Diyala Journal of Human Research

The study showed that the arable area amounted to(213,675)dunums, representing (67.1%)of the total area .The non-arable area amounted to(105,075)dunums, representing(32.9%)of the total area. The public benefit area amounted to(31,284) dunums, representing(9.8%)of the total area of the district, which amounts to (318,750)dunums. Climatic data revealed that the climatic requirements for plants, including rainfall, temperature, sunlight, humidity, and wind, are met, appropriate, and achieved in the study area. The study showed that the area invested in the cultivation of cereal crops ranked first with a percentage of (84.6%) of the total area of cultivation of agricultural types invested for the year(2023),followed in second place by the vegetable crops pattern with a percentage of(7.2%), then the horticultural crops pattern with a percentage of(5.6%),then the industrial crops pattern in fourth place with a percentage of(1.8%),and the fodder cultivation pattern came in fifth and last place with a percentage of(0.8%),while the highest production was for the horticultural crops pattern with a percentage of (91.87%) and the production quantity was (89,000 tons) of the total production of agricultural crop types in the study area, which amounted to (96,869tons).The cultivation of large areas with all types of agricultural crops and their large productivity of(96,869tons) indicates that the climate has a great impact in determining the agricultural(plant) patterns in the Qara Tepe district. Therefore, it became clear from the climate data that the rainfall is characterized by its small quantities and fluctuations, in addition to other climate influences such as wind, evaporation and relative humidity, which made the study area dependent on irrigation water, as the rain-fed lands that depend on rain amount to (109,475) dunums and a percentage of (51.2%) of the area suitable for agriculture.

This research aims to shed light on and study the individual narratives of the biography of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, which were included by Khalifa Ibn Khayyat (d. 240) in his history, which he distinguished himself from other historians in Islamic history, or which were not included in the same context in the books of the Prophet’s biography. The research sought to trace these narratives and determine the extent of their authenticity or lack thereof by analyzing them, while stating his method and style in presenting these narratives Keywords: Single .

The hamza is a phonetic phenomenon and a unique feature of Arabic pronunciation or language. This phenomenon has occupied an important position in linguistic studies, both ancient and modern, and has been addressed by lexicographers in their works. This research addresses selected examples of words related to this phenomenon, which lexicographers transmitted from Ibn al-Sikkit (d. 244 AH). This aims to highlight Ibn al-Sikkit's influence on Arabic lexicography through the study of this phenomenon. Accordingly, the research began with an introduction, then addressed the hamza in language and terminology, followed by a simplification of the hamza and its forms, and the verification of the hamza and its forms. The research concluded with the most important findings, a list of footnotes, and a list of sources and references

External rhythm is an essential element in the construction of a poetic text, and is one of the controls that distinguishes it from other literary arts. External rhythm contributes to directing the text semantically and rhetorically. In addition, it is an important factor in the aesthetic influence of the poetic praise text in Sicilian poetry.

Cultural criticism is based on its literary view of texts on the implicit and the pattern hidden behind the words of beauty. Reading from the cultural side does not stop at the aesthetic phenomena of the language, as many writers fear the meanings of texts through the use of language masks whose appearance suggests beauty, the ugly is not acceptable to the recipient, and in this way, it works to deceive him, and perhaps one of the language masks used in ancient and modern Arabic poetry tried to hide the pattern of virility.
This research attempts to define the concept of the theme of virility, and to focus on the most important manifestations of the theme of virility in the poetry of Jassim Al-Ajja.

Abstract: This study delves into the literary imagery presented in Maysalon Hadi's novel, "A Soft Pink Dream." These images are conveyed through a variety of methods and techniques, such as symbolism, metaphor, allegory, writing, and paradox. Symbolism, in particular, assumes diverse forms and undergoes transformations, involving the title, setting, objects, specific characters, and ancient myths. The mechanism of similarity, encompassing similes and metaphors, is distinctly clear and prominent throughout the novel, emerging as a pivotal and effective tool. This effectiveness stems from the deliberate placement of these images within the narrative text by the novelist, facilitating the creation of visual spaces that captivate the readers' imaginations. These metonymic images not only serve an artistic purpose but also carry a profound and influential connotation. Maysalon Hadi skillfully employs the paradox of situations and events to sculpt the narrative across various temporal dimensions (past and present) or spatial elements (dream and reality). This narrative strategy gives rise to paradoxes with multifaceted functions. Among these functions are the ability to evoke sarcasm, irony, or surprise, shatter expectations, and elicit feelings of excitement and astonishment

