Iraqi Journal of Oil and Gas Research

Abstract. Centrifugal pumps play an important role in engineering applications due to their wide use in both industrial and domestic systems and their versatility in handling a wide range of flow rates. However, the turbomachinery of these pumps often exhibit cavitation and irregular turbulent flow, and their performance can be difficult to improve. Cavitation is a complex phenomenon that reduces the efficiency and performance of centrifugal pumps. It is one of the most common causes of pump performance degradation. The severity of cavitation and its diagnosis affect pump reliability. This study reviews several experimental methods and control systems produced so far and highlights the area of future research on the topic of cavitation to extend pump operating life, save maintenance costs, and To improve the reliability of the pump, a large number of sensors should be used to increase data accuracy, along with advanced data processing software. Additionally, methods of redundancy and double-checking should be applied, as well as leveraging modern artificial intelligence techniques for early detection.

Sustainable products are those that offer economic, social, and environmental benefits while safeguarding public health and the environment throughout their entire lifecycle, from raw material extraction to final disposal. Since the beginning of human understanding, technologies and societal expectations have continued to evolve. Therefore, sustainable products must constantly adapt to social and environmental diversity. In this study, ground Crushed palm leaves, sider leaves, egg shells and orange peels were utilized as an emulsifying agent to enhance the stability of petroleum emulsions, whether direct or reverse. The results show that using quantities of (5-15) grams supports the stability of the emulsions, indicated by the size of the separated portion within the API. The stability of the emulsions was assessed over a period ranging from 24 hours to 7 days. Compared to Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC), ground Crushed palm leaves performed the best, especially when 15 grams were added. Additionally, ground Crushed palm leaves and sidr leaves acted as a density reducer and filtration agent, and also contributed to increased viscosity and gel strength. The composition of cellulose in egg shells may serve as an alternative to carboxymethyl cellulose for increasing viscosity.

Heavy fuel oil is a complicated amalgamation that generally include substantial quantities of salt water, leading to stable emulsions. As these fluids traverse pipelines and constricted valves, the water contained is emulsified, resulting in "water-in-oil" emulsions. These emulsions are stabilized by natural compounds found in heavy oil, including asphaltenes, resins, waxes, and solid particulates. Water contamination in heavy fuel oil is detrimental, resulting in various issues such as pipeline damage and elevated transportation expenses. Consequently, it is imperative to devise efficient water-oil separation systems, considering economic and environmental considerations. This study seeks to examine the impact of low-frequency ultrasound (20 kHz) on the demulsification of water-in-heavy fuel oil emulsions, while enhancing separation efficiency by the utilization of silica particles. Silica particles measuring smaller than 53 μm were utilized at several concentrations (5,000, 10,000, 15,000, 20,000, and 25,000)ppm to enhance separation efficiency. The impact of ultrasonic exposure length (3, 6, 9, 12, 15) minutes at 100 W power and 70°C was evaluated. The findings indicated that the optimal separation efficiency (85%) was attained using 20,000 ppm silica nanoparticle powder, utilizing a 15-minute exposure duration and 100 W power. The findings validate that the integration of ultrasound and silica nanoparticles constitutes an efficient, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method for the separation of water from heavy fuel oil emulsions.

Enormous worldwide energy demand and increasing the need for more oil recovery with high efficiency are one of the factors driving more interest in enhanced oil recovery mechanisms for extracting more oil from reservoirs. Through the past decades a rapid development of enhanced oil recovery mechanisms, among that the effect of zeta potential has become very interesting topic because it has a significant importance on wettability alteration and then oil recovery. Several studies have been used zeta potential measurements to interpret wettability alteration in EOR processes by modification the charges on rock surface as a response when it exposes to different injected brines. Zeta potential is an important parameter which required to measure the electrical potential (positive, negative, or neutral charge) on rock minerals or colloidal surface when it expose to an electrolyte. It dominants the electrostatic interactions between rock surface and polar groups in the brines. The electrical charges of the rock- brine and oil- brine interfaces can modify by controlling the salinity of injection water. Therefore, it can be used for choosing and designing the optimum composition of the brine injection in carbonate and sandstone reservoirs, which leads to increase the oil recovery.
In this paper, an integrated literature review is conducted to summarize the definition, methods of measurement, behaviour and characterization of zeta potential mechanism, and its impact on oil- water and rock - water interface that should be taken into account in designing the injection brine project.

The choice of fuel in gas turbines impacts factors such as fuel economy, operating expenses, efficiency, emissions, and environmental sustainability. When comparing natural gas, oil, and diesel as fuels for gas turbines This comparison aims to provide insights into the key considerations associated with each fuel option and their implications for power generation. Natural gas stands out as a favourable choice due to its notable advantages. It offers improved fuel economy, resulting in cost savings and cheaper operating expenses compared to diesel and oil. The higher efficiency of natural gas combustion in gas turbines contributes to enhanced power generation capabilities. Moreover, natural gas emits fewer pollutants, including lower levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and greenhouse gases, making it a cleaner and more environmentally friendly option for power generation. However, the specialized handling and storage requirements of natural gas can limit its usage in certain applications, particularly in marine gas turbines where alternative fuel options may be more suitable. crude oil remains an affordable fuel in some regions, but its adverse environmental impacts, such as carbon emissions and pollution, make it less desirable from a sustainability standpoint. Gas turbines offer fuel flexibility, allowing them to utilize a range of liquid and gaseous fuels. This flexibility enables power plant operators to consider alternative options such as kerosene, naphtha, biofuels, and syngas, with appropriate adjustments to meet operational requirements and environmental regulations. understanding the effectiveness and outcomes of different fuel options in gas turbines is crucial for informed decision-making in power generation.