Journal of Juridical and Political Science

Improving the performance of local authorities in Algeria, requires practical mechanisms by developing human resources and linking them with the knowledge and technology through the universal use of e-administration. Which is an important way to improve staff efficiency and develop their performance. Digital solutions have become, too, the fundamental pillars of the development of public administration, which is the central mechanism that serves citizens and catalyze the development at local level. Algeria's efforts tend to pay attention to information technology and communication to be integrated with both public institutions and local administration. Thus, to develop the administrative functions, eliminate bureaucracy and improve services to citizens. The citizen feels a certain degree of improvement in the performance of local government using the e-administration applications. However, to achieve the highest satisfaction levels, there is an urgent need for new acts of infrastructure development (connect all municipalities branches by the network of optical fibers), promoting facilities, and improving the methods of administrative transactions of officials.

The US strategy toward Iraq after the 2003 is as a compatible aspect with its overall strategy for the Middle East in general. As it considers the region, particularly Iraq, as a fundamental and influential pivot in the conditions of the Middle East and its surrounding aspects of geo-strategy. United States is considering the Middle East according to three principal facts as follows: - Ensuring the oil , - maintaining the continuity of moderate regimes keeping American interests and - ensuring the security of Israel, these facts can explain most of United States behaviors towards the Middle East. However, this does not negate the possibility of change in US strategy because of the mobility of the international environment required adaptation and dealing with the developments on the regional and global levels. For example, what happened in the region called the Arab Spring revolutions toppling systems were classified as moderate, such as Egypt and Tunisia. Iraq occupation as one of the strategic objectives for the United States was a transitory target in a greater scheme drawn by the conservative right-wing forces aiming at redrafting the Greater Middle East to make Israel as an active and master actor.

The interest in the study of parliamentary censorship in the contemporary world lies in the fact that: Censorship is one of the core functions for parliaments councils beside the principal function which is legislation. As the parliamentary censorship differs from one political system to another, Iraq is just like other countries, the parliamentary controls are exercised as stipulated in the Article (61), paragraph (II) 2005 of the Iraqi Constitution. Sources indicate that over two consecutive sessions of the Iraqi Council of Representatives there was no political opposition, but everyone is involved in the executive authority in accordance with the policy of reconcile, which in return weakened the censorship and stand the executive authority's questioning back. Where meantime, the legislature has been unable to inquiring or questioning only in very limited scale.

Marital treachery is an immoral behavior and unaccepted social behavior. An attitude has to be held accountable for legitimately and legally. Treachery is an old phenomenon as well as a new one, but it has been increasingly accelerated nowadays due to the complicated modern life. It is one of the most difficult phenomena researchers faced in terms of study, because of its being compromising the women's identity and that their causes cannot be revealed or disclosed. Thus, our community rejects this behavior particularly if it is committed by a woman. The objectives of our study are centered in the following: - What are the reasons that drive some women to betray their husbands? - What is the role of social, economic and cultural transformations in terms of such betrayal out of the opinions for those who are working in personal status courts (lawyers , social workers)? - What is the attitude of the Personal Status Law and the Iraqi Penal Law against women's treachery? In order to achieve the objectives of this research, a questionnaire is being prepared and applied to the lawyers and social workers. The study found out the following results:

Lacking of religious values ​​in the increasing phenomenon of treachery.
2. The role of cultural shifts in the treachery prevalence.
3. Poverty and want are of the reasons why some women betray their husbands.

In many states, the specialization in investigation and in rule on the electronic crimes relates to the seizure device in charge of research and investigation. Besides, the ordinary jurisdiction in its criminal aspect. Making such kinds of crimes too difficult to be explored or to be proved. This is due to the lack of know-how scientific and technical experience for the judiciary men in this area. Though the law often permits the expertise support to determine the circumstances of the case and then to approach the truth. However, the investigator\'s experience as well as his briefed at the crime\'s given data are what we have to rely upon to achieve justice. The difficulty of discovering such kind of crimes, primarily, and the inability of doing an investigation without resorting to experience, secondly, make us in front of un equitable equation. Its first party is the investigation devices lacking experience in the field of computers, the internet and e-transactions. Its second party is the hackers that are highly skilled and well coped with the recent information and communication in the world of technology. Therefore, there is a necessity to calling for the establishment of a seizure, a device or a special body to investigate and search this type of crimes. It does not have to be relied on physical strength or training but to be dependent on technical skills in the field of information and communication technology as a first stage to create a specialist jurisdiction ruling in these crimes.

