Kerbala Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences

metabolic acidosis is one of the most, common acid-base abnormalities come across in veterinary medicine, in animals, our study investigated the effects of acidosis on blood gases and electrolytes in local dog by histochemical methods. Local dogs were divided into four groups: a control group and three experimental groups treated with hydrochloric acid (75 mmol), HCL (150 mmol) and HCL (300 mmol) respectively. Treatment duration was set for 15 days, with blood samples collected for analysis. Evaluations showed significant changes in the blood test of arterial blood test ABG (hco3, paco2) and in the electrolytes value (cl,ca) , increase lactic acid levels and elevated liver enzymes Aspartate Transaminase (AST) , Alanine transaminase (ALT) with rising of serum levels of urea and creatinine, indicating cellular damage.

The overall prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a critical zoonotic pathogen, within global dairy herds, with a potential risk of cross-species transmission between humans and cattle as a food-borne infection, remains to be clarified. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae ) in raw milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, and cream collected from various local markets in Karbala, Iraq. A total of 375 random samples were examined, including products from City Center, Al-Hur, Al-Hindyia, Al-Hassainya, and Ain Al-Tamer. Samples were cultivated on MacConkey agar and CHROMagar Enterobacteria selective medium to isolate and identify K. pneumoniae. Confirmation was achieved through biochemical tests and the Vitek system. The results revealed a high contamination rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in cheese (45.33%), followed closely by raw milk (42.67 %), and yoghurt exhibited the lowest contamination rate at (8 %). A test for antibiotic sensitivity was conducted to a number of isolates by using disc diffusion method against six antimicrobial agents ( Penicillin G, Amikacin, amoxicillin , Ciprofloxacin , Tetracycline , and ampicillin/cloxacillin) , using Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) plates. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates exhibited multiple resistance against 4 or more of different antibiotics. These findings highlight significant microbiological safety concerns regarding dairy products in the region, indicating an urgent need for improved hygiene practices in dairy processing and handling to safeguard public health.

Several published reports have demonstrated the problems associated with the use of formaldehyde as a disinfectant for incubated eggs. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to explore the efficient power of olive leaves (OL) as a safe alternative disinfectant to formaldehyde on the bacterial contamination of fertile eggs, hatching parameters, and productive and immune indices of hatchlings up to 35 days. A total of 288 eggs were used and distributed equally into four treatment groups, three replicates each, as follows: group 1 (T1) was a control, group 2 (T2) was eggs disinfected with methyl alcohol, while group 3 (T3) and group 4 (T4) were including eggs disinfected with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of OL, respectively. Compared with T1, the results exhibited that T4 reduced bacterial contamination of eggshells and shortened incubation and hatching times (P≤0.01). All groups did not differ significantly among them in terms of hatchability, chick physical characteristics, deformed chicks and total moisture loss from fertile eggs.T4 achieved superiority in dressing percentage and decreased mortality at post-hatch (P≤0.01) while T2 and T3 consumed less feed intake (P≤0.05). Moreover,T3 and T4 activated antibodies titers against Newcastle and Gumboro diseases, respectively in blood serum of chicks (P≤0.05) compared to T1. Therefore, the extract of OL, particularly the alcoholic extract, appears to be an effective natural disinfectant for hatching eggs, and has the potential to be a safe alternative to formaldehyde disinfection

myostatin (MSTN) gene's genetic relationships in local Iraqi sheep were the main focus of this investgation. 50 samples were collected. Information on dimensions of the body, live weight before slaughter, carcass weight for each animal. 2 milliliters of blood was drawn using a sterile syringe for DNA extraction. The HaeIII restriction enzyme was used to amplify and digest target fragment of MSTN gene, located in exon 3 with size 337 base pairs. To identify genotypes and allele frequencies, the PCR-RFLP technique was employed. According to the results there are two genotypes for the MSTN gene: mm-Mm, with the mm genotype representing 86% of the population, and 14% for the Mm genotype. A frequency of m allele was 0.931, while it was 0.069 for the M allele. With a highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) to chi-square (χ²) value of 22.349, suggesting that natural selection, genetic drift, or other evolutionary factors may be influencing allele distribution. Phenotypic analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in live body weight before slaughter or carcass weight between the genotypes. However, A significant difference P ≤ 0.05 was noticed in the weight of viscera, with the mean of mm genotype being 1.400 kg and the mean of the Mm genotype being 1.058 kg. No significant differences were noticed between genotypes with regard to body length, height at withers, height at the rump, chest circumference, or abdominal circumference.

