Al-Esraa university college journal for Engineering Sciences

This research discusses the impact of spatial location of functions inside

architectural form to enhance visual legibility and how it can improves the
possibilities of identifying them as a land mark .The absence of clear conceptual
frame which can be used to describe this impact forms the basic research problem.
The objective aim of the research is to clarify and to describe this impact .To achieve
this objective aim, analytical process was being used .We supposed that spatial
location of functions enhance visual legibility of forms then improve our possibility of
identifying them as landmark. for applying the conceptual frame, we used semantic
differential scale , then questionnaire that includes sample of 20 persons .As a
case study , we chose modern Islamic cultural centers .Final results explained that
formal and visual treatments have an important role for distinguishing composition
as a land mark also we noticed that the central and peripheral locations of the
basic functions enhanced the legibility of mental image through : Uniqueness,
simplicity of organization , continuity of the boundaries and clarity of spatial and
visual connections .The widespread locations lead to improve legibility through :
differentiation in the direction of movement, clarity of connections and continuity
of boundaries ,while uniqueness and simplicity of organization have less effects

Earthquake resistant design is one of the greatest challenges that must be considered by the Architect because it is a serious natural disaster that affects the stability and durability of the building, Due to the connection between seismic behavior of buildings with its formal configuration and the differences in seismic resistance between regular and irregular buildings, the research problem presented as the confusion of seismic behavior of irregular buildings, and their difference from the regular buildings when earthquakes occurs, so the aim of the research is to clarify the deferences between regular and irregular configuration ,also clarifying the design considerations in earthquake resistant design for regular and irregular buildings, by constructing a cognitive framework that clarifies the concept of configuration , and the differences between regular and irregular configuration, and design considerations that must be conformed in designing earthquake resistant buildings to determine the main and secondary vocabulary of the theoretical framework, by using inductive methodology (descriptive, and analytical) through election, analyzing of two different case studies, major result shows that the formal configuration is considered as one of the most important factors that determines the seismic behavior of buildings , and due to its connection to the structural system ; earthquake resistant design requires a set of interacted decisions between architectural and structural engineers so as to achieve the best configuration of the building in resisting earthquakes, also the regular configuration of buildings provides the possibility to predict the seismic behavior of the building , as for irregular configuration of buildings whose seismic behavior is unexpected, which requires special construction solutions that are mostly cost effective

The network of transport within the residential areas, especially within the residential neighborhood, and the transport network within these areas are the roads (i.e mixed movement, the case were design to provide relative safety for road users and to choose the solutions that provide great safety. With the believe that the network of the pedestrian movement should be separated from the that of car movement). of the road and the pedestrian roads and the types of vehicles applied in this field. The cases were designed to provide relative safety for road owners and to choose the solutions that provide the greatest safety. In the context of this research, we recall the solutions that were developed in the planning of roads and walkways in the traditional housing schemes in the urban fabric of our old cities. The approaches and conclusions of the modern models of pedestrian roads in the modern planning of the Arab or European countries were tried as far as possible We hope that the research will raise the contribution of our colleagues to their observations, which increases the research enrichment and contribution, and also notes the importance of development in this area, which ensures the safety of users of these methods by children and the elderly alike, in addition to belief in the humble opinion of the researcher that it is possible to complete the Wooded and shaded areas more than the neighboring land or residential areas, which reduces the reflection of the sun on the buildings and thus increase the areas shaded and reduces the hot temperature.

The general cognitive expositions had focused on the study of the general knowledge frameworks of the field of arc hitecture, with both concepts that influencing and influenced by them, which used to contain them without referring to their intellectual origins in order to understand their general effect and their role in the cognitive enrichment to the architectural field. This, in return, showed the importance of direction to study the role, influence and effect of trilogy (Law, theory and hypothesis) in the field of architecture, according to their general reality knowledge and their specific theoretical and intellectual characteristics. This research deals with the definition of the general foundations of the cognitive vision of the architectural field and its impact and influencing by the three aspects (law, theory and hypotheses) by determining the general knowledge proposition for them, and thus forming a common theoretical framework between them and the f ield of architecture in order to discuss and apply the common points and indicators, as well as analyzing the results of this aspect, then the transition to the appointment of a similar architectural cognitive model (Triple Vitruvius) to conduct the similarity between them, put the default cognitive model and explore and clarify the patterns of verification of the limiting theoretical indicators for those associations, as well as the submission of final conclusions and recommendations.

This research is devoted to investigate the experimental and theoretical behavior of hybrid deep beams under monotonic and repeated two points loading. The dimensions and the flexural reinforcement of the deep beams were kept constant. In this work, the idea of hybrid beam is completely different. Two types of concrete were used but not in cross section. The first type which is fiberous concrete (FC) was used in casting beam sides (shear spans), while the second type was conventional concrete (CC) which was used in the middle portion of beam (between two shear spans). This was done to strengthen the deep beam sides (shear spans) against cracking due to shear (diagonal strut) failure. The experimental program includes casting and testing of 4 deep beams, one of them is tested as a control beam under monotonic loading and the others were tested under repeated loading at level 90%,70% and 50% of the ultimate load of it control beam. The effect of loading type is studied for constant steel fiber (SF) ratio and amount of web reinforcement. The ultimate load decreases when beams subjected to repeated loading of different levels. Comparison of experimental results was made with corresponding predicted values using the Strut and Tie procedure presented in Appendix A of ACI 318M-11Code and with other procedures mentioned in the literature. It was found that the Strut and Tie procedure presented in Appendix A of ACI 318M-11Code give conservative results as compared with the experimental tested results.

The treated wastewater by industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) which commonly named (INGECO) in Al- Doura refinery suffers from highly sulphate concentrations that exceeding the EPA specified limits of (250 mg/L). Therefore, laboratory water quality historical data have been reviewed and analyzed to determine annual rate, maximum and peak sulphate concentrations that found to be (360 mg/L), (425 mg/L) and (550 mg/L) respectively, and by field inspection which has been done to specify the reasons of highly sulphate concentrations appeared in wastewater of most refinery process units, found that the maximum required sulphate remaining concentration should be not more than (10 mg/L) to use in energy units. In this study, using Reverse Osmosis (RO) system with four stages, the results obtained indicated that the SO4, TDS, and chloride removal efficiencies when direct used with treated wastewater ranged between (95.97% to 98.35%), (95.06% to 97.60%) and (98.38 to 98.93%) respectively, and with five stages were (99.18%, 99.30% and 99.38%) respectively. The major advantage of direct use of RO system was the production of high-quality water, while a major disadvantage is expensive in treatment cost of about (0.4 $US/m3), and production of brine that requires disposal with incurs additional costs. While in pretreatment by chemical precipitation with RO system of one and two membranes for reuse purpose to reduce maximum and peak concentrations to (250 mg/L), it was found that in one membrane (sulphate, chloride and TDS) achieved removal efficiencies of (98.80%, 91.10%, 96.10%) and (97.90%, 92.00% and 96.00%) respectively, and in two membrane achieved of (98.80%, 93.0%, 96.40%) and (98.80%, 95.00%, 96.40%) respectively. As one of the most important additional benefits of this method is to maintain the membranes of osmosis of rapid damage, but one of the most significant disadvantages is the high cost of about (0.59 $US/m3).