Diyala Journal of Human Research

The paper tries to figure out the impact of Al-Maany books on Al-Mujam Al-Muhkam for the sake of showing the systematic correlation between these two types of authorship . This aim is to be executed through studying the phenomena of ellipsis in the structure of sound sentence which is followed by Ibn Sida as he traced the sayings of Al-Maany authors in directing it- in terms of judgement , deduction and justification- with whom he might agree in judgement and disagrees in justification , or to follow them in judgement and justification but opposes them in the process and method of justification .

The paper tries to figure out the impact of Al-Maany books on Al-Mujam Al-Muhkam for the sake of showing the systematic correlation between these two types of authorship . This aim is to be executed through studying the phenomena of ellipsis in the structure of sound sentence which is followed by Ibn Sida as he traced the sayings of Al-Maany authors in directing it- in terms of judgement , deduction and justification- with whom he might agree in judgement and disagrees in justification , or to follow them in judgement and justification but opposes them in the process and method of justification .

Geographers' interest in the uses of urban land has increased after the second half of the twentieth century. They began to be interested in surveying every phenomenon that is found on the surface of earth as well as explaining that via certain type of maps known as urban land maps. It is known that such uses are not fixed but are characterized by dynamism for they are most likely reactions to the needs of citizens. Therefore, this study is conducted to shed light on the uses of urban land in the city of Buhriz, recognizing their actuality, nature of their distribution, possible reasons behind such distribution. It is a de facto issue that studying any city must be accompanied by mapping documentation of a group of phenomena which are to be highlighted in a city. Thus, this study resulted in designing a map of urban land uses in Buhriz in its various types. This city, and those who are interested in it, are in urgent need for maps that show the changes which occurred in all uses of land so as to mirror the moveable nature of the city, to be a continuous data base of this city which is the center of Ashnona county in Baquba/ Diyala Province. Moreover, population in the city are (22230) persons living in an area of (1692) acres divided to (13) quarters. The study resulted in designing a compound map comprising all uses of urban land in this city, in addition to a distinct map for each use representing the reality of the city in 2014.

This research aims to shet a light on the spatial variation of the type of livestock in Kannan's district according to the (macro level), the type includes live stock animals (sheep, cows, goats) and the farms of being fattening these (lambs, calves) and even the ulty farms, where the number of livestock stood head to (74387) sheep in 2014, while the number of breeding sheep farms are (13) and (42) calf farms, and the number of poulty farms are (128) distributed on the most of the study. Areas. This research has addressed the importance of environmental and life factors, which had its impact on the live stock variation and discovering the form of geographical distribution for the year 2014. As breeding sheep has ranked first since the number of lives tock has reached up to 42063) and at the rate of 56,6% of the total number of lives stock animals. While the goats have got the second by the rate of 21,8% and cows 21,6% of the total number in the study area.
The research has also talked about the most important problems and obstacles faced by the study are and the ways to solve them and being developed to emphasise the livestock support that needed to keep pace with the market and consumer. The research has completely reached to these results and recommendations.

current research aims to identify the relationship between the contradictory perception of self and the big five factors of personality of students at Baghdad university to learn the difference between sex ( male – female) and field of study ( scientific – humanitarian) . The sample consisted of ( 400 ) students in four colleges two colleges and two colleges including humanitarian and searcher tools used gauge self – awareness by contradiction theory Higgins 1989 and the researcher prepared and includes three areas ( very realistic and idealistic self ) . and ( very appropriate) and the second scale setting five factors of personality based on model Goldberg 1999 ,which includes five areas 1s ( admissibility , conscience with the gentle Neuroticism , Openness to experience ) . and psychometric properties of the extracted seal and a chive the following results :
a statistically significant difference in contrast self – awareness in accordance with variable gender ( male – female ) for the benefit males and the difference statistically significant according to variable course ( scientific – humanitarian ) and the theme of human . As well as having astatically significant in the big five factors of personality in accordance with the variable gender ( male – female ) for the males and the difference statistically significant according to variable course ( scientific – humanitarian ) and humanitarian worker specialization admissibility and openness to experience and conscience , with
the results showed no statistically significencant difference in
gentle and Neuroticism . As well as having appositive correlation between the contradictory perception of self and the big five factors of personality of University students .

