Dijlah Journal of Humanities

This study examines and analyzes the grammatical views issued by the Linguistic Foundations Committee of the Iraqi Academy of Sciences during the years 1985-1986. The committee is among the most prominent within the academy, dedicated to discussing various linguistic, grammatical, and morphological topics. The research focuses specifically on the grammatical issues addressed by the committee during this period, given their significant scholarly value.
The study begins with a brief overview of the Linguistic Foundations Committee and its members, followed by an in-depth exploration structured around two main areas: the accusative forms of nouns and the usages of verbs.
The research yields several key findings, including:
The committee approved the usage of certain expressions absent from classical texts.
The committee rejected other expressions based on the prohibitions of early grammarians.
Certain grammatical issues reflected divergences between the committee’s views and those of the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo.
Instances were noted where individual committee members disagreed with the majority consensus.
This research underscores the significant role of the Linguistic Foundations Committee in advancing grammatical scholarship and its impact on the development of contemporary linguistic studies.

The pivotal importance that water resources represent for various an Iraq , in the light of the water scarcity of this Precious resources calls for directing appropriate attention to an alysis , study and research in to all issus and aspects .that would contribute to the development and maiten ance of these resources . Achieving the highest possible levels of rationalization and efficiency of use . In this regards , this resources . is exposed to waste and depletion in light of climate change , drought, the development of upper basin projects , the loclc of agreements to divide water shares and the absence of projects to preserve this resources from dissipation .Which has developed durries the curreit priod (2003- 2023) . Due to the increase in population and the development and environmental requirements in Iraq .Increasing the concentration of river salinity from 0.5 to 1.3 sm/m means an increase of 7.5 tons of salt on an area of 1 hector of agricultural land .The loss of 1 bcm of water leads to the exit of 65thousand hectares of irrigated agricultural land. Due to the limited and depleted water resources in Iraq . This resources must be restructured and managed to Suit the increasing requirements for development and the environment.

The word "Ant" and its derivatives appear in the Holy Quran in six verses. The linguistic meaning of this word has several meanings. The Quran uses all eight meanings of the Arabic language, and context determines the meaning. Its primary meaning is fatigue. It also has secondary meanings, but it does not appear in its technical sense. Verses about "Ant" indicate that God has lifted distress and hardship from believers when dealing with orphans' wealth. They encourage Muslims to marry female slaves when they fear falling into sin or adultery. Two verses indicate that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) is merciful and compassionate toward the Muslim community to relieve them of hardship, distress, and harm. One verse demonstrates the deceitful schemes of the hypocrites' inner circle to sow hardship among Muslims. Another verse reports people's submission to God Almighty on the Day of Judgment. It is part of God's compassion that He has lifted hardship from us in our duties. We must fear hardship in this world by following the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) well in all our words and deeds to be free from it. One of the reasons for researching verses on oppression is the occurrence of the root (ʿantā) and its derivatives in the Holy Quran. The research aims to clarify the meanings of oppression associated with these derivatives, and the context of the verses determines their meanings. The Holy Quran uses all the meanings of oppression in the Arabic language. In this research, I combined verses on oppression and defined the meanings of their derivatives. The result was that the Holy Quran warned us against oppression and outlined how to address it. Islam came with a faith from which emanates commands, prohibitions, and remedies for what God has decreed for humanity. Addressing fate with destiny has been a practice since the era of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs.
I divided the research into two sections: The first section contains the linguistic and technical definition of oppression.
The second section contains the meanings of oppression, grouped into eight categories:
First: oppression means distress and embarrassment. Second: oppression means destruction. Third: oppression means sin. Fourth: oppression means hardship and difficulty. Fifth: oppression means adultery and fornication. Sixth: oppression means harm. Seventh: Obstinacy means misguidance and grief. Eighth: Obstinacy means submission.
The researcher recommends collecting verses with similar wording that have a common root to differentiate their meanings.

The importance of this study comes through highlighting one of the most important public services that are related to the lives of the residents of the city of Basra and whose responsibility lies with the solidarity of the state, by shedding light on the analysis of the geographical distribution of civil defense centers in the city and through their efficiency from a group of local dimensions that were applied based on Copper Quantitative Analytical Application Tools for spatial analysis within the environment We think about geographical information, and it was discovered through the study conducted on (7 centers) in the city of Basra that the distribution of these organizations is unorganized and approaches randomness and the need to reach a number of up to (7 - 18 centers).According to the standards applied in the study, in addition to the equipment and tools needed by the centers currently operating in the city, which requires a serious stance by the relevant authorities to address the current situation in order to reach comprehensive and sound coverage of securing the lives of citizens in the city of Basra and preserving their personal property.

