political issues

India possesses the elements of power and influence that qualify it to be an effective and influential force in the international system. It possesses a large and growing economic power, reaching the fifth largest economy in the world in 2024. It possesses a significant military force, both conventional and nuclear, ranking fourth in the world. In the technological field, India has achieved significant successes. In addition to other elements of power, such as population, it ranks first in the world in population, occupies a large geographical area, and employs soft power. This has enhanced its chances of becoming an effective and influential force, and it aspires to become a superpower and an international pole in a multipolar international system.

The research papers address a significant challenge, namely that the democratic model in Iraq remains uncertain and has yet to overcome its initial hurdles. One of the primary obstacles is the establishment of a political class that may not necessarily embrace democracy but, at the very least, recognizes that elections are the only means of competing for power and accepts the outcomes, whether they win or lose. Additionally, the institutional framework for managing the political system has not been solidified. Instead, all state institutions have become subject to the personal agendas of political figures who assert themselves as leaders, independent of electoral results.
In light of these circumstances, the research paper examines the hypothesis of describing the democratic model in Iraq. It draws on models that explore the characteristics of democratic transitions in countries experiencing political shifts. These models describe the democratic systems in similar countries to Iraq as hybrid democracy, consensual democracy, delegative democracy, or fragile democracy.
Consequently, the research is structured around three main focal points:
1-The democratic transition and the challenges associated with the chosen model.
2-Iraq's positioning between the consensual democracy model and the delegative democracy model.
3-Iraq's alignment with either the electoral democracy model or the fragile democracy model.

Natural disasters are not new and speak in aggregate of natural forces, and greatly affect the environment and human societies, and in the European Union, many of these challenges are major challenges due to the geographical and climatic diversity of the region, and lead to natural damages faced by member states between floods, earthquakes, forest fires, severe storms, and drought, as some of these countries increasingly face multiple, which requires the development of effective strategies and thus enable us to their effects. The problem of the study was based on many questions about the nature of the relationship between climate change and the increase in the frequency of natural disasters in the European Union. The descriptive analytical approach was used to study events and phenomena in a deep and comprehensive manner. Therefore, we find that the European Union is working to develop policies and legislation that ensure adherence to environmental standards and sustainable development practices. It believes that promoting sustainable development is the key to reducing future risks associated with climate change. Therefore, the European Union strategy seeks to build Europe's ability to recover quickly from natural disasters, enhance future resilience, and better prepare for future risks.

Apart from the historical roots of the political work of right-wing parties in Italian political life, the general political conditions of the last century led to the rise of totalitarian fascism in Italy This study begins by shedding light on the rise of the right-wing movement in Italy during the twenty-first century, which was represented by the rise of conservative parties to power in a manner that reflected the shift in political and popular positions on various issues, most notably immigration, the economy, cultural identity, and foreign relations, particularly with the European Union and the United States The study concludes that the rise of the Italian right reflects a structural shift in the country's political and societal values, posing a challenge to traditional political patterns. As the influence of these movements grows, Italy's political future remains tied to their ability to fulfill their electoral promises and their role in reshaping Italian identity in the face of local, regional, and international challenges..

Transitional justice is one of the most important requirements of post-conflict societies. Transitional justice measures are chosen according to the circumstances of the transitional phase. In Spain, which moved towards democratic transition in 1975, the new political system was not established as a result of the revolution, but rather was created according to a social contract between the Franco regime and the Republic, based on silence and burying the past, in the belief that forgetting would contribute to reconciliation. as a result of a revolution, but was established according to a social contract between the Franco regime and the Republic based on silence and burying the past, believing that forgetting would contribute to laying the foundations of national unity, and with the Spanish society convinced of their fear of a possible return to the instability witnessed during the civil war. However, the silence did not last, as the regime came under internal and external pressures that cast doubt on the success of the democratic transition. The research concluded that the new Spanish political system was able to implement a set of transitional justice measures, such as laws related to the recognition of victims of terrorism and the revival of historical memory. However, these measures were not sufficient to address the serious nature of the crimes and the damage they caused. At the same time, they served as catalysts for the continuation of democracy and social peace for a certain period of time, without necessarily guaranteeing lasting social stability.

rganized crime is considered one of the most serious threats facing Iraq on its path toward stability and development. Overcoming this crisis cannot be achieved through traditional means alone, but rather requires a comprehensive, multi-dimensional approach. This includes reforming the political and administrative system, developing criminal legislation, enhancing international cooperation, and employing digital governance tools and electronic surveillance to uncover criminal networks and trace their financial resources.Furthermore, it is essential to involve civil society, intensify community awareness campaigns, and address the structural causes that facilitate individuals joining such organizations, such as unemployment, poverty, and social marginalization.