Flagellin, the bacterial flagella structural protein, is one of the important pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) detected by Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), which stimulates innate immunity. The aim of this study was to examine the immunological and histopathological impacts of flagellin purified from nine pathogenic bacterial species on rat models. The successful purification of flagellin was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis with molecular weights between 35–45 kDa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed high strain-dependent variation in TLR5 levels, with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens , and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis evoking peak responses at day 7 postinjection, suggesting vigorous immune activation. While, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella enterica, produced lower TLR5 levels that can be suggestive of immune tolerance or receptor down regulation. Histopathology of mesenteric lymph nodes demonstrated variable inflammation patterns, including necrotizing lymphadenitis, granulomatous inflammation, and reactive hyperplasia, in accordance with the immunogenicity of each flagellin variant. Worth noting, environmental isolates such as Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae induced milder tissue reactions, reflecting lower pathogenicity. These results indicate the effect of flagellin origin on tissue pathology and host immunity dynamics. The research sets the therapeutic potential of selected flagellins as drugs for immunotherapy, and furthering our understanding of host-pathogen interaction. Further structural and functional investigations are required to identify the mechanisms behind these differential effects.
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Conclusion: The integration of TRL5 immune response profiles and histopathological findings provides valuable information regarding the immunogenicity and tissue-specific pathogenicity of the nine bacterial strains that were studied. The ELISA analysis revealed that Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis elicited the most intense TRL5 response, with levels increasing significantly by day 7 (4.98, 4.77, and 4.82 ng/mL, respectively). These pathogens also induced histopathological manifestations of acute immune activation: E. coli and P. fluorescens evoked necrotizing inflammation with lymphoid hyperplasia and vascular damage, while P. faecalis compared lymphoid depletion to focal hyperplasia, suggesting an ineffective but dysregulated immune activation. In contrast, Salmonella enterica and Serratia marcescens were manifested decreaseing TRL5 levels over time (3.56 and 3.74 ng/mL on day 7), as they had histopathological profiles marked by lymphoid depletion and extensive necrosis. This inhibition/inverse relationship with tissue damage indicates potential mechanisms of immune evasion, such as toxin-induced lymphocyte apoptosis or blocking of TLR5 signaling pathways. Strains like Burkholderia metallica and Bacillus cereus elicited modest TRL5 increases (4.32 and 4.26 ng/mL) reflecting their pyogranulomatous inflammation and toxin-mediated stromal remodeling, respectively. The control group's stable TRL5 levels (3.75–3.86 ng/mL) and absence of histopathological changes highlight the specificity of the reaction. Curiously, Bacillus rhizoplanae and Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae caused compartmentalized inflammation and vascular enlargement with minimal noticeable lymphoid depletion, mirroring their intermediate TRL5 levels (4.54 and 4.59 ng/mL).

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term illness that impacts both individuals and animals, particularly cats and dogs. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria are examples of clinical symptoms, and their persistence is documented for diagnosis. Important stages in the successful controlling diabetic mellitus include ensuring that the owners of cats or dogs are able to deliver insulin, identifying the clinical symptoms of deficiency control diabetes, and keeping an eye on blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance and obesity in dogs can be successfully handled by combining a varied diet also twice-daily insulin administration. The initial course of treatment for cats involves switching to a low-carb diet and receiving an insulin injection twice a day. In cats, remission can exceed 90%, however in dogs, the condition is typically lifelong unless a bias issue is secondary. The purpose of the study is to describe the pathophysiology, etiology, and feasible classification of impulsive diabetes mellitus in pets and emphasize cutting-edge studies carried out in this area