This study attempts to show the effect of the cultural context in the interlocution process pragmatically which asserts that pragmatics generally tackles the linguistic contact in a specific interlocution discourse .No doubt that such pragmatic study reflects a basic practical term which helps in analyzing the discourse .The cultural context – as specified by this study- consists of the mutual beliefs among the speakers, the thoughts ,and the common conventions among them. The study reveals that the interlocutionl contact based on (cooperative principle) suggested by Grice in the process of addressing which exists between the addresser and the addressee typically depended on several backgrounds: social, conventional and cultural which in turn help in composing the meaning of the conversation itself. Moreover, the study sheds more light on some of the rhetorical devices described as important and effective examples in exposing the cultural context in forming the meaning required .It has been noticed that the access to the meaning in metonymy might be submitted to the cooperative principle which based on the cultural convention as well as with metaphor or even imagery in general .Finally, such aspects are illustrated through the examples the study supplied .

The study is aiming at focusing on an intellectual phenomenon which is spreading in Iraqi literature especially in the previous decade that is accompanying the political and intellectual changes in our society, resulting then with the necessity of intellectual and visionary shifts among creative writers, especially storytellers and authors. It is the phenomenon of the open, direct way of resorting to auto opinion and ideological deduction. A phenomenon that makes a text to lose a lot of its aesthetic and artistic traits stemming from the overall care of what is cognitive at the expense of what is aesthetic.
The Iraqi author and story writer HishamElrikabi's collection of stories that is entitled Haj Sohrab's Castle is but an example of this phenomenon as it appeared in that visionary transformation, not only in the (text's vision of reality) but also in (its artistic and stylistic structure). A fact that is clear cut via the (logic of narrative language) that is apparent in narration of events, description, dialogue, point of view and introducing the narrative ingredients of each of the stories in the collection separately.
Moreover, when focusing on previous notions regarding this same story collection does not signify an unnecessary or irresponsible mechanical jump over textual norms, but it means a critical investigation and meditation of the cognitive nature of those notions with the aim of identifying the text so as to figure out and focus on a topic that was always of enormous effect on creativity, and is still of great significance in two fields of knowledge; (the creative) through producing a literary text, and the (intellectual) through producing a critical text within contemporary criticism.

This study deals with the various types of Khalis streets and the properties of each .Actually each city has different types of streets which add a lot to its morphological identity through the functional usages of these streets and the distribution on the urban area of the city. These types attract various uses that are suitable to them to give the final form of the city depending on the design of these streets network .Also ,this stud emphasizes that Khalis streets might be taxonomized into two types (the morphological taxonomy )which depends on the capacity of the street so due to such taxonomy the Khalis streets were described as(arterial, main, secondary , and sub streets ),whereas the second taxonomy is the (functional one),here the streets classified due to the functions the streets used for depending on the building on their sides .According to this classification ,Khalis streets are classified due to their functions as (commercial ,residential , industrial ,entertainment and service ones).

Constitute the scarcity of water resources in most areas of Yemen is a major concern , limiting the implementation of plans and programs for development of water resources . The Directorate Arhab part of those areas until you find that the population understood the importance of water harvesting.
Accordingly, it has implicitly in the content this research various systems and techniques for water management and the creation of the territory of the water sheds in the regions of the study, Where we were able to visit and fill in the questionnaire , as well as access to the content of models in this field, we have tried as much as possible to support what we talked to him of models illustrative images that embody the characteristics and engineering specifications for each model , and considers this study along with its presentation and analysis on water harvesting techniques , an attempt to learn about the prevailing water harvesting area freeways

The study tackles the patterns of educational services of elementary, intermediate and high school levels in Khanaqeen in the academic year 2013-2014 and forms of these modes via the delineation of Geographical Information System GIS (virtual service scope, nearest neighbor relation, standard distribution direction and standard distance) which enabled the study to reach various results in regard to recognizing these patterns. Most importantly is that; distribution is non-organized and it centers in the eastern rather than the western side of the city because it is bigger in terms of population number and intensity

The city of Baquba suffers from a serious environmental problem along with the environmental decline in our country since 2003 which is the problem of noise pollution. The noise of the three types of power generators (house, neighborhood, public) is regarded as one of the sources of disturbance that affect the human activities of the people of the city. The noise of power generators has scored 22% of eight other sources of noise which is the highest rate among transportation services, religious places, markets, salesmen and gas distributors, industrial workshops, construction, explosions and security accidents, and other sources. This result was obtained by a questionnaire form filled by 385 of the people of Baquba city.
The study concluded that this source of noise has registered the highest noise background in 2014 which reached 104.53 db. This crosses the standards of the World Health Organization for most of the human activities like educational, residential, sanitary, entertainment, industrial, and transportation. Moreover, it reached those levels of noise registered by the explosions and security events in the city. It is mention worthy that the standards of Word Health Organization for the previous activities are: 55 db for educational and residential activities, 45 db for sanitary activities and 70 db for industrial and transportation activities. The noise background of power generators lies in the category of very annoying noise that cause harm to human health. Exposure to noise more than 85 db over eight hours a day may cause damage to hearing sense because the pain barrier starts from 80 db. It is also important to mention that this source of noise has become one of the continuous sources of noise. Power generators work between 16-18 hours a day due to the continuous power shutdowns in the national power grid.