The majority of the political parties in Algeria including the ruling ones, have lost their credibility among the masses, and despite what these parties are enjoying (power and money), they failed miserably in providing qualified candidates that enjoy the respect of millions of Algerian voters at the level of the parliament and municipal councils. These paper focuses of the reality of political action in the Algerian political parties and the role these parties play in the political development process. It is vital to address de various social needs and the economic development of society to deal with the various conflicts and urgent demands of the society. Equality through political participation and the transition from a culture of submission and clapping, to a culture of participation and monitoring through public election, or by increasing the areas of political mobilization, in addition for the core issue of competence based public office candidates a important issues to deal with. The weakness of political parties in Algeria, and the lack of effectiveness have contributed to underdevelopment poverty and ignorance. Studies and statistics indicate that political parties failed to build a strong, active system. Progress will only take place through the nomination of qualified members whatever their convictions and affiliations. Development of laws and regulation that can lead society towards modernity and urbanization as well as the restructuring of public and political are necessary. The next step is to discuss loyalty, affiliation and participation on all levels to inspire individuals and groups. The responsibility of the political parties in finding an outlet for the country is represented in enabling qualified people to lead the community. This is not less important than providing medicine, food and housing for the community. At present, members of the political parties have absolute power and freedom (in the absence of law binding regulation), but do not have the best interest of the people in mind. The recent elections in Algeria, has been the last nail in the coffin of democracy and positive political practice. This research paper will focus on: first, reading the structure and orientation of the active political parties in Algeria nowadays; secondly, efficiency and fairness between partisan rhetoric and personal loyalties; thirdly, the impact of policies and practices in the short and long terms; and finally, the reco.

The political crime is one of the crimes having close contact with public opinion. This view, which has had the greatest influence in determining the concept of this crime and the criminal policy persuaded upon them from one community to another, even within the same society through different stages of development. Political crime is a contemporary concept arisen due to the state's establishment with its new concept Political crimes represent an act of aggression on a general political interest presented in the victory of a particular ideology or particular political idea which may be dealing with other interests, by such aggression, which are considered as special interests protected by the criminal system and its political nature seems relative . And thus, the political crimes represent attacking one of the political elements that make up the state and assaulting the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens when it is being committed with intent to cause political implications. Political crimes may be purely political crimes and represent assault affecting the state entity. These acts are political rebellion against the state itself. Political crimes may be relative crimes which have no clear political character. There are also political crimes associated with ordinary crimes. As political criminality represents the era feature which is full of ideas and changes. This type of crime has its own reasons leading to it. These reasons may be political such as dictatorship or political terrorism of the ruling authority and the lack of peaceful transfer of power characterizing such dictatorial regime, as well as controlling the states authorities. The state terrorism practiced against its citizens is of the reasons motivating committing political crimes as a reaction to such policies. As the economic factors are of the relevant factors interpreting the political criminality such as unemployment and poverty. Financial corruption of the governance system in the least democratic countries is also a major lesion causing many of political corruption and then political crimes. Social and cultural factors contribute significantly to the political crime. Religion is also of social factors affecting the political criminality motivating committing some political crimes and bring discord between the peoples of the same country. Education is one of the factors causing the political criminality as well. Conflicts of cultures, terrorist acts are of its forms and causes, are the most important factors leading to a political crime. Political crimes differs in their types and forms depending on the criminal legislations of the state. Whereas, what is a political crime in a country, it may not be a crime in another. However, in spite of this difference, they are virtually unanimous that every act being committed by political motivate, to achieve political ends or purposes or may be committed on fixed political rights provided by the constitution is a political crime even if the sanctions imposed on it are different.

Over the years, Iran started to construct a number of projects on the international rivers shared with Iraq, including Diyala River, a tributary of the Tigris River without any considerations to the rights and interests of Iraq as a downstream country. Iran has used the waters of Diyala River by constructing many projects which in turn has greatly affected the amount of water entering into Iraq. Also, the quality of water entering Iraq has deteriorated due to the construction of these projects. As a result of water shortage caused by the construction of these projects, the agricultural and industrial sectors have suffered the most in Diyala Province. This paper aims to examine the utilization of water resource, especially Diyala River between Iran and Iraq from an international law perspective. The methodology adopted in this paper is a legal library based research focusing mainly on primary and secondary legal sources. The paper concludes that Iran has violated the principles of international law, such as the equitable and reasonable utilization and participation, international cooperation, etc. Finally, the paper recommends that Iraq has to work on a permanent basis with Iran in order to organize the management of Diyala River, which is the tributary of the Tigris River in line with the principles of international law such as the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses 1997. .

