Rafidain journal of science

This experiment is a trail to use an attenuated Leishmania donovani promastigote as a mean for protection the hamsters against visceral leishmniasis. By subculturing the promastigotes from 1-18 times in NNN media, it was found that subcultures 16, 17 ,18 were effective in protecting the hamsters against challenge dose of the parasites

Alkaloids were separated from black seed by using two type of solvents; ethanol and chloroform, we obtained two fractions of alkaloid (A1 and A2). Separated fractions were tested in different concentrations 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml against four types of bacteria
( Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus, E. coli and Pseudomonas spp.). The results showed that both fractions of alkaloid have antibacterial activity against tested bacteria but the effect of A1 was more than A2 and Gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than Gram-negative bacteria, the inhibition zone increased by increasing concentration of alkaloid in all tested bacteria.

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases worldwide and it is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, humans can get infected post-naturally either by uptake of sporulated toxoplasma oocysts or by ingestion of tissue cysts upon consumption of raw or undercooked meat.
The study included cattle, sheep and chicken of different age groups and housing conditions whenever possible and applicable. Direct Latex Agglutination test was used to detect T. gondii specific antibodies and to determine seroprevalences in meat juice of slaughtered animals. The total samples are 300 of domestic animals (cattle, sheep and chicken 100 samples each of them).
The results of Latex agglutination test are positive in 17% of cattle, 37% of sheep and 9% of chicken from meat juice. The examination of specific IgG and IgM antibodies was detected by Hydroxy ethylmercaptan (2-ME) test with used of meat juices and Compound of 2- Hydroxy ethylmercaptan which appear in cattle 17.9% of IgM and 82.1% IgG, in sheep 16.2% of IgM and 83.8% IgG and in chicken 11.1% of IgM and 88.9% IgG.
The aim of this study was to approximate the risk of human infection via meat consumption by estimating the seroprevalence of T. gondii in slaughtered animals in Hamdania.

Human umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are regarded as valuable source for cell transplantation and cell therapy. These cells in their undifferentiated state are fibroblast – like in morphology, and these cells when treated with retinoic acid, or epidermal growth factor, rapidly assumed the morphology of multipolar neurons. The resulting differentiated cells express nestin marker, a neurofilament protein that is one of the most specific markers of multipotent neural stem cells. In conclusion, the present findings support the hypothesis that cord blood contains MSCs that can be induced to differentiate into neuronal pathway and express neuronal marker.

A simple, rapid, accurate and precise spectrophotometric method is proposed for the determination of nitrazepam in pure form. The method is based on the reduction of nitrazepam by zinc powder in concentrated hydrochloric acid medium followed by diazotization of reduced nitrazepam and coupling with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA) to give a pink coloured product which is stable, water-soluble and has a maximum absorption at 564 nm with a molar absorptivity of 1.633×10P3P l.molP-1P.cmP-1P. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 10 to 500 μg of nitrazepam in a final volume of 25 ml.

The study was conducted in Mosul during the period from february to april 2009 including non-married and pregnant group composed of 35 and 105 apparently healthy women respectively. Pregnant group were subdivided equally according to their trimester into three subgroups, women in second and third trimester are having ferrous sulphate in their ingestion. Serum zinc measurements were done for these groups of women.the results showed that serum zinc concentration start to reduce significantly during second trimester continue to decline in third trimester in comparison with non-married group. Therefore, it is recommended to measure serum zinc during pregnancy with the use of optimal dose of zinc supplemental therapy

A series of diarylidine cyclohexanones (1t-12t) have been prepared via Clasien-Schmidt reaction then condensed with dimethyl sulphoxide through Michael-Claisen condensation to afford the corresponding fused heterocycles (13t-24t). The structures of the products were elucidated by the spectrum (UV, IR, 1H-NMR). The suggested mechanisms for these reactions were investigated according to theoretical calculations, heat of formation (H.F.) and the steric energy (S.E.). Furthermore some of the products have been tested for their biological activity (antibacterial).

Complexes of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II),Cu(II) and Zn(II) with p-tolualdehyde acetyl hydrazone (TAH), p- anisaldehyde acetyl hydrazone (AAH) and 2- furylaldehyde acetyl hydrazone (FAH) of the types [ML2Cl2] where L=TAH and AAH and [M(FAH)2]Cl2 were synthesized. The complexes were characterized on the basis of analytical molar conductance, molecular weight, magnetic moment, infrared and electronic spectra. From the elemental analysis and molecular weight data 1:2 (metal : ligand) was proposed. The molar conductance measurements showed that TAH and AAH complexes were non-electrolytes and FAH complexes were 1:2 electrolytes in DMF and DMSO. The magnetic moment coupled with the electronic spectra suggested an octahedral geometry for all the complexes .
IR spectral studies indicated that TAH and AAH functions as neutral bidentate ligands via carbonyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms while FAH act as neutral tridentate ligand coordinated through furan ring oxygen atom in addition to carbonyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms.