The research focuses on future scenarios for Iraqi foreign policy, between alignment and neutrality. The results highlight that alignment with an external axis may provide short-term support, but it restricts the independence of national decision-making and exacerbates challenges. Positive neutrality, on the other hand, provides an opportunity to enhance Iraq's sovereignty, diversify its partnerships, and enhance its regional role as a mediator. Negative neutrality, on the other hand, leads to a decline in Iraq's regional and international role and increases the fragility of national politics. The research concludes that adopting a policy of positive neutrality is the most appropriate option for achieving a balance between protecting sovereignty and enhancing Iraq's regional and international standing.

Climate change is considered one of the strategic challenges threatening the global strategic environment and international stability. It results in both internal and international conflicts as well as recurring health crises, due to shifts in climate balances that are beyond human control, in addition to human-induced activities. This challenge is strategically exploited by influential powers within the global strategic environment to serve their higher national interests. Attention to this challenge is often directed toward undermining adversaries—either by seeking to limit their economic growth, exporting new technologies adapted to climate change to less technologically advanced nations, or portraying these influential powers as normative actors committed to preserving human life—despite their own contribution to the onset of climate change

This study offers a critical review of the political literature concerning the role of Japanese think tanks in shaping and influencing foreign policy. The review reveals that, despite their post-WWII growth and diversification, these institutions continue to operate within a bureaucratic and consensus-driven political environment. The literature highlights their limited independence and their integration within elite networks, especially through informal "closed policy circles." The impact of think tanks in Japan is largely functional and indirect, serving primarily as providers of technical information and analysis rather than as autonomous agents of strategic change. The study calls for a re-evaluation of dominant Western theoretical frameworks and advocates for alternative approaches that better reflect the institutional and cultural specificities of the Japanese model

Natural gas discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean have marked a significant historical turning point for the countries of the region, which are relatively poor in primary energy resources. Over the past two decades, the Eastern Mediterranean has witnessed massive natural gas discoveries, most notably the fields appearing in Egypt, Leviathan and Tamar in Israel, and Aphrodite in Cyprus. These discoveries have transformed the region into a center of geopolitical competition and conflict between regional powers over the demarcation of maritime borders and the distribution of gas revenues. This has made it a matter of global strategic interest, as international powers have played decisive roles in the region. The United States and Europe have supported the formation of regional blocs such as the East Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF), in an attempt to achieve stability and enhance cooperation among the countries of the region. This demonstrates that natural gas in the Eastern Mediterranean is not only a promising economic resource, but also a tool for reshaping balances and alliances in the region, making it a focus of conflict between regional hegemonic strategies, national security calculations, and the interests of major international powers.

The disputed territories represent one of the most complex political and security challenges in Iraq after 2003, closely linked to constitutional ambiguities and conflicts between the federal government and the Kurdistan Regional Government. The lack of a definitive legal and constitutional settlement, particularly in Kirkuk, has created fertile ground for political tensions and social divisions, negatively affecting Iraq’s national security. Disagreements over their administration have weakened state authority and generated security vacuums that were exploited by armed and terrorist groups to expand their influence. Addressing this issue through consensual mechanisms based on dialogue, power-sharing, and resource management is a fundamental step toward enhancing national stability and safeguarding Iraq’s unity and sovereignty