Iraqi – Kuwaiti relations is one of the most contentious relations in the Arab Gulf region, whereby these relationships encountered significant tension and instability during U.S. occupation of Iraq 2003-2011, as a result of the development of a set of political and economic problems. e.g., the border demarcation between the two countries, debt and compensation, establishment of the Mubarak Kuwait port, and continuation of the sanctions imposed on Iraq by United Nation (UN) after Second Gulf war. The U.S. interests are reflected directly on the conflict and cooperation relations between Iraq and Kuwait. This study therefore, examines the nature Iraqi – Kuwaiti relations in light of the divergent interests of U.S. after Saddam’s regime.

This study focused on the political reform during the reign of King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein. It concentrated on the definition, principles, and fundamentals, constraints of political reform besides its stages and aspects . The study concluded that it is difficult to completely comprehend the impacts and results of a political reform, since the reform process has been continuing. The political reform in this period was characterized by the flexibility towards the people requirements and enhancement of citizenship concept and sovereignty of Law in order to achieve the multifaceted democracy that believes in debate and protects the national unity. Despite all these efforts, political parties in Jordan didn't play its real role in the political reform process. The study recommends making more efforts to spread the awareness for the civil and political rights of people as well as protection of human rights and freedom, besides the necessity to show the initiatives and achievements of Jordan under the reign of King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein.

The armed non-international conflicts and their consequences become one of the main challenges for the United Nations work in the light of the increasing interdependence between the issues that arise in the context of a particular country and preservation of international peace and security and the emergence of more restrictions on the legal principle of the inadmissibility of interference in internal affairs against the growing attention for such international conflicts that have spread within countries in all over the world. As these conflicts pose a threat on international peace and security, this means that dealing with these conflicts and settling them is within the scope of competence of the Security Council, the executive organ of the United Nations organization that the Charter authorized to do the mission of holding primary responsibility in the field of keeping international peace and security and restoring them in the event of breaching them. Either because of an international or internal conflict, but there are some obstacles that stand in front of it which may be the cause of non-settlement of these disputes, though justifications do exist. The Security Council's dependence, in describing the states of threatening international peace and security , on political estimates and not on legal standards indicating that it adopts the policy of double standards. Thus it may intervene in areas rather than other areas. Moreover, the process of Council implementation is subjected to the international policy giving the decision-making authority to the permanent members of Security Council and making their interests prevail over humanitarian reasons for the implementation process. In general it can be said that the effectiveness of the Security Council facing non-international armed conflicts mainly depends on relations between the permanent members and the compatibility between them.

One of the major challenges to protect the environment in Iraq is air pollution. As it has become a great problem in Iraq and is of great concern due to its negative effects on the quality of life. Air pollution reduces renewable and non-renewable natural sources and is a major threat to the life of the coming generations. Environmental experts agree that the current environmental problems in Iraq are the result of three great wars; all kinds of internationally prohibited weapons were used by, Saddam Hussein, the previous Iraqi regime. Needless to say, the effect of the Second Gulf War on the environment in Iraq and other neighboring countries in 1991 is equal to the great environmental pollution resulting from the explosion of the Nuclear Chernobyl Reactor in the Soviet Union in 1986. That war damaged the coastal areas in some countries, led to the increase of earth’s temperature and the pollution of water and air due to a massive oil leak and widespread fires in the oil wells. The estimated leak from the shipping stations and sinking ships was about 8.4 million barrels. It is worth noting that the environment was not just affected by one kind of pollutant, but also involved radiological, chemical and other electromagnetic pollutants. This accident negatively affected the lives of people, especially those residing in the affected area. Furthermore, the United States' occupation to Iraq in 2003 had a crucial role in increasing the problem of environmental air pollution; they used internationally prohibited weapons, e.g., radioactive uranium and chemical weapons. The use of such weapons led to fatal health problems for the Iraqi people, evidenced mainly by the occurrence of cancerous diseases, distorted new born babies and infertility. Hence, this paper proposes the adoption of the Iraqi criminal law represented by the Iraqi Punishments Law No. 111 of 1969, is a law governing all crimes without exception, whether they are environmental or ordinary crimes. Additionally, the special law of the environment represented by the law of protecting and improving the environment No. 13 in 1997 was amended by Law No. 27 in 2009.