This study examines the simple affirmative nominal sentence as presented by Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi in his book (Al-Imta’ and Al-Mu’anasah). Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi employed a diverse approach to constructing nominal sentences, emphasizing the importance of analyzing these structures to understand the linguistic and rhetorical meanings of the texts. The research aims to analyze the grammatical patterns of nominal sentences and highlight the semantic impact of each structural form. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical method to present the various structural patterns of simple affirmative nominal sentences and their meanings according to the contexts in which they appear. The study also focuses on exploring the syntactic aspects of nominal sentences, such as the relationship between the subject (mubtada’) and the predicate (khabar), as well as the significance of the arrangement of the predicate and its subject. The findings indicate that simple affirmative nominal sentences were a primary means for Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi to express constancy and continuity in meaning, reflecting the contemplative nature of his philosophical thought. Furthermore, the research demonstrates that nominal sentences predominantly rely on placing the definite subject (musnad ilayh) before the indefinite predicate (khabar), reflecting the traditional grammatical approach in Arabic. Simultaneously, this structure adds semantic depth closely tied to the cultural and social contexts of the texts.

The primary motivation for using evidence stems from the fear of losing the language of the Quran, a concern attributed to the phenomenon known as lahan (linguistic error), which spread in communities due to interaction with other nations. Traces of this phenomenon are evident in ancient books, leading early scholars to address it through valuale sources, particularly during the period from the latter half of the second century AH to the fourth century AH. Synonyms for the term evidence have been recorded in classical grammar texts, such as inference, representation, andargumentation.
Evidence comprises verified and decisive reports that validate the correctness of a grammatical rule or opinion. It is often employed in debates where disputes arise, providing support for rules with concrete proof. This fascination with evidence grew to the extent of inspiring the compilation of books dedicated to evidence, rather than mere citation. Despite the Quran being regarded as the ultimate text, early scholars surprisingly overlooked its use as evidence, instead leaning toward fabricated examples. This shift is attributed to the phenomenon of religious bias.
This research is divided into an introduction, a preamble titled "His Methodology in Establishing Quranic Evidence," and two main sections: Quranic Evidence in Morphological Issues and Quranic Evidence in Phonological Issues. The study concludes with a summary of key findings, followed by endnotes, sources, and references.

The research paper is entitled (The Additional Linking in the Poem of Praising Khaled bin Yazid (d. 230 A.H.) by Abu Tammam (d. 231 A.H.). A Study in the Light of Text Linguistics).
The significance of the study enables in revealing what the additional linking of the texts offers like formal cohesion that achieves their full significance, and shows the intended meaning in its full details.
I followed a textual and analytical approach in reading the poem and analyzing its meanings.
The research paper was divided into two sections preceded by an introduction that came to describe its contents, the plan and the two subsections. The first section is entitled (Additional linking Syntactically and Semantically ), in which I explained the concept of linking, which represents the theoretical aspect of the research. As for the second topic, it was entitled (The syntactic structure of the additional link in the poem), in which I analyzed the text of the poem from the point of view of the text; to reveal the quality of the interdependence of its structures in a way that provides its significance, and it represents the practical side in the research.
The conclusion included the most prominent findings of the research, and among those results is the use of the link with the “waw” to list the qualities of the praiseworthy, so it presents to the recipient an integrated view of his praiseworthy person, as he is the owner of all those praiseworthy qualities, and the combination of all these qualities is an indication of the abundance of the merits of the praiseworthy one. As well as showing the intensity of Abu Tammam for him.

This research aims to address the phenomenon of vowel harmony and study it analytically and phonetically, due to its importance in the Arabic linguistic context. It is a type of influence between sounds that are adjacent in context. This type of phonetic influence between short vowels is divided into two types: The first: the forward influence in which the subsequent vowel is influenced by the previous vowel, and is also called the forthcoming influence. The other: the retrograde influence in which the previous vowel is influenced by the subsequent one, and is called the planned influence, or the retrograde similarity. It is not a secret to anyone who has a sound mind that the articulation process has two aspects: the first is psychological and the other is physiological. The psychological covenant agreed upon by scholars in the minds of speakers consists of harmonious and consistent vibrations in linguistic structures that refer to specific meanings. These are then transmitted via the nerve signals sent by the brain to the speech apparatus, creating the desired sounds based on the sound frequencies transmitted to the listener's ear, which in turn transmits the sound signal to the brain, which gives these sounds their value. Arabic shares a set of laws on the general level (consonants, vowels, phonemes, and syllables)" in addition to supra-structural phenomena such as intonation, stress, articulation, and others. These systems are deeply embedded in humans and ingrained in them from the time of their formation. It seems to me certain that this phenomenon tends toward vowel harmony in order to save effort, in addition to the musical harmony this vowel harmony achieves, which is intended to influence the recipient. Arabs are accustomed to employing phonetic elements to achieve their goals, as language originated oral. Perhaps it was harmonious to move the articulation from heavy to heavier, from easy to difficult, and from difficult to more difficult, as there is a competition between goals in order to achieve the desired meaning. The study is divided into two sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion

: The article examines the military and political transformations in Morocco during the period from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, addressing the Saadian state and its conflicts with competing powers (Portuguese, Wattasids, and Ottomans). It analyzes the Saadian military organization and warfare techniques, highlighting the Ottoman influence on its structure and armament, particularly the adoption of the crescent formation.
The research reveals the role of ethnic diversity (Andalusians, Turks, and European converts) in developing military capabilities, while monitoring the fluctuating role of local groups (Arabs, Zouaoua, and Cheragua). Through analyzing the Battle of Wadi Al-Makhazin (1578), the study illustrates the impact of firearms on mounted archer techniques and tactics, as well as documenting the decline of Andalusian influence in favor of Turks and Renegados.The article concludes by analyzing the challenges of armament and recruitment during the civil wars that followed Ahmad Al-Mansur's death in 1603, demonstrating the implications of Ottoman and European influences, along with internal divisions, on Morocco's military and political landscape.

This study aims to study the selective mutism and its relationship to family communication among middle school students. The study objectives required finding tools to achieve the objectives. Through the researcher’s review of previous studies, literature and measures related to the research variables, a scale of family interaction and communication was constructed. After verifying the psychometric properties, these two research tools were applied to a sample of (240) middle school students for the academic year (2024-2025). After collecting and correcting the responses, they were processed statistically using appropriate statistical methods (one-sample t-test, two-sample t-test, and Pearson test) using the statistical package (spss).The study concluded with a set of results recommendations and suggestions

Studies in the history of Southeast Asia are considered one of the important studies in the history of the region, due to its intertwined events and their overlap with the international conflict witnessed by the Cold War at that time, in addition to the fact that the effects of the events of Asian history are still evident to the present time, and from here the light was shed on the Vietnamese occupation of Democratic Kampuchea and the international position towards it in 1979, and the important effects it left during that period.
From this standpoint came the idea that dealt with studying the international position towards the Vietnamese occupation of Democratic Kampuchea December 25, 1978_ January 26, 1979 in light of the publications of the Jordanian Al-Dustour newspaper, as the events of the subject were covered through the Jordanian Al-Dustour newspaper for those events in addition to other specialized sources.

The research highlights a grammatical topic, namely (deletion and estimation), which has been studied by Iraqi researchers interested in grammatical interpretation. Deletion is a significant linguistic phenomenon that has received considerable attention from scholars, both ancient and modern, particularly among grammarians, in their linguistic studies. Omission is a means of interpretation or what is commonly referred to as a manifestation of interpretation. In fact, Arabs often employ this phenomenon in various contexts to achieve a degree of brevity and conciseness, as well as to serve multiple rhetorical purposes. It is an art form in Arabic speech, and it should only be done based on evidence. Grammarians address deletion in all its aspects, whether it involves omitting a diacritic, a letter, a word, or even a sentence. Therefore, deletion and estimation are considered significant aspects of the interpretative manifestations discussed in the efforts that this study is based on.
Accordingly, this study combines two main topics: the concept of deletion as the first topic, and deletion in nouns (nominatives, accusatives, and genitives) as the second topic. I chose this title to gather the scattered efforts in this area into one comprehensive research paper.