The study, through its three main axes, aimed to shed light on the underlying factors contributing to the spread of drug abuse in Iraq by addressing the relevant social, security, and economic dimensions. From a social perspective, the study focused on the influence of psychological factors, the role of the family, and peer groups in driving individuals toward drug use. On the security front, it highlighted the repercussions of the 2014 occupation of several Iraqi provinces by terrorist groups, particularly ISIS, and the resulting security vacuum that facilitated the proliferation of drugs. Economically, the study examined how low income levels, rising poverty rates, and unemployment have acted as catalysts for the expansion of drug-related activities, The study also explored the serious social consequences of drug abuse, such as threats to family cohesion and social structure, alongside economic impacts including the spread of financial and administrative corruption, the erosion of the labor force, and the decline in investment opportunities. In terms of security, it emphasized the burden drug-related crimes place on law enforcement agencies, weakening their capacity to address broader security challenges and potentially advancing external agendas. In response to these challenges, the study found that successive Iraqi governments have adopted increasingly stringent public policies to combat drug abuse. These policies are characterized by the criminalization of a wide range of drug-related acts and the imposition of severe penalties on those involved in drug trafficking, with the aim of protecting the community and promoting societal security. In conclusion, after analyzing the causes, consequences, and policy responses, the study reached a set of findings that naturally led to a series of recommendations aimed at curbing the spread of drugs and mitigating their negative effects in Iraq.

This study aims to explore the relationship between cybersecurity and political stability by analyzing how cyber threats impact political institutions, electoral systems, and public trust in governments. The study adopts an analytical approach based on tracking major cyber events, such as attacks on critical infrastructure, digital interference in electoral processes, and disinformation campaigns. The findings reveal that weak cybersecurity exacerbates the fragility of political systems and leads to political instability by undermining citizens' trust in institutions, fueling internal divisions, and facilitating foreign interference. Strengthening cybersecurity is no longer merely a technical option, but a political necessity to ensure state sovereignty and stability in the contemporary international environment, as it constitutes a fundamental pillar of national security. This requires the enhancement of legal frameworks, international cooperation, capacity building, and raising public awareness to safeguard the digital space and support political stability.

Drugs and psychotropic substances are among the most significant problems faced by all countries worldwide. Despite the efforts made to curb their spread and the strict laws enacted by most countries to limit them—aimed at avoiding their effects, which threaten the human mind—their prevalence continues to increase year after year. This is especially concerning since they target a vital segment of societies: the youth, impairing their mental capacities and threatening the security of the state and society, in addition to straining the state's financial resources. To address this issue, judicial, legislative, and security measures are employed, along with reformative approaches such as upbringing, which is a fundamental factor in mitigating the dangers of drugs. The family, educational institutions, society, and the media play a crucial role in guiding individual behavior.

The age of the global transformations witnessed by the international system after the Cold War, the focus on the interpretation of international relations is no longer focused on the role of States. The functions of transnational networks, especially international non-governmental organizations, have been activated through various structures and processes that can coordinate interests and needs. It creates new opportunities and activities on the global level. It works to activate new global issues such as protecting human rights, environmental and relief issues, health, democratic transformation, empowering marginalized communities and other issues. These cross-border issues must take the lead The agenda of the Global Agenda, which is no longer limited to the State only, but extends to the concerns of various non-state actors, as it necessitates the creation of positive cooperation in partnership with various actors, especially international non-governmental organizations, which have committed themselves to express the international human conscience By intervening in international and domestic issues, supported by the emergence of trends in international relations that consider that the idea of absolute sovereignty of the state is no longer acceptable, but the intervention of the international community in some things that were in the past considered an internal matter that some consider necessary and obligatory, Payment of payment International non-governmental organizations to play an important role in world politics, especially after the failure of the international system based on the State and on intergovernmental organizations.

This study aims to analyze the conceptual foundations and theoretical patterns of strategic leadership as a central element in state management within a turbulent strategic environment. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical approach of an inductive nature, through a review of relevant literature and theories, linked to contemporary developments in leadership patterns. The study examines the distinction between the leader and leadership, the historical roots of strategic leadership, and its modern conceptual evolution, in addition to analyzing the main leadership styles, including transformational, transactional, autocratic, and democratic, and their impact on strategic performance. The findings indicate that effective strategic leadership is based on clarity of vision, institutional flexibility, the capacity for innovation, and the ability to influence human and social capital, as it constitutes an interactive process between leaders and followers that contributes to political stability, sustainable development, and enhances the state’s capacity for strategic adaptability.