This study examines the variable use of the voiced post-alveolar affricate / ʤ / in the everyday speech of rural migrants in the city of Amara. The study explores the variation in relation to two social factors, namely gender and level of education. The speech data were gathered from 20 middle-aged (40-60) participants as the sample of the study. The researcher performs both auditory and statistical analyses to investigate patterns of variation in the use of the variable. The findings reveal that the realization of the variable under study reflects a complex interplay of rural and urban linguistic forms affected by the migrants' integration into the urban setting. Gender and education emerge as significant factors, with females and more educated participants showing a stronger inclination toward the urban variant [ʤ]. These results provide new insights into sociolinguistic dynamics in the city of Amara and add to the literature on Arabic dialectology and language variation.

The study explores the phonological development of Missani Iraqi Arabic children. The data of this study are twenty-four participants from Arabic language background (native speakers of Arabic). They are from 3 to 6 years of age. The recordings have been collected from these children lasting for about fifteen minutes for each sample, so the whole recording time is ten hours. It is a generative study to explore mainly substitution and deletion. The study includes consonantal segments only; vowel segments are excluded. The study concludes that the main phonological processes of Missani children's speech are substitution and deletion. These processes are made by children in order to make pronunciation easier. The study has displayed that substitution and deletion processes occur in voicing, place of articulation and manner of articulation. Substitution and deletion considerably occur at three years of age and continues until the age of six. Sometimes, some words can be produced with more than one process.

School dropout is a prominent social issue that negatively impacts individuals and societies. School dropout is defined as a student's interruption of education before completing the prescribed academic level. It is a widespread phenomenon in many countries, particularly in societies suffering from economic and social challenges. In this research, we will address the phenomenon of school dropout from a comprehensive perspective, aiming to identify its various causes, ranging from economic and social factors to challenges within the school environment. We will shed light on the negative repercussions it has on society, while offering proposals and solutions to mitigate this phenomenon, thus contributing to building a better, more sustainable future.

The Research aims to understand motivated student violence among students in dormitories for colleges and institutes of Middle Technical University. To Shed light on about this phenomena, and to propose some measures to reduce it. The researchers prepared a questionnaire .This survey was made on a sample of the trainees consisted of (280) Students. The results revealed that the most important motives of violence in the students dormitories were, respectively :( academic and cultural, psychological, administrative, the family- political -economic –social). The violated motives of female students were :( administrative, psychological, academic and cultural, the family- political -economic -social).

This study was conducted to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and nickel) in the blood of cigarette smokers and hookah (nargileh) smokers. These elements were selected due to their high toxicity and significant health effects on humans.
The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals in the blood of smokers, whether cigarette or hookah smokers, were higher compared to the control group. However, the concentrations were higher in the blood of hookah smokers compared to cigarette smokers.
Cigarette smokers were found to suffer more from health issues than hookah smokers. Bronchitis was observed in 86–96% of cigarette smokers, depending on age, smoking quantity, and duration. Atherosclerosis affected 0.8–3%, heart disease ranged between 18–36%, and reduced fertility was reported in 45–68% of cases. Lung cancer was found in 0.2–0.8% of cigarette smokers.
Among hookah smokers, bronchitis incidence ranged between 10–67.2% based on age, smoking quantity, and duration. Atherosclerosis appeared in 0.4–11% of cases, heart disease in 10–14%, and reduced fertility in 17–35%. Lung cancer had the lowest incidence, recorded at 0.4% in the age group of 36 years with a smoking duration of 20 years and a consumption rate of 2 hookahs per day.
A very strong correlation was found among cigarette smokers between heart diseases, fertility, age, and smoking duration; a strong correlation was observed with bronchitis, and a moderate correlation with atherosclerosis. For hookah smokers, correlations ranged from very strong (age), strong (heart disease), moderate (smoking duration, bronchitis, and atherosclerosis), to very weak in the case of lung cancer.

اعتمد دستور العراق الدائم سنة 2005 نظام برلماني للحكم في العراق الحديث حيث نظم بمبدأ تعاون وتوازن ورقابة متبادلة بين سلطاته التنفيذية و التشريعية للحد من الإساءة باستعمال السلطة والتفرد بها بواسطة فرد واحد أو مجموعة من الافراد, وذلك من خلال الآليات والصلاحيات التي وضعها الدستور الجديد لجميع السلطات في الدولة العراقية، اضافة لقدرة النظام البرلماني على ألتمكن من الاستيعاب الكامل لجميع المكونات العراقية ومساهمتها في صنع القرارات السياسية, وقد نصت فقرات الدستور ومواده على آلية تشكيل واختصاص السلطات والدور الذي تلعبه في عمليات التشريع للقوانين
كانت معانات العراق منذ عقود في بناء دستور يتماشى مع وجود الدولة الحديثة والتي تسببت بحروب وأزمات عديدة كانت سببا بإنتاج انظمة سياسية مشوهة ليس لها القدرة على ان تمثل الدولة العراقية وشعبها، لكنها اصبحت تنذر بحصول ازمات واسعة بتأثيرها واكثر خطورة من الذي حصل سنة 1921، حيث حملت معها مشاكل عقود كثيرة لم يجري حلها اضافة لازمات الزمن الحالي وما حصل بعد عام 2003، والذي اصبح طريقا ممهدا لتفكيك العراق اكثر مما يمهد لبناء الدولة العراقية.