The study entitled (Social Contents in the Book (Margins) by Mikhail Naimy - An Analytical Study) seeks to reveal the social aspects in these short stories, in many of which the writer tried to address issues that focus on the Eastern Arab reality in general and the Lebanese reality in particular, with all the concerns and facts that society carries that burden it, Community issues were the main pillar and general foundation upon which Mikhail Naimy relied in his essay/story work, The researcher found that the social approach is the most appropriate for studying these articles, as they are rich in social connotations and sociological themes that belong to the reality surrounding the writer, The social approach is one of the contextual approaches that follows the issues of society and its various aspects to penetrate the depths of the text and explore its hidden secrets, The research was divided into an introduction and two sections. The first section dealt with the theoretical aspect of the social dimension and its procedural terms to be used in analyzing the text. The second section was devoted to the analytical study and examining the social issues that the writer addressed in his short stories, analyzing them, and revealing their various connotations

The current research aims to identify the nature of the relationship between cognitive tendency and conceptual sympathy among university students. The researcher relied on the descriptive correlational approach. The research community consisted of students from the University of Iraq - College of Education, numbering (2022). The researcher drew a random sample using the stratified random method, the size of which was (200), with (138) males and (62) females from both specializations (scientific and humanities). The researcher also built the cognitive tendency and conceptual sympathy scales, and the researcher verified the validity and reliability of the two scales to be ready for research. The research results showed that university students enjoy a high level of cognitive tendency and that students in the scientific specialization are higher than students in the humanities specialization in the level of cognitive tendency. The research results also showed a high level of conceptual sympathy, and there was no difference in the level of conceptual sympathy according to the gender and academic specialization of students. The results also showed a direct relationship between cognitive tendency and conceptual sympathy. The researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions based on the research results.

The research focuses on developing recreational facilities, activities, and events in the city of Khanaqin, given its location in the eastern region of Diyala Governorate. This location provides a favorable climate for recreation in the natural areas surrounding the city or within its administrative boundaries. This location also allows for the establishment of green areas and public parks for recreational purposes. The increasing demand from the general population of Diyala Governorate for recreation and entertainment, especially during the spring and Spring Festival, is another incentive to develop recreational areas in the city and significantly increase the number of recreational areas over the past ten years. The research focuses on recreational areas, their distribution, and the spaces they occupy.

The study dealt with the integrated management of water resources in the province of Diyala ، which lies between long lines (44 22 and 45 56) east and two showrooms (33 3 and 35) north. It is bordered to the north by Sulaymaniyah governorate
، from the wast and north wast by Baghdad and saladin province، from the south wasit governorate، from the east and southwest by Iran . The researcher presented an academic work on a very important problem faced by the governorate، which is one of the most important internal risks that threaten the water security of the citizen is the mismanagement of water resources and related phenomena such as waste and pollution.
The study highlighted the importance of water resources management policies at the local level، avoiding reliance on increasing our share of river water، with limited annual revenues and the difficulties facing the establishment of Iraqi water projects proposed in this regard، as well as seeking to identify the foundations and evaluation criteria of IWRM. Impede progress in their implementation in the study area، thereby covering the quantitative and qualitative needs of water. The aim of the study was to introduce the system of water management، especially the integrated management of water resources، since this system was fruitful in the countries in which it worked.

This study falls within the scope of uncovering the characteristics of analytical reading in the Sermon of Iblis (the Mutilated Sermon), highlighting its thematic features and argumentative value embedded within its stylistic structural fabric. The research examines the techniques of presentation and the effective expressive characteristics employed to achieve the principles of persuasion and linguistic influence. Ultimately, the study aims to extract the formation of conceptual structure and stylistic construction within its argumentative framework and to analyze the impact of its communicative focal points.

The research aims to identify:
The level of creative minds among preparatory stage female students.
The current research sample consisted of (400) female students from the preparatory stage
attending morning classes. The sample was selected using a proportional stratified random
sampling method.
To achieve the research objective, a "Creative Minds Scale" was developed based on Carol
Dweck's implicit theory. The scale comprised (18) items, and its face validity and construct
validity was verified. The reliability of the scale was confirmed through two methods: test retest and Cronbach's alpha.
The results revealed that the female students exhibited a moderate level of creative mindsets.
In light of the findings, the research concluded with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

This study explores New Historicism as a critical practice where literature and history intersect. It does so by reviewing the historical development of the historical novel and analyzing its concept through a critical approach that reads texts within their cultural and social contexts. The study also focuses on disentangling the overlap and interaction between the narrative and the historical in the construction of the novel. The selected case study is Ahmar Hana (Red Tavern) by Hameed Al-Rubaie, as it represents a prominent model in employing New Historicism and offers a rich interpretive space that re-reads history from a contemporary cultural and social perspective. The research highlights the role of New Historicism in shaping both setting and characters within the novel.

