station 2 Jamasa village at June while the maximum value recorded at station 1 Albo-Sayf at April.
While the research showed that the value of nitrate ranged between (0.40- 1.59) mg/L the minimum value was at station 3 Lazaga village at June While the maximum value at station 1 Albo-Sayf at April.
The value of orthophosphate ranged (0.21- 1.25)mg/L the minimum value at station 2 Jamasa village while the maximum value at station 1 Albo-Sayf at April.
Although the value of Sulfate range (74- 114) mg/L the minimum value at station 1 Albo- Sayf at April , while the maximum value at station 4 Hammam Al-Aleel where there are many water sulfur springs at this station

The research included estimation of gamma-glutamyl transferase activity and total protein, albumin, globulin, heamoglubin, packed red cell volume ratio and electrolytes sodium, potassium in (30) pregnant women complication Eclampsia within gestational period first, second and third trimester, aging between (15-45) years, as well as in (30) pregnant women as control with similar age.
The results showed significant decrease in the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the second and third trimester, and significant decrease in concentration of total protein, albumin, haemoglubin, pack red cell volume and sodium at first, second and third trimester comparison to control group.
According to correlation coefficient, the result showed that direct significant correlation between gamma-glutamyl transferase activity and protein concentration in the first trimester and direct significant correlation between gamma-glutamyl transferase activity and concentration of sodium level in the second trimester

The research is conducted with the aim to investigate the strains of E.coli O157: H7 bacteria among E.coli isolates which is contaminated the local meat in Mosul, as it is being one of the common causes of food poisoning. The results showed that most of the studied meat samples have been contaminated with E.coli bacteria and the number of colonies of bacteria varied depending on the type of meat samples, although the proportion of contamination (100%) in minced meat (80%) in beef and less in lamb (76 %).
Serotyping test showed that the strain O157: H7 also has been different rates among different types of meat, as follow: (32%) for each of the samples of beef and minced meat, while (24%) in lamb. The results of the sensitivity test for a range of antibiotics showed that the strain O157: H7 had a high resistance to the studied antibiotics in general, and its resistance was (100%) for each of the Rifampin (RA), Cephalexin (CL) and Cefixime (CFM) for all types of meat. The sensitivity to the antibiotics also varied according to source of isolate, in which the highest sensitivity in all studied meat samples were for Amikacin, ciprofioxacin and Chloramphenicol, as (87.5%) in minced meat sample, (83.4%) in lamb samples, while (75%) in beef samples. the percentage of the total resistance of strain O157: H7 to studied antibiotics also differed by type of meat, which is (67.5%) equally in both beef and minced meat samples while (65%) for lamb samples.

The study include investigation types of Micrococcus for degradation diesel. The results showed an increase in the growth rates for most strain of M. roesus, M. luteus and M. varians as the mean count were 31×109 and 30.4×109 for M. roseus and M. luteus respectively, at the beginning and reached 36×108 and 28.5×107 for mentioned species respectively at the end, An increase in photoabsorption was recorded during the experimental period which were corresponding with increased viable counts of bacteria belonging to the genera of Micrococcus whereas one strain of M. luteus didn't grow in the media containing Diesel.
Gas chromatography (GC) and Infrared-IR techniques was used for dictation hydrolysis of Diesel as indicators as disappearance of number of bands on diesel treated with the bacterial isolates used in the study, and the disappearance of number of bonds was observed using IR technique, the carboxylic acid, amid and ester bonds appeared in bacterial treated sample

This study was conducted in the north of Aleppo / Syria. The speciments were collected from several constant and temporary water sites for the contribution of classification of Culex spp. Larvae, a total of 1613 fourth instar larvae were collected by a dipper with a size of 250 ml , six species which belong to genus Culex were recorded : Culex ( Culex) pipiens,Culex (Culex) quinquefasiatus, Culex (Culex) vagans, Culex (Culex) torrentium, Culex (Culex) thieleri, Culex (Culex) tritaeniorhynchus.
It had been excerpted a classification key to the species of Culex in the north of Aleppo- Syria based on morphology of fourth instar larvae.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the pesticide Deltamethrine on plant cell growth, by using Nigella sativa L. tissue cultures. Different concentrations of the pesticide were used ranged between 0.01-4.0%. Results showed that the lower conc. 0.01-0.05% did not inhibit callus growth, but they enhanced the growth to yield 8.44, 11.47 and 12.89 g of callus fresh weight compared with 6.12 g for MSt. the conc. of 0.1-1.0% also enhanced callus growth but to lower level. Whereas 2.0 and 4.0% of the pesticide were growth inhibitors. Protein determination showed the same trend as with the fresh weight.

The research includes the isolation of senescence marker protein-30 (SMP-30) from human plasma of normal young male age 25 year, the factors affecting the activity of the enzyme and determination of its molecular weight. One band had been isolated by gel filtration chromatography from the proteinous supernatant produced by precipitation by ammonium sulfate (60%) after dialysis and separation by cooling centrifuge. Apparent molecular weight of the isolated enzyme using gel filtration chromatography was (34672) Dalton.
The results also showed that the optimum conditions of SMP-30 were obtained at (100 µg/ml) of enzyme concentration and phosphate buffer (0.022 mol/l) as a buffer at pH (8) for (18) minutes at (49C) using (14 mmol/l) of gluconolactone (GL) as a substrate,. Using Line Weaver–Burk plot, the values of maximum velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) were (0.65 µmol/ min) and (5.6 mmol/l) respectively. Beside of, the study showed the effect of some chemicals and drugs inhibitors on the enzyme activity, Phenyl phrine, neomycin and mercuric chloride possessed a noncompetitive inhibition and caffein anhydrous possessed a competitive inhibition and arsenate meta sodium possessed a uncompetitive

In this research a new algorithem has been applied to calculate the phonon images for orthohombic crystals, this method depend on the calculation of the phonon imaging from the phase velocity and slowness surface only without the detail calculation the group velocity, this has been done by determining the directions of the group velocity from the slowness surface. The Monte Carlo method has been used to generate the wave vectors in reduced Brilluon zone, then transformed these vectors to slowness surface space and the unit vectors of group velocity are determind. A comparision between the new and classical algorithem results has been done for the calculation of the phonon images for orthohombic crystals, the results shows a good agrement between the new and the classical algorithem.

The property of even-even isotopes have been deduced, were the relation of the moment of inertia as a function of the square of the energy of the emitted photon when the nucleus translate from the state to the state ( back-bending curve) Also the relation of the gamma energy over spin as a function of the spin (E-GOS) have been drawn, these curves indicated that these isotopes have a transition property (SU(3)-O(6), with the X(5) proprety for isotopes. To insure this property the calculation of the energy of different states in the yrast band has been done using the standard relation for the three types of nuclei depending on their property (rotation, and vibration). Knowing the property of these isotopes, the calculation of electric quadrupole transition probability B(E2) has been done using Bohr and Mottelson model and the interacting boson model IBM-1 and compared with the experimental values