Thermodynamic parameters of amino alkyl bromide with hydrogen sulfite ion have been investigated using computational methods in both acidic and basic medium. A semi-empirical method AM1 are performed to investigate the mechanism and factors affecting on the reaction route in both medium. The results led to the estimation of heat of formation and steric energy for reacting amines, transition states, intermediates and products. Our investigations have shown that the reaction process is affected by electronic factors and steric crowding. It is clarified that these factors play important role in the stability of the intermediates and is consistent with the previously proposed mechanism.

A simple spectrophotometric method is developed for the determination of oxymetazoline hydrochloride (OMCl) as pure and in its pharmaceutical preparations.
The method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction of OMCl with 4-aminoantipyrine (4-A.A.P) in the presence of potassium periodate as oxidizing agent in an alkaline medium to produce a coloured water soluble product that is stable and has a maximum absorption at 480 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range 20 -400g OMCl/20 ml with a molar absorptivity of 5.34 x 103 1.mol-1.cm-1, a relative error of -0.50 to -1.47% and a relative standard deviation of ± 0.36 to ± 1.58%, depending on the concentration level. The optimum conditions for full colour development are described and the proposed method was applied successfully to the assay of OMCl in two pharmaceutical preparations.

Three types of Metal(II) complexes with hydrazone derived from condensation of thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide and 2-furaldehyde namely 2-furaldehyde-2-thenoylhydrazone (fth) of the general formulas [M (fth-H)2],[M(fth)2 Cl2] and [M(fth)2] (NO3)2, where M= Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II), were synthesized and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic moment, infrared and electronic spectral data.
The infrared and molar conductance data of the complexes reveal the monobasic tridentate ONO nature of the ligand and coordination through the enolate oxygen, furan ring oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms, in the complexes [M(fth-H2)] upon deprotonation of the ligand. The same ligand acts as neutral bidentate ON in the chloro-complexes coordinated through the carbonyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen atoms and neutral tridentate ONO in the nitrate complexes coordination through carbonyl oxygen and furan ring oxygen atoms in addition to the azomethine nitrogen atom. The magnetic and electronic spectral data suggested an octahedral geometry for the complexes.

Two sensitive and fast spectrophotometric methods were used by batch and flow-injection spectrophotometric techniques for the determination of meloxicam are proposed. The methods were based on azo-coupling reaction of meloxicam with sulphanilic acid in the presence of sodium nitrite in alkaline medium after converted to primary aromatic amine. The calibration curves resulting from measuring the absorbance at 365 nm are linear over the ranges 1.0-20 and 3.0-30µg/ml with detection limits of 0.5 and 1.0µg/ml, respectively. The molar absorptivity and Sandell index were 1.3839×104l/mol.cm and 2.539×10-2µg/cm2 respectively. The methods are applied to the routine analysis of meloxicam in pharmaceutical formulations.

In this study, Locally isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus viridans are used as a source of Lipoteichoicacid (LTA) which was isolated by Affinity Chromatography.
Some diagnostic tests were done to detect the presence and purity of LTA after measuring the absorbance of the samples using 200-400 nm wavelength. LTA samples were diagnosed qualitatively by thin layer chromatography (TLC) by measuring the rate of flow which reached 0.68, then were diagnosed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by calculating the retention time, which reached 2.03 minutes for S. aureus - LTA and 1.96 minutes for St. viridans- LTA

Potato virus Y (PVY) which isolated from potato leaves, was diagnosed by ELISA test and by Chenopodium amaranticolor as indicator plant which respond locally to this virus known by its resistance to it, so phenolic compounds were isolated from its leaves and detected spectrometrically at wavelength ranged 200-300 nm, recorded absorbency peaks at wavelength 210 nm for phenols and 280 nm for antagonistic proteins, isolated by acetone, centrifugation and precipitation by ammonium sulphate, these compounds not present in healthy leaves. This result has been assured by inhibition test of the virus in vitro by mixing sap of infected plant with equal amounts of infected C. amaranticolor crude sap and proteinecious solution of that extraction which decreased the number of local lesions on inoculated leaves of C. amaranticolor compared to leaves inoculated by untreated sap. These results assured that this plant was resistant to PVY.

