Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences

This study investigates the preservation challenges confronting Jassan Hill, a historic site in southern Iraq
characterized by vernacular mud-brick architecture and a rich cultural narrative extending back to the early
Islamic period. The study is driven by a key research gap: Few studies use advanced digital tools like GIS
and 3D modeling to document and monitor heritage, which could enhance traditional preservation strategies
against environmental, and developmental threats. The primary purpose is to develop a robust, integrated
approach that addresses the site’s structural vulnerabilities, ecological pressures, and socio-cultural
dimensions.
A mixed-methods design underpinned the research, involving qualitative and quantitative techniques. The
study employed site surveys, GIS mapping, and physical assessments (e.g., non-destructive testing) to
document and analyze the state of Jassan Hill’s architectural fabric. In parallel, semi-structured interviews
and archival research provided insights into community perceptions, historical development, and existing
governance structures. Advanced digital tools such as AutoCAD Recap for 3D modeling and ArcGIS for
geospatial analysis enabled detailed visualization of risk zones and correlations between environmental
factors and structural decay.
Key findings reveal acute deterioration in several structures due to water infiltration, inadequate maintenance,
and unregulated urban growth. Additionally, limited policy support and insufficient resource allocation
hamper comprehensive conservation efforts. Stakeholder interviews confirm community interest in
preserving the hill’s cultural identity and highlight the potential for heritage tourism as an economic driver.
These results underscore the importance of an integrated preservation approach. By combining technical
interventions with community engagement and informed policy measures, heritage managers can formulate
sustainable solutions tailored to Jassan Hill’s unique context. The adoption of advanced documentation
techniques and collaborative governance models has broader implications for protecting similar cultural and
environmentally vulnerable sites, ensuring their continued relevance and resilience for future generations.

This article introduces an analysis and design of an array of elements consisting of four antenna elements
connected by a power divider. This proposed antenna demonstrates superior performance for 5G base station
mmWave applications. The 1 x 4 T-junction power divider feeding technique was used in the design of these
arrays. This power divider provided an easy model, low spurious radiation, and the best bandwidth. This
work presents an antenna array simulated with the High-Frequency Structure Simulator tool (HFSS) working
at a resonant frequency of 28 GHz. The substrate material is Rogers 4003, with a layer thickness of 0.4 mm,
permittivity of 3.5, and a loss tangent value of 0.0027. The results of simulations derived from this research
work are as follows: VSWR 1.09, S11 -34 dB, gain 11 dB, bandwidth 2.56 GHz, directivity 11.1 dB,
efficiency 96%. This proposed 5G base station array antenna has achieved enhanced performance compared
to other antenna array designs. Consequently, it is positioning it as a significant contender for 5G
applications.

This study investigates the hydraulic impacts of constructing a planned bridge north of Al Kut Barrage on
the Tigris River using the HEC-RAS v6.6 model. The research assesses how the proposed bridge affects
river behavior under three discharge scenarios (500, 1050, and 3000 m³/s) by comparing conditions with
and without the bridge. The analysis focused on key hydraulic parameters including bridge scour,
backwater effect, and velocity profiles. Field and laboratory data, combined with geometric and
hydrological inputs, were used to calibrate the model. Results indicate that scour depth increases
significantly with discharge, reaching up to 7.87 m at piers and 5.90 m at abutments under peak flow.
However, the backwater effect remained negligible, with only a 1 cm rise detected during the highest flow
scenario due to the minimal obstruction (4.36%) posed by the bridge. Similarly, no significant changes in
upstream and downstream velocity profiles were observed. These findings demonstrate that while localized
scour presents a notable risk, the overall impact on river hydraulics remains limited due to the bridge's
optimized design

Aerial surveys of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in conjunction with Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS) surveying offer high resolution, accuracy, and completeness of data that is necessary in developing
detailed digital models and maps. High-resolution drone images have highly enhanced land use mapping. It
is a significant part of urban planning management because of the abundance of geographical information
that it offers. By combining various drone-based approaches with multi-domain technology, complex
operations can be optimized and completed more efficiently. The current research paper proposes a new idea
for acquiring land-use maps of the campus of Wasit University based on a combination of UAV aerial
photography and GNSS surveying. The aerial survey was conducted at a flight altitude of 125 meters using
a multirotor drone equipped with a MAVIC2 PRO photogrammetric camera. Waypoints 2.0 application was
used to plan and organize the best flight route for the autonomous mission. With real-time kinematic
application of the GNSS used as a source of data within the survey area, we were able to obtain the
coordinates of fourteen Ground Control Points (GCPs). The Agisoft Metashape and ArcGIS 10.8 were used
to process the 652 aerial photographs that were produced by the flight plan. The results demonstrated the
capability of UAV data, when combined with GNSS surveying, to obtain land use maps at very high spatial
resolution. The resulting orthophoto achieved a positional accuracy of 9.60 cm Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE), confirming the reliability of the data for topographic mapping. These outputs highlight the effective
integration of drone technology and GIS in supporting urban planning efforts.