This study focuses on the grammatical refutations made by Abū Ḥayyān in his exegetical work Al-Baḥr al-Muḥīṭ, specifically as addressed by Iraqi researchers, in response to his predecessors among exegetes and grammarians—especially al-Zamakhsharī and Ibn ʿAṭiyya. Abū Ḥayyān frequently refuted these scholars, along with others such as al-ʿUkbarī and al-Ḥūfī. The study demonstrates that Abū Ḥayyān’s approach to syntactic issues was characterized by clarity and simplicity, avoiding artificial interpretations and undue complexity. He distanced himself from contrived grammatical analyses of Qur'anic expressions, favoring the most eloquent and plausible interpretations rather than rare or anomalous ones. This research is confined to Abū Ḥayyān’s refutations concerning nouns only, based on selected examples for analytical study

The current research aims to identify the relationship between comprehension empathy and internal knowledge among middle school students. The researcher relied on the descriptive correlational approach. The research community consisted of (81409) male and female students, from whom the researcher drew (400) using the equal random stratified method, with (200) male students and (200) female students. The researcher constructed the comprehension empathy scale and the internal knowledge scale, and verified the validity and reliability of the two tools. The research results showed a high level of comprehension empathy among middle school students, and a low level of internal knowledge. The results also showed an inverse relationship between comprehension empathy and internal knowledge among middle school students. The researcher presented a set of recommendations based on the results of the research. In continuation of the current research, the researcher presented a set of proposals.

Through the theoretical framework of Homi K. Bhabha’s postcolonial concepts of culture, the imitation, hybridity and Third space, this study takes up the themes of cultural hybridity and migrant identity in Cristina Henríquez’s The Book of Unknown Americans. This novel provides a view of how Latin American immigrants do the murkiness of cultural adaptation and their alienation and belonging in the U.S. Alma, Arturo etc. become the key characters who personify the such struggles and transformational potential of hybrid identities who build between the cultural heritage and the norms of host country. The adjacency to Bhabha’s work on identity as a fluid, dynamic thing constituted by ambivalence and negotiation is brought out in the analysis. In between spaces see Alma’s struggles to remain ‘Mexican’ while adapting to American culture, Arturo’s struggling with economic exploitation, and Mayor’s multi-cultural identity as a second generation immigrant.
The novel, further, brings to light larger, social and more political aspects, such as systemic discrimination and marginalization and solidarity among migrant communities. The theoretical framework used in this study is in a postcolonial perspective that allows the reader to understand migration and identity through the analysis of Henríquez’s novel from the point of cultural hybridity by Bhabha.

The present study involves the analysis of language in the written contents of travel bloggers in Malaysia. It pays attention to the different features that male and female bloggers use in their descriptive writing style and usage of keywords. As has been indicated earlier, qualitative research methods are more appropriate for textual data analysis. This, therefore, is what the study did. The data in this study relate to written contents of Malaysian travel bloggers. The study also applies content analysis, which is proven to be efficient in the systematic study of written text.
A combined purposive sampling and random sampling approach was adopted to select the sample in this study. Purposive sampling criterion made sure that the bloggers selected were pertinent to the research objectives; however, random sampling was applied to eliminate bias and enhance generalizability. Such a duality allowed the study to reach a balanced and fairly representative sample of Malaysian travel bloggers, incorporating both male and female voices. The theoretical framework was based on Lakoff (1974) concerning language and gender; men and women have different ways of speaking because of social and cultural forces. The results found substantive differences between Malaysian male and female travel bloggers. Female bloggers have a preference for very descriptive language, using their narrative to describe their experiences in much detail and color female bloggers are found to use more intensifiers, more hedging, more tag questions, more empty adjectives than male travel bloggers, so, to speak at the emotional level, to soften statements, to seek validation, and to express opinions. For example, "so," "maybe," "isn't it," and "adorable".