ABSTRACT
Motility types of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.aeruginosa) have been studied and the detection on twitching motility was done by using stabbing with 1% agar to Luria-burtani (LB) broth medium. P. aeruginosa isolates revealed the ability to twitching motility which was characterized by extension of growth between agar and Petri dish, In addition to various degrees of swarming after induction by using different amino acids and different agar concentrations lower than 0.7%. Cell morphology was examined from the center and margins of swarmed cells, cells from center seemed normal in morphology while the marginal cells appear elongated. Also swimming motility was observed by the wet mount preparation. The elongated cells were showed from LB broth by using transmission electron microscope. The bacterium succeeded in swimming motility in minimal media with 3% agar.

A total of 217 ear swabs were collected from patients infected with suppurative otitis media through their visit to ENT unit of Al-Zahrawi Hospital in Mosul city. Isolation and identification of microorganisms from all specimens were done, the role of Streptococcus pneumoniae as a causative agent of the disease is shown; finally we examined plasmid existence in Streptococcus pneumoniae and it's role in ampicillin resistance. The results showed that this bacterium is one of the main causative agents of otitis media.Plasmids have been prepared from Streptococcus pneumoniae and calculated their quality; the results also showed that the gene responsible for this bacterium resistance to ampicillin is located on chromosomal DNA, and plasmids have no role in this reistsance. Finally these genes were transferred from resistant strain to a sensitive one by transformation process

This study was conducted on two flocks of Awassi (100) and Hamdani (70) ewes during 2009 and 2010 seasons to estimate the genetic parameters for the two breeds, productivity of each breed, heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlation of milk yield and its composition by monthly intervals 15 days post-lambing for 5-6 months, wool yield and some of its physical traits within these two seasons. The results revealed a highly significant effects (p≤ 0.01) for breed on daily milk yield (DMY), greasy fleece weight (GFW), fiber diameter (FD), while the effect of breed was significant (p≤ 0.05) on staple length (SL) only. Heritability estimates for (DMY) and its composition were low for both breeds ranged from (0.11-0.23), while they were low to high for wool yield and traits ranged from (0.15-0.51). Genetic correlation values for milk and wool traits for both breeds were all highly significant (p≤ 0.01) between positive and negative. Phenotypic correlation values for both breeds were highly significant (p≤ 0.01) for (DMY) with both (GFW) and clean fleece weight (CFW) 0.10,0.15 and 0.11,0.16 for Awassi and Hamdani ewe flocks respectively. While the rest of the values were negative or non significant.

The study included the relying of some phenotypic tests to investigate the possibility of isolation and identification of oral Treponema from infected periodontal pocket samples. These phenotypic tests included the examination of fixed smears prepared from the bacterial isolates and staining them with gram and modified gram's stain and with Fontana stain under light microscope where the distinct spiral forms of germs were seen. The oral Treponemes also identified by the observation of their actively motile spiral cells in wet smears using phase contrast microscope. The isolation and identification of these bacteria also proved after their interaction with specific antibody and cell clarifying by greenish spiral form when illuminated with U.V. light using fluorescence microscope. Further, the isolation and identification of oral Treponema was continued by the removal of their outer membrane (O.M.) using Triton X-100 and releasing their flagella and staining with specific flagella stain.

The research includes a biochemical study of metallo endopeptidase in the blood, which is divided into two parts: The first part includes purification of metallo endopeptidase from plasma. It has been found that the specific activity and the number of purification is (5.07U/mg) and (33.13) respectively for the aqueous solution of the ammonium sulphate precipitation of the plasma (peakA) using gel filtration technique. In addition to that, It has been found that the enzyme has approximate molecular weight (86000±1000) dalton using the same technique. It has been demonstrated that metallo endopeptidase contains zinc and calcium elements, which is a kind of glycoproteins .The optimal conditions to analyze the casein substrate in one minute and pH optimum (6) using citrate buffer at (40ºC) and a substrate concentration of (0.25mM). Maximum velocity and Mich-menten were determined and found to be (0.4U/ml) (0.04mM)respectively.
The enzyme activity was studied using gramicidin S and insulin as a substrate which showed high activity, while the activity was decreased by bovine serum albumin compared with casein. The enzyme activity decreased when EDTA and manganese acetate were used.
The second part includes a clinical study of metallo endopeptidase in the serum of individuals and patients with chronic renal failure. It has been shown that the normal value of metallo endopeptidase is (14.19±0.36)U/ml of the control group for both sexes, their ages ranged between (20-70) year. There was a significant increase in the enzyme activity (17.53±0.53)U/ml in the serum of the patients affected by chronic renal failure from both sexes. It was also obvious that the enzyme activity was not effected in control and patients group by age, sex and smoking while the increase in activity was demonstrated with the increase of the disease's period as well as there was a significant increase in the enzyme activity in the patients affected by diabetes mellitus, hypertension and diabetes mellitus or heart diseases, aside from chronic renal failure .
A significant increase has been shown at urea, magnesium and potassium levels, while there was a significant decrease of total protein, albumin, calcium, zinc and sodium levels. However, no significant difference was observed at globulin and copper levels for patient group compared with the control group.
Finally, a linear correlation coefficient between the activity and each of the total protein, albumin, globulin, potassium and copper in the control group was observed, and a significant correlation between the activity and each of the total protein, globulin, zinc and copper in the patients group.