The need for reforming education and keeping a specific degree of quality is an inevitable must in order to achieve the best results due to the required educational objectives .So, this research sheds light on the Islamic Arabic educational quality represented in some Islamic Arab educational ideologists’ views and the originality and modernity of those views .To Achieve the aim of the study , the researcher uses the descriptive analytical approach in his study to derive the educational quality from the educational views . Actually, the study contains four chapters ,from which the researcher draw up the following findings ;
• The educational quality in the Islamic educational ideology is beyond the physical and materialistic limits which make it original and modern.
• The Islamic educational ideology asserts the originality and modernity in which it stabilize the learner’s spiritual , physical and social needs.
• Finally the study recommended the following recommendations:
• An urgent need to use the Islamic concepts and items in the educational ethics of the concept “quality” instead of the use of the western concepts and items which don’t achieve the Islamic educational objectives.
• Using ultimate quality concepts in our educational syllabuses to get benefit for our Islamic state

Arab Gulf area has occupied a very influential position in the British foreign policy ;The policy which is based on the dominance and the direct power throughout the nineteenth century till the end of the second world war .With the passage of time this policy has been changed due to changes in the international situations as the retreat of Britain power and situation among other countries as well as the emergence of the national tendency towards the independence .Because of this national sweeping flow in some countries ,Britain followed new strategy in those areas by breaking up the direct military period and initiating a new period representing the economic period. Britain ,in this domain, has power over the economic affairs of the Arab gulf countries making them economically and politically dependent to them with fake sense of having national dependence.
This study specifies the temporal framework of the organizational role of Britain in Oman Sultanate .Actually , this study is an attempt to prove the evidence that the British who established the base of the modern Oman Sultanate participating in building the army and the Omani security forces to defend any internal or external danger ,initiating with the independence 1971 which formed the starting point till 1988 which in turn contributed to the constancy of Oman Sultanate permanently to live in peace as other countries without any interference .

Quantitative analysis of the demand patterns in housing market using typical methods is regarded as one of the most important topics. Those models are regarded as tools that help predict the face value and its movement over time as well as its participation in preparing housing policies and evaluating the strategies that aim at eliminating the housing problems. Data and information form a basic aspect in quantitative analysis that precedes preparing mathematical structure of the model. This information gives us a comprehensive picture about the nature of the variables affecting the housing sector and how they co-interact inside the model. It also enables the researchers to interpret the results and compare them with the previous projections about the effect of the variables of the phenomenon in question. So, the typical models used in planning housing demand has to be as comprehensive as possible to ensure the success of the aims of a housing policy and to predict the size, direction and future effects of the phenomenon.

The defect of the spiritual intelligence comes along with several problems as the inconsistency with the self and the world , also the disability of realizing the relations that connect things with each other and with the environments around . Accordingly, all lead to weakness in personality and the lack of self-confidence(Gardener 2000:27-34)and the educational field is considered as the best principal domains which reveal such change transmitting from the basic concepts to the educational system constituents(Mustafa2002:234).
This study aims at investigating the spiritual intelligence and its relation with the life quality among the educational counselors ,so ,the researcher constructed the measurement of the spiritual intelligence adopting the life quality one and applied on the study sample of (300)counselor (f)males / Diyala education directorate ,here, the variety of the sample isthe gender(fmale-male) .The results the study reached at were:
1. Measuring the spiritual intelligence degree among the educational counselors.
2. Realizing the statistical differences in the spiritual intelligence amongthe counselors basing on the gender variety(female-male).
3. Measuring the degree of life quality among the educational counselors.
4. Realizing the statistical differences in the degree of life quality amongthe counselors basing on the gender variety(female-male).
With regard to the aforementioned results ,the researcher recommended the following:
1. Making use of the measurement the researcher reconstructed in the ministry of education .
2. The significance of activating the levels of life quality and spiritual intelligence and getting benefit from such to consolidate the most significant counseling skills in-demand in the educational administrations .Consolidating such skills occur through holding seminars and specific conferences which in turn reflect the significance of such majors since they are one of the human jobs and give hand to help people, as well as the material –sufficiency the workers may attain by.