This study sheds light on the analysis of conversational features in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice through the lens of politeness maxims from pragmatics. The research aims to examine the spoken exchanges among key characters to determine how they conform to or violate Leech’s politeness maxims—such as the tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, and sympathy maxims. By identifying both adherence and deviation from these pragmatic rules, the study reveals underlying character dynamics, societal norms, and narrative strategies.
A qualitative descriptive method is used, focusing on approximately 17 significant quotations selected from key dialogues involving characters such as Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy, Jane and Elizabeth, and Elizabeth and Lady Catherine. These quotations are analyzed contextually to interpret the speaker’s intent, social status, relational dynamics, and how the politeness strategies (or lack thereof) influence character perception and plot development.
The findings indicate that violations of the politeness maxims often reflect character traits and thematic concerns. For example, Mr. Bennet’s sarcasm regularly breaches the tact and approbation maxims, highlighting his detachment and wit. In contrast, Jane Bennet consistently upholds the sympathy and modesty maxims, reinforcing her gentle and considerate personality. Elizabeth frequently balances politeness with assertiveness, especially in confrontational scenes, subtly violating the agreement maxim to express independence. Lady Catherine’s blunt and domineering tone blatantly violates several maxims, emphasizing her authoritative and class-conscious nature.
Overall, the study concludes that Austen strategically uses politeness maxims not only to shape character voices but also to reflect broader social hierarchies and tensions. The analysis of these selected dialogues demonstrates how pragmatic violations serve as tools of irony, critique, and character development throughout the novel.

Speaking is a very central part in learning a foreign language. In this study, the researcher ; as an English teacher for more than 30 years ,finds out that students at any school level encounter a lot of barriers that avoid them from being fluent English speakers. Consequently, the present study aims to find out these challenges among EFL Iraqi students at Intermediate school s. The sample of this survey consists of 117male students. Cronbach’s alpha was utilized to calculate internal consistency to decide the reasons that lead to oral shortage and suggest solutions to overcome these challenges. The results discovered that there are some challenges that relate to the students , teachers and Textbooks .In fact, Textbooks, may not motivate students to speak particularly, with limited periodic teaching time and consequently, mainly center on teaching grammar` structure and writing tasks. The researcher proposed a set of solutions to tackle these problems such as, teachers should support students to perform the language orally in and out the classroom and provide students the self-confidence to speak unexpectedly using that language. They must also analysis students’ mistakes beneficially. Besides, textbooks should contain a lot of comprehensible pictures to arouse oral communication skills and graspable drills check students’ ability to speak fluently

The socio economic status of a student has been proved to have an effect on the student’s performance in general and the academic performance in particular. The current study is to explore the validity of such idea ( could be a fact) taking into consideration that the researcher’s hypothesis is that the social economic status (SES) has no correlation on the student’s performance. The population of the study is the students of the College of Basic Education, Diyala University, English Department. While the sample of the study is sixty 3rd class students.

This research deals with one of the main important and elegant theories in sociolinguistics and pragmatics which is politeness. It focuses on the relationship between politeness and gender. Simply, Politeness means to be modest with others, to show your interest and consideration with others. The research investigates the deference between men and women in providing politeness in their utterance. It aims at identifying who tends to be more polite in his speech (men or women).
Thirdly, analysing data of Facebook concerning this study depending on three models: Holmes (2013), Leech (2014) and Lakoff (1975).

This paper aims to address the question, "How can task-based language teaching (TBLT) with technology integration affect students' oral communication skills? students now have more interesting and motivating surroundings for learning; the task-based language teaching (TBLT) approach helps them to apply the language in practical settings by means of pertinent assignments. Using a quantitative research design and 60 university students from Diyala University English, this relationship was evaluated. Before and after the eight-week intervention, students' speaking performance was statistically analyzed and questionnaires were used as part of data collecting techniques. Students taught using TBLT and technology showed far better oral proficiency than those taught using conventional approaches, according the findings. Students' communication skills improved with their more independence, practical assignments, and access to digital tools. Still, availability of time and technological tools were challenges as well. According to the study, digital educational tools and task-based language instruction (TBLT) help language learners be more practical and involved. The study offers recommendations regarding training teachers showing that it is crucial to use technology for language education and increasing digital materials availability to maximize learning outcomes.

Gaza is considered one of the most important strategic cities in the world in general and the Arab world in particular from the important cities in the world due to its location on the Mediterranean Sea as it is a window for the most important Arab countries on that sea, and among the most important of these countries are Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, from which it gained great economic importance due to the passage of the goods of these oil countries through it. It is also located in the heart of the world because it is considered a link between two large seas, the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, which strengthened its geographical location and made it the focus of the attention of invaders and aspirants since ancient times and continues to this day, and it resists these invaders in the most difficult and harsh conditions among Arab silence and anticipation between opposition and support, as well as the Islamic regional powers have the same position between opposition and spectators and between those who have interests in defending it and those who have interests in standing in its face by supporting the Israeli occupation because of his interests require him to normalize relations with Israel and even went so far as to support the occupier financially and accuse Gaza with its resistance factions of rebellion and deviation from Palestine because his interests prevail over the interest of Gaza at the present time.