Iraqi Journal of environmental Sciences

The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are the main sources of water in Iraq, which originate from outside it, which poses the problem of a decrease in their levels due to the upstream countries erecting dams, which creates a real problem in Iraq. Therefore, the dams built on them work to store water in the lakes formed behind the dams and then return it to the rivers when they decrease. River levels. The monthly rates of water discharge of the Tigris River at the Mosul Dam, as well as the monthly rates of discharge of the Euphrates River water at the Fallujah Dam, were studied from data from the National Center for Water Resources Management in Iraq for the years 2018 to 2020. It was found that river levels reach their highest values in the spring, based on knowing the amount of water discharge at the front of the dams. We also note that the year 2019 is associated with the highest water discharge values because it is the year with the heaviest rainfall during the study period.

Rapid and widespread use of remote sensing and accurate acquisition of information on the spatiotemporal distribution of large-scale vegetation is of great importance for improving and managing the environment. This research aimed to monitor the agricultural drought in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq by used the spatiotemporal variability of vegetation cover. NDVI images have been used from MODIS over 24 years (2000-2023). The results showed that the vegetation cover was mainly distributed in the northeast to southeast of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, while the western region was less distributed and had almost no vegetation cover. This is clearly shown in the southwestern part of the region. While Duhok Governorate has the most control over vegetation cover in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq during the study period. There is a significant temporal variation in vegetation cover over 24 years in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A decrease in vegetation cover area was observed in 2000 and 2008. The increase or decrease in vegetation cover area is not only affected by climatic conditions. Human resources are also one of the main resources that have a great influence on the increase or decrease in vegetation cover.

Dust storms in deserts, arid, and semi-arid regions are considered a more costly and destructive atmospheric event that can cause massive damage to natural environments and human lives. This study uses an intelligent artificial neural network consisting of three layers (input, hidden, output) to predict the frequency of dust storm events. The neural network Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (PBANN) algorithms employed; this network is divided into three algorithms training for predicted monthly dust storm frequency events for the first year, second monthly annual events, and third annual frequency events for a period extended to 47 years from 1971-2017. This year’s taken as a data basis in three stations (Baghdad, Basra, Rutba, and Mosul) that represent regions middle, south, west, and north respectively for Iraq country. To estimate the difference between the observed (O) and predicted (P), dust storm number events, many statistical indices were applied such as correlation coefficient R, Route Mean Square Error, Normal mean square error, and difference bias, these four indices were calculated to the performance of the optimum PBANN scheme. It was found that the optimum performance model according to these indices for the algorithmic function to predict monthly annual and annual frequency data events, but the situation difference for predicted one-year 2017 is because frequency observed data is few and sporadic it’s not continuous specifically in stations Rutba and Mosul.

All solar photovoltaic technologies studied in this research are located in the city of Baghdad at coordinates (33.33 °N, 44.43 °E, and 41 m above sea level). These technologies are 5 kWp Mono-Si, 107 kWp poly-Si, 15 kWp HIT, and 5 kWp CIGS. CIGS is the second generation while mono, poly, and HIT Si are the first generation. The energy production during February for CIGS, HIT, Mono-Si, and Poly-Si was 642.41 kWh, 1835.2 kWh, 542 kWh and 11174 kWh, respectively. The efficiencies of CIGS, HIT, Mono-Si, and Poly-Si were 12.6%, 14.6%, 10.2%, and 13.2%, respectively. The perfor-mance ratio for CIGS, HIT, Mono-Si, and Poly-Si were 83%, 83.3%, 74%, and 75%, respectively.