Barazan Movement (1931-1932)considered as one of the Kurdish issues which began as a struggle between the Kurdish tribes represented by Barazan tribe and Sheikh Rasheed tribe Laulan in Bradwest region. Actually the struggle was because of the desire of those two sheikhs to get the religious and tribal leadership in that areas . Also, it represents the hegemony and the influence there which revealed the importance of this study in which it lies. Moreover, this research sheds light on the most important variables in the Kurdish field particularly the struggle between the Kurdish tribes which later developed to take the form of struggle against the Iraqi government and the British management existed there.
Actually, through the study it has been found that Britain has a great role in deepening the religious and tribal struggle among the Kurds leaders through its policy which takes the form of ( terrifying and awakening of a desire)on one hand ,and the use of the opposite mass media specially against sheikh Ahmed Al-Barazani on the other hand which represented an important reason for gaining a large number of Kurdish tribes that stand up for the Iraqi government to weaken sheikh Ahmed's power in the areas under his control the matter which enabled the Iraqi government to put these movements down and to enforce Sheikh Ahmed Al-Barazani to surrender to the Turkish side and accordingly these movements came to the end(1931-1932).Actually,this work is divided into prologue ,three chapters and epilogue ,in which the first chapter dealt with Barazan area in Kurdistan of Iraq ,whereas the second chapter sheds light on Barazan movements in 1931. Chapter three tackles the military interference and the existence of the governmental authorities in 1932 in that area.Finally , the conclusions that the researcher reached at were drawn depending on a number of remarkable references which can be noticed through the margins.

Vowels differ in their nature according to language differences. This means the absence of agreement among researchers and scholars on a unified concept of a vowel. The definitions varied according to the basis on which the researchers depended in classifying language sounds. Some classifications articulatory, acoustic, articulatory-acoustic, and functional. Due to that, the terminology of a vowel sound differed in old and modern schools.

Feminization is one of The important subjects which deals with the distinction between feminine and masculine nouns in Arabic . The research deals with the feminizing marker (Al – ta / t ) as in (bint / daughter) and (ukht / sister ) and the fuzzy attitude of the old Arab linguists towards it and the attitude of Arab researchers and the orientalists towards it .
The research shows that the long (open)ta is an old feminizing marker and it exists in all semitic languages.
This (ta) in (bint) and (ukht) is for feminizing and it is not the (lam) of the word.
The research also shows the relationship between languages.

This study aims at investigating morphological exception, and its semantic function in the recognition between polysemic. It can be achieved through identifying the exceptional structures with reduced alif in the Glorious Quran. It is known that there are polysemic structures with reduced and extended alif. The study also investigated every structure of the given quality and illustrated their meaning and the opinions of linguists and interpreters about them.
The framework of this study included defining the concept of exception linguistically and terminologically ,then, defining structural exception and reduced noun. The study also surveyed the exceptional structures with reduced alif in the Glorious Quran as well as mentioning the forms occurred in each structure ,then, studying one or two forms for the reason of exemplification. The study ended in the most important conclusions that the researcher reached at.
It is worth mentioning that structural exception is regarded as a way of making the learner differentiate between structures by knowing the patterns that govern each one of them. The exceptional structures that occurred in the Glorious Quran with reduced alif in are (فَعْلى, فُعْلى, فِعْلى, فُعْالى). There are more exceptional structures and forms, yet the scope of this study was devoted to the Glorious Quran, as well as the impossibility to identify all the structures in Arabic

The semantic effect has no idiomatic (traditional) definition because the effect is a concept that is determined according to the science that is used in. For that it is an accessible concept for scholars, conservatives and grammarians. The traditional meaning refers to the agreement upon a special term that refers to special meaning , and 'effect' has no meaning in such definitions. In a word , the effect is a concept not an idiom.
Although there are numerous intellectual fields that use the term (traditional), but these fields did not come up with that the 'idiom' refers to the rest of the thing in the way when the linguistic meaning exists in the different usage as the fields differ as that the ' idiom ' is the searched for is known being and its identity is unknown.
The semantic effect is the consequence of the context , investigates the inspirational values and aesthetic factors that exist behind the text. The semantic effect deals with the spaces and meanings of purposes because it targets the parts and their conduct in part-whole frame- context meaning- from rules and principles .