The research included a study of oxidative stress in healthy and hypertension pregnant women in Ninawa governorate through measuring (18) biochemical parameters. The study was carried out on (228) women (age 14 – 40 year). The normal pregnant women (186) divided into four groups (depending on weeks gestation 1-40 weeks) and (42) pregnant women complicated by hypertension at last period (31-40 weeks). Non pregnant women (29) were included in the study as control with similar age.
The group of normal pregnant women showed significant decrease concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, glutathione, uric acid, total bilirubin, zinc and iron, compared to the non-pregnant women. While there was a significant increase of : ceruloplasmin, peroxynitrite, malondialdehyde, and the activity of glutathione S-transferase.
The research also included a study of the effect of gestation period on the biochemical parameters for normal pregnancy. The results showed significant decrease with increase of gestation period of vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, glucose, albumin, iron, calcium and glutathione while there was significant increase of malondialdehyde, copper ceruloplasmin, and glutathione S-transferrase. The results also showed that the level of oxidative stress were high in the last gestation period (31-40 week).
Moreover, the study showed the effect of the number of children on some biochemical parameters for normal pregnancy at last gestation period. The results reveald that there were direct correlation between the number of children and the concentrations of peroxynitrite and inverse correlation with the concentrations of calcium and the activity of superoxide dismutase.
On the other hand, the group of women pregnant which have complication with hypertension had significant decrease concentrations of vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, glutathione, zinc and the activity of superoxide dismutase, and significant increase in the concentrations of uric acid, copper, peroxynitrite and in the activity of glutathione S-transferase compared to normal pregnant women.

In This research the effect of metallic coating namely, aluminizing and chromizing on fatigue resistance of austinitic alloy AISI 304 has been studied. The metallic coating were conducted using a cementation method at 1000°C such coatings are used to protect the alloys in severe corrosion environments. The results obtained showed some small reduction in fatigue life of aluminized alloy when compared to a bare alloy, this reduction could be attributed to formation of intermetallic compound Fe- Al and Ni-AI on the surface of aluminized specimens. The intermetallic compound could be suffer a phase transformation when treated at 1050°C, as a result of rediffusion processes, that can be promoting the fatigue resistance. However a significant deteration in fatigue life were accounted for chromizing corresponds to formation of a brittle FeCr and NiCr solid solution on the specimens surface, although some small increases in fatigue life was also detected after heat treatments at 1050°C, this is could be belong to the rediffusion of chromium element down word through the specimen. Generally, both types of coatings leads to a phase transformation of the base alloy itself from austenite to ferrite, this transformation could be occurred either because of Ni depletion to contribute in the formation of surface layer ( coating matrix ), as in case of aluminizing, or because of significant increases of chromium concentration in the base alloy, as in the case of chromizing, which can also leads to formation of intergranular chromium carbides, the formation of chromium carbides can increases the brittleuess, as well as, can offards an easy way for crack propagation in fatigue test. However, the results proved that the best fatigue resistance was obtained, when a base alloy itself treated at 1050°C the slowly cooled to obtain a single form of austenitic phase .

Due to lack of studies concerning the spatial variation of total solar radiation falling on horizontal surface in Iraq , this give an importance to perform this research. A mathematical model was found in this study to estimate global solar radiation on plane surface as a function of relative humidity, mean air temperature and sun shine ratio, the model give a high accuracy on application .
Figures concerning the spatial variation of total solar radiation were found during the winter, spring, summer and autum months by using 17 meteorological stations spread over the whole Iraq .
Mean monthly values of total solar radiation over Iraq were in the range of (2307, 6842) W.d/m² during the months of the year .
Annual spatial variation of total radiation in Iraq show a gradually increase of total solar radiation from the north toward the south of Iraq.