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the histological effects of vaginal infections caused by different types of bacteria and fungi using female rats. The rats were divided into four main groups: a control group (uninfected), two groups infected with Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae, and a fourth group infected with the fungus Candida albicans. Histological sections taken from the vagina and uterus after injecting 0.1 ml of each microbial suspension into the vaginal canal of the rats showed histological changes characterized by congested capillaries and infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the submucosal areas. This leads to mild focal vaginitis, endometritis, moderate neutrophilic infiltration, and congested blood vessels in the ovarian cortex. Blood analyses from the experimentally infected rats showed some abnormalities resulting from the dynamics of infection and immune responses. Bacterial infections stimulated a neutrophilic and monocytic response accompanied by a compensatory increase in platelet count, while fungal infections led to disruption in hematopoiesis (myelopoiesis) and exacerbated general cytopenia. The type of infection is a decisive factor in determining hematological patterns.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen of added significant public health concern, this study was conducted to detect the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk, shell eggs, beef, and chicken meat added. 200 samples had been collected from local markets in Karbala province for isolation and identification of Yersinia enterociolitica . Two methods were used to detect the bacteria: bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Initial isolation of Y. enterocolitica was performed using Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) agar medium following enrichment in Peptone Sorbitol Bile Broth. Suspected colonies were confirmed through biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. The results of our study have been reveled foodborne pathogen in commonly consumed food products within the Kerbala Provance . A comparison of the accuracy and sensitivity of the two methods was conducted by calculating sensitivity and specificity.
Results Out of the 200g of tested samples, bacterial growth was observed in (17.5%), with varying prevalence across food types. Raw milk showed the highest contamination rate 34%, while eggs had the lowest prevalence of contamination rate 2%, on the other hand, High sensitivity (88.57%) and specificity (98.18%) were demonstrated by the PCR test when compared to the gold standard culture method
In conclusion: Yersinia enterocolitica was successfully isolated from food samples in Kerbala province, highlighting the need for improved food safety measures and The PCR test was found to have high sensitivity (88.57%) and specificity (98.18%) against culture confirmation.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that negatively affects different body organs. Induced type1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) leads to hyperglycemia that if chronic might affect spermatogenesis and nuclear content of sperm in male mice. In the current study, diabetes was induced in male albino mice by a single i.p. injection of Alloxan (120mg/kg). For controlling diabetes, metformin (200mg/kg/day) and /or curcumin (100mg/kg/ day) were administered orally for 35 days. Male mice (n=40) were divided equally into five groups. Control, Induced Diabetes mellitus (DM), Diabetic treated with curcumin (DM+C), Diabetic treated with metformin (DM+M), Diabetic treated with curcumin and metformin (DM+CM). The results of the current study showed that curcumin and metformin reduce blood glucose levels (p<0.001), and decrease pancreatic and testicular damage in diabetic mice. Also, metformin alone or in combination with curcumin reduces the rate of abnormalities and DNA damage of sperms at the end of the experiment (p<0.05). In conclusion, curcumin with metformin has a beneficial effect in reducing abnormalities and DNA fragmentation of sperm. Further study to investigate the effect of curcumin and metformin on post fertilization outcome in diabetic mice is suggested.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous enzyme xylanase supplemented with an energy restricted diet on carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Two hundred one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into four groups (50 birds each) with two replicates each. The control group (T1) was fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal. The second group received a low energy diet (200/kcal) (T2). In the third trial, xylanase (250 g/t) was fed with a low energy diet (200/kcal) (T3). The fourth treatment fed a basal diet + xylanase enzyme (250g/ton) (T4). The carcass characteristics and edible tissue of gizzard, liver and heart in the T4 and T3 groups showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05) compared to the other groups. In conclusion, addition xylanase enzyme with a low-energy diet augmented broiler chickens’ productivity, improved carcass characteristics and edible tissue organ.

Veterinary microbiology and public health are interconnected subdivisions that deal with the condition of microorganisms in animal health, zoonotic diseases, food safety and environmental health. This evaluation emphasizes the significance of microorganisms such as, viruses, fungi and parasites in relation to shaping animals and public health structures. It highlights the impact of food-borne infections like Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. and zoonotic diseases like rabies, which necessitate good enough public situations, including conditions. The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), driven by inappropriate antimicrobial use in livestock, is discussed alongside the importance of the "One Health" approach in addressing these challenges. Advances in veterinary microbiology, including diagnostic tools, vaccines, and alternative therapies, are explored for their role in safeguarding food safety and mitigating environmental contamination. This review underscores the need for multidisciplinary collaboration to tackle global challenges at the intersection of animal, human, and environmental health.

Through improved diagnosis, real-time monitoring, and predictive modeling, artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing contemporary veterinary services. In order to improve clinical decision-making, facilitate illness diagnosis and maximize animal health outcomes, this assessment focuses on the use of AI technology in veterinary settings. The veterinary field is set to experience a radical change in how it approaches treatment, monitoring, and research as machine learning and big data integration advance.