The significance of studying the political development in Lebanon in 1926 - 1932 based upon the establishment of the Republic of Lebanon which was Inspired by the authorities of the French mandate .During that time, Lebanon witnessed the declaration of constitution, the establishment of the republic and the election of the first president .Moreover in 1932 , Lebanon witnessed a crisis of electing its president which in turn pushed the French mandate to suspend the constitution and the parliamentary life. So, such factors push the researchers to study this topic.
The study consisted of introduction, three sections and the conclusion section .The first section dealt with the declaration of the Lebanon constitution and the election of Sharl Dabbas as a president ,whereas the second section dealt the first constitutional period of Sharl Dabbas 1926-1929,also it tackled the most important political developments in Lebanon starting with the establishment of the Lebanese government ,the amendment of the constitution and the formation of the first Parliament in Lebanon .Furthermore ,the third section dealt with the political developments in Lebanon from1929-1932,which reflected the renewal of Sharl for second mandate ,and the second amendment of the constitution as well as the election of new president in 1932 .Finally, the conclusions were drawn by the researchers were:
1. The declaration of the republic of Lebanon as a result of the declaration of the constitution in 1926 regarding Lebanon as the first republic in the Arab homeland ,and announcing Shark Dabbas as the first president for Lebanon to form puppet government under the French mandate which elected him before the election session. Furthermore, the democratic system was established with the formation of the parliament as well as the parliamentary elections.
2. That period witnessed the continuation of conflict between the legislative and executive powers which damaged the interest of Lebanon and pushed the president Shark Dabbas to concur with the French high Commissioner in amending the Lebanese constitution. As a result the constitution was amended twice ,the first amendment was in 1927 and 1929 as the second one.
3. Though the declaration of the constitution and the existence of legitimate Lebanese government but the French mandate powers represented by the French high commissioner who was acting freely in the administrative and political matters of the country. So, this means that all the elections at that time were artificial ones by pre-setting the president as the election of Shark Dabbas and the renewal of his mandate in1929 in addition to the election of t he Lebanese Parliament members.

This study aims at investigating the vocational efficiencies and their attributed skills that the male and female teachers of engineering drawing in vocational preparatories need to have. It also aims at classifying those efficiencies and skills in order of their importance. The study community consisted of 78 teachers: 48 males and 30 females. The researcher adopted the descriptive method by means of a questionnaire developed by him by the help of the answers of the pilot sample which consisted of five male teachers and three female teachers. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by experts and jury. Its reliability was verified by retesting on a sample of 12 male teachers and 8 female teachers. The reliability average was 91.9%. the questionnaire was conducted on the sample of the study which consisted of 31 male teachers and 19 females. The results were analyzed by calculating the concentration degree, percentage, and Chi square. The results showed that the teachers in question should have five types of efficiency in order of importance: relation with students, executing the lesson, using computer, evaluation, and planning there are also 65 skills distributed on those efficiencies: 13 skills for each efficiency. It is also found that there are no statistically significant differences in the answer of male and female teachers in the variable of gender except in four skills. It was
recommended preparing a program for building the necessary vocational efficiencies for the teachers of engineering drawing and giving them the chance to develop vocationally. The training programs must be continuous and seriously observed with the stress on humanitarian aspect and seeking to develop the intellectual and skill levels.

Thanks and Praise to Allah, the Lord of Mankind, and Peace and Prayers on Whom He sent our Prophet Mohammed (Peace Be Upon Him and his Companions) and to those whom follow Him till Judgment Day.
As for ….
The ideology is the safe norm in which depends on its safety and rules everything which comes out from one's self of words and movements.
The science of speech is the science to produce knowledge in which to clarify the science of speech in it and by its style we can realize and acknowledge ideological religion.
The Imam Abu Ali Al-Jebaee was one of those who stood against outside currents which abused Islam.
The title of this research is (Philosophical Speech Terms in Abu Ali Al-Jebaee). The research has been divided into introduction, two chapters, and conclusion. In the first chapter, the terms of the procedures in this research will be shown. In the second chapter, the philosophical terms of Imam Al-Jebaee is also shown, and finally in the conclusion the most important results that the researcher has reached to has been discussed.
I ask Allah if I had achieved the purpose of this subject:

The attention that Stresemann had by his family, their adherence that he should continue his study made him a good reader and curious which led to excellency, admiration of his mentors, his high self- esteem, the passion to renew and change, and later, fame. The beginnings of his intellectual awareness were his observations of the disadvantages and advantages of religious men and their exploitation of people under the cover of religion. On this basis, he believed that the religious men should not interfere with politics. After he joined the university, the idea of entering the field of politics became to crystalize in his mind. After he became interested in politics and intellectuality, he began studying history very carefully, especially the history of Germany. After he studied the personality of Bismarck, he became interested in him and learned a lot from him.
The study consisted of three sections proceeded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion. The first section dealt with his birth and family. The second section dealt with his education. While the third section dealt with his culture.
The study reached at several conclusions. The most important one was that his growth in an encouraging and eager to learning family affected the crystallization of his talent in the early years of his education. His mother was a teacher and she was one of his best supporters. During his early years of education, Stresemann showed his great passion to reading and knowledge which made him one of the distinguished and admired students among his teachers who were eager to teach him as well as his family.

Zambians struggled against the British colonization and colonizers until the independence in 1964 when a new era started with the Zambian Republic. Although it did not witness big internal political events, it experienced a development in foreign policy due to its geographical position that connects the states ruled by racial and colonial regimes with those independent states that took the responsibility of liberating Africa from those regimes.
The circumstances forced Zambia to join the nationalist independent African states and to be committed to the principles of the Organization of African Unity that called for liberating Africa as well as joining the United Nations. This is why it was under great pressure due to political developments in south Africa.
Zambia had witnessed the era of British colonization. Its people had suffered socially, economically, and politically because of the exploitation of the inheritors of the colonization who were the citizens that took over all the life sectors in Zambia and exploited the natives until 1964. After the independence, which was a political struggle led by the distinguished politicians of Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda and Harry Harry Nkumbula as well as the labor unions, the situation was resolved and controlled by Patriot government led by Kaunda. He worked hard to eliminate the political and social remains of colonization. He gave Zambia its role in southern Africa. All this happened gradually and painfully. Zambia was exhausted and vulnerable to the attacks of colonial and racial regimes. Its sovereignty was breached continuously and it was fought economically which made it one of the most indebted countries.

The prayer religion column, a corner of the five pillars of Islam that a Muslim must be preserved, especially the community in which the Prophet, peace be upon him said a prayer (prayer in congregation is better than praying alone is twenty-seven degrees), and the person praying replaced should it stand in it does not go against him, has dealt with it in detail. if it was the congregation solo with forward hath its place, as well as that was one woman with forward it may own them as well, and dealt with whether with forward two, whether they were a man and a woman or two men or two women, as well as the rule of men and boys, women meeting with the imam, she stated each one allotted him, and also dealt with the rule of the congregation with the imam if a large mosque and there was a break between the Imam and the congregation, the rule provides the congregation at the Imam and the different scholars in the rule of his prayers, and also showed the best place for a man and a better place for women in the congregational prayer, citing At the conclusion of the evidence summarized the most important findings

This study deals with the most important theories of translation, in the second half of the twentieth century, that had a great effect on the development of the art of translation.
Chapter one includes a summary of the history and development of western theories of translation. Chapter two includes the most important theories of translation, in the second half of the twentieth century, and their great role in developing translation. The last chapter introduces an analytical and critical study of those theories and identifying their positive and negative sides.
The researcher concluded that the translator must try to be acquainted with all or most of those theories of translation because of its importance in making and his career more successful and beneficial. Also, the translator must not be committed to follow only one theory in all his translations because following one of the theories must be according to many factors such as the nature of the text and the aim of translating it. The researcher also concluded that the curriculum, in universities and colleges concerned with teaching foreign languages, must contain principles of translation because they help the translator in understanding the text so as to achieve the aim of translation and that is transferring the text, with all its concepts and linguistic meanings, from one language into another.

This pilot study is anchored on the fact that the internet has mostly been one of the sources that inspired the slang variety of language. Even back to the early 1980s, net users had their own particular argot and abbreviations. Some of these contractions eventually find their avenue into a more enduring part of the society, where they are used for years by people of all ages. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the most popular net-lingo abbreviations and contractions with specific reference to the functions conveyed socially and pragmatically through the occurrence of these cyber structures amongst Iraqi EFL students. Remarkably, the utilization of such expressions reveals the ability of Iraqi facebookers to make use of their linguistic knowledge in order to develop net-lingo abbreviations in communication. Accordingly, the researcher built a questionnaire which was conducted to elicit those abbreviations from the EFL learners' views. To assess the validity of the questionnaire results, a list of 34 abbreviations was created depending on various sources. Then, the list of those abbreviations was distributed amongst four groups of English-department students at the College of Education for Human Sciences / Diyala University. Consequently, the results were analyzed statistically and a set of conclusions was drawn.