Dairy wastewater is characterized by high concentrations of organic and inorganic pollutants, which pose a
threat to environmental and public health if discharged without proper treatment. This study aims to
investigate the effectiveness of using natural (apricot seed powder) and chemical (magnesium chloride)
coagulants individually and in combination for the treatment of dairy. The study revealed that the application
of natural and chemical coagulants in dairy wastewater treatment significantly enhances pollutant removal
efficiency. In terms of turbidity, the natural coagulant at a concentration of 45 mg/L achieved a removal
efficiency of 61.67%, while the chemical coagulant at the same concentration reached 85%. When combined
at a concentration of chemical coagulant and natural coagulant Respectively 15+45 mg/l, the efficacy of
removal was enhanced to 95.8%. Similarly, for total dissolved solids (TDS), the natural and chemical
coagulants at 45 mg/L exhibited removal efficiencies of 75.91% and 85%, respectively, which improved to
95% when combined. Regarding total suspended solids (TSS), the natural coagulant removed 68%, and the
chemical coagulant removed 88% at 45 mg/L, with a combined application yielding a 94% removal rate. For
chemical oxygen demand (COD), the removal efficiencies were 68.80% and 83.20% for the natural and
chemical coagulants, respectively, whereas their combination at 45+15 mg/L enhanced the removal to 96%.
Likewise, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal was 71.05% with the natural coagulant and 86.84%
with the chemical coagulant, while their combination resulted in a removal efficiency of 94.7%. These
findings demonstrate the substantial improvement in dairy wastewater treatment performance through the
synergistic use of natural and chemical coagulants.

The current numerical study aims to discover the outcome of the metal foam and nanofluids on the
performance of a heat exchanger in contrast with smooth heat exchanger. Water was used as a working fluid
at flow rate 2,3,4,5 Lpm. The outer pipe has diameter 60 mm and length 609.6mm, and an inner pipe with an
diameter 20 mm. The numerical simulation was conducted by using ANSYS FLUENT 2022 R1 software.
Metal foam with the porosity of 0.9 and 40 ppi was used. The cases considered in the analysis including a
heat exchanger with a full copper foam baffle, metal foam with three shapes of holes triangle, square and
circle and nano fluid of 1% CuO. Results showed the highest cold-water temperature is obtained when using
full metal foam baffles with an increasing in the percentage 10% compared with smooth pipe, full metal foam
baffles result in a substantial improvement Nu of up to 184 % while, CuO nonfluids enhances Nu by 50%,
metal foam with circle holes provide PEC of 1.92 while, metal foam with circle holes combined with 1%
CuO provide the maximum value PEC of 2.14.

Double-pipe heat exchangers (DPHE’s) are widely used in thermal systems, and enhancing their performance
is critical for energy efficiency. This study examines the impact of fins installation on heat transfer (HT) and
entropy generation in a counterflow DPHE using CFD simulation. The inner pipe is made of copper with an
inner diameter of 35 mm, outer diameter of 38.1 mm, and 1000 mm in length. The outer pipe is made of PVC
with an inner diameter of 70.26 mm and an outer diameter of 74.66 mm, sharing the same length as the inner
pipe. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare smooth and finned tubes under identical thermal
and flow conditions. Entropy generation due to HT and fluid friction was analyzed. The results showed that
finned tubes improved HT (Q) watts up to 22%, particularly at higher hot water temperatures of 70 oC and
0.1 kg/s flow rate. However, this enhancement was accompanied by increased entropy generation up to 40%,
indicating higher thermodynamic irreversibility. The study highlights the trade-off between thermal
performance and entropy generation, providing valuable insight for optimizing heat exchanger design. The
finned tube also showed good enhancement of Nusselt number by 6-8% and effectiveness by 20% compared
to the smooth tube