This research addresses the importance of education and its pivotal role in confronting the threat of violent extremism and promoting the values of moderation and balance in societies. It seeks to explore and identify the essential elements of an effective educational strategy capable of building a generation that is aware and immune to extremist ideologies and believes in the values of tolerance, dialogue, and openness to others. This research provides an in-depth analysis of the concepts associated with extremism, moderation, and balance, highlighting the root causes that fuel extremism and exploit youth. The research also reviews various educational experiences and practices implemented in similar contexts, evaluating their effectiveness and identifying their strengths and weaknesses. The research also proposes a comprehensive framework for an integrated educational strategy that includes a set of principles and mechanisms that must be considered in curricula design, teaching method development, teacher training, and community engagement. The proposed strategy focuses on promoting critical thinking, developing dialogue and communication skills, instilling the values of responsible citizenship, and enhancing awareness of cultural and religious diversity. It also provides a clear and practical vision for educational policymakers and practitioners in the field of education to contribute to building more resilient societies capable of confronting the challenges of extremism and promoting the values of peace and peaceful coexistence.

International migration is considered one of the issues that does not disappear from the global arena, as it is linked to humans and humans who are always on the move, so the issue of international migration will always appear on the international scene. With the increasing international interest in the issue of immigration and the work of many international bodies, in addition to governmental and non-governmental organizations, the issue of immigration has become one of the main issues on the agenda of many governments and international bodies and organizations, both governmental and non-governmental. International migration is one of the serious social problems facing Iraqi society and Syrian society, and its danger lies in its continuity, which requires the government to develop a successful strategy to confront it.

This comparative study focuses on repetition as an Arabic and English stylistic weapon, examining its forms, purposes, and culture of origin in literary, rhetorical, and dialogue discourse. Verbosity is a literary device whereby a writer does introduce rhythm, persuasion, and beauty. Applying stylistic analysis, discourse analysis, and cross-cultural pragmatics, the analysis discusses how verbosity arises in each language to create differences and similarities through linguistic forms and cultural norms. The analysis of ancient and modern texts, including English literature, Arabic poetry, and media discourse, is looked at to investigate its function in cohesion, emphasis, and audience reception. The findings establish that English uses verbosity specifically for effect and perspicuity while Arabic uses it as a signal of eloquence and rhetorical grandeur. The above conclusion is applicable to translation, intercultural communication and language teaching, and provides proof of successful intercultural communication approaches. The study contributes to enhance the stylistic theory and intercultural linguistics by providing a comprehensive analysis of the polymorphous aspect of repetition.

The current research aims to understand the importance of the role of human resource soft skills in learning-based strategic renewal. The research problem was represented by an important question: "Is there a correlation and influence between human resource soft skills in learning-based strategic renewal?" To explain the relationship between the main research variables, two main hypotheses of correlation and influence were formulated, from which sub-hypotheses were derived. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive analytical approach was used to survey the opinions of a number of senior leaders at Imam Al-Sadiq University. The sample included (45) of the total population of (60) decision-makers (Board of Directors, department heads and their assistants, and division and unit heads). The intentional sampling method was used, and their opinions were surveyed using a validated questionnaire. To analyze the data, the statistical programs SPSS and Excel were used. Among the statistical methods used were (Spearman's correlation coefficient and simple linear regression coefficient). The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the university is beginning to demonstrate a level of application of human resource soft skills in strategic renewal, and there is a significant and positive correlation between human resource soft skills and strategic renewal.

The current study aimed to identify creative, visual creativity in developing the problem-solving skill of fifth-grade primary school students in the art education subject. The art study was improved by (60) fifth-grade female students, as (30) students represented the experimental group and studied the thinking strategy. and (30) female students with confirmed control who studied using the usual methods, were able to search for the only problem-solving skill test from (28) objective items that were monitored for their validity and reliability, and after analyzing the data exclusively using the statistical package program. (SPSS), the study found that there were statistically significant differences at the significance level (α = 0.05) between the average scores of the female students of the experimental group and the scores of the female students of the control group in the post-problem solving skills test in favor of the experimental group. The study ended with a number of recommendations.

This study aimed to reveal the degree of mental motivation among primary school teachers in the Hawija district, as well as to identify any differences related to gender or service. The sample included (200) male and female teachers. He tested the discriminatory power of the tool by demonstrating its purpose and the legitimacy of its design to experts, using social science statistics to create a measure of administrative issues that included (20) items. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis of the data, in addition to other statistical methods. The research reached the following results: - The sample members are characterized by a high level of mental motivation. - There are no statistically significant differences between primary school teachers and teachers in mental motivation according to the variable (gender).