Journal of Energy Sustainability And Economic

Iraqi refineries predominantly produce gas oil with high sulfur content, contributing to significant environmental challenges, including poor air quality and elevated emissions. This study investigates the feasibility and efficiency of oxidative desulfurization (ODS) as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for upgrading gas oil to Euro 5 standards. With methanol as the extraction solvent and hydrogen peroxideand sulphuric acid as the oxidising agents in the first step, this method effectively eliminates sulphur compounds without the need for hydrogen or the production of gaseous emissions like hydrogen sulphide (H₂S). Additionally, the absence of expensive catalysts and severe operational conditions makes ODS an optimal solution for modernizing Iraq’s aging refinery infrastructure. This paper highlights the potential of ODS in addressing Iraq’s environmental and industrial challenges, providing a sustainable pathway to cleaner fuel production.This paper presents experimental and pilot plant work conducted at the Midland Refineries Company (MRC) refinery to investigate sulfur removal from diesel through Oxidative Desulfurization (ODS). The experimental results demonstrated significant sulfur reduction: the light gas oil (LGO) sulfur content decreased from 1.9 wt% to 3.5 wt%, and the heavy gas oil (HGO) sulfur content decreased from 2.68 wt% to 0.36 wt%. The study explores the reaction mechanism underlying ODS, compares it with conventional hydrodesulfurization (HDS) methods, and highlights the advantages of ODS in terms of cost,reduced hydrogen consumption, minimal emissions, and smaller plant footprint.

This review paper will present material concerning use of coconut oil with a phase change material (PCM) in thermal energy storage (TES) systems to meet increasing energy demands in different fields such as heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC)systems and building tem-perature control. The author provides a review of standard techniques of energy storage and shows their drawbacks, including low thermal efficiency and negative impact of some types of energy storage on the environment. Based on experimental results it can be concluded that coconut oil possesses good thermal characteristics illustrated by the large change in the melting point caused by natural convection and the process of solidification. The current study proves that integrating aluminum foams and nanoparticles can increase the TES unit’s thermal charging rate by as much as 41% when design modifications are made to the TES unit. The conclusion made stresses the suitability of coconut oil as a PCM, along with its efficiency and theability to act as a natural source of energy-boosting material other than fossil fuels. Recommendations for future research include studies concerning the applicability of hybrid PCM systems, the use of more sophisticated materials to improve the thermal conductivity and the evaluation of the permanency of coconut oil and the effectiveness of this product under different conditions. More to the point of this review, it highlights the need to embrace innovative concepts in TES in order to realise sustainable energy objectives..

This manuscript introduces a new decline curve analysis (DCA) technique to analyze and predict the potentials of hydraulically fractured unconventional resources. The new approach relies on the rate-normalized flow rate derivative (RNFD) concept. It usesthe significant constant behavior of the RNFD that identifies the power-law type flow regime models of fractured reservoirs. This technique merges the RNFD with a new numerical model for the flow rate derivative (flow rate noise-reducing derivative model). The concept of the RNFD [1/q (txq^\' )] is developed based on the power-law type analytical models of the flow regimes that can be characterized from the production history of gas or oil-producing wells. The production rate, cumulative production, and the calculated RNFDs from the production history are used for this purpose. The constant RNFD values and the flow rate derivative\'s numerical model can be used to simulate the production history or predict future performance. The impact of the skin factor is introduced to the approach by developing new RNFD models that could replace the constant pattern of RNFD when this impact does not exist. For a severe condition of skin factor, the RNFD shows a linear relationship with time instead of the constant value. The proposed approach gives an excellent match with the production history of the case studies examined in this study. The transition between flow regimes does not impact the application of the RNFD, i.e., the calculations move very smoothly throughout the flow regime. The novelty of the proposed technique is represented by introducing an approach for the DCA that considers the observed flow regimes during the production history and the impact of the skin factor. The approach proposes new numerical flow rate and cumulative production models to predict future performance as well as new models for estimating the impact of skin factors on production history, especially for early time flow regimes

This paper introduces a new approach for reservoir performance where long horizontal wellbores are extended in the porous media with the existence of closed sections. It focuses on the impact of these sections on the pressure behavior, flow regimes, and productivity index considering different characteristics for the closed sections in terms of the length and petrophysical properties. New analytical solutions for the flow equations are presented wherein three porous media are considered in the rectangular closed reservoirs of different configurations. The methodology used in this approach includes different tasks. The first is developing analytical models for the pressure drop caused by the production at a constant sandface flow rate from a horizontal wellbore where a part of it is closed. These models are developed based on the fact that the porous media with the existence of the closed sections in the horizontal wellbores consists of three regions. The first represents the porous media in the vicinity of the open section of the wellbore and extends to a distance equal to half the formation thickness while the second is the porous media of the open section that extends beyond the first region and reaches the reservoir boundary. The third region represents theporous media of the closed sections that extend from the wellbore to the reservoir boundary. In the second task, the proposed models are solved for different reservoir configurations, wellbore lengths, and closed and open section characteristics. The impact of closed sections on transient and stabilized pseudo-steady state productivity indices are demonstrated in third tacks while the analytical models of the observed flow regimes in the porous media are presented in the fourth task with a major focus given to those impacted by the closed sections. The results of the developed models are verified by the comparison with the results obtained from the available well-known models in the literature. The outcomes of this study can be summarized in the following points: 1) The pressure behavior, flow regimes, and productivity index are significantly influenced by the existence of closed sections. This influence is significant during early production time, but it decreases during intermediate production, however, itis not seen at late production time. 2) The impact of closed sections becomes more severe when the petrophysical properties of the closed sections are greatly different from those of open sections. 3) The pressure behavior of early production time is not affected by the petrophysical properties of the closed section porous media while pseudo-steady state flow is significantly impacted by these properties. 4) The pressure and pressure derivative behaviors of long horizontal wellbores with long closed sections are similar to those developed in reservoirs depleted by hydraulic fractures. 5) Reaching pseudo-steady state flow may need a longer time when there is a great difference in the petrophysical properties between closed and open sections, however, the length of the closed sections may not have such impact. Two novel points are reached in this study. The first is developing new analytical models for the pressure behavior of reservoirs depleted by horizontal wellbores with closed sections. The second is observing a new bi-linear flow regime instead of linear flow regime. This flow regime represents simultaneous linear flow from the closed section porous media to the open section and from the open section to the porous media in the vicinity of the open section of the wellbore. New analytical models for the pressure and pressure derivative of this flow regime is introduced in this study.

In many oil reservoirs worldwide, the downhole pressure may not be enough to lift the reservoir fluidsupto the surface, especially with time progesses and the oil reservoir becomes more matured. In order to produce such reservoirfluids, pumps are often installedto artificially lift such oils; such techniques are called as artificial liftmethods. More than 70% of all currently producing oil wells are being produced by artificial lift methods. Sucker rod pumpis considered asone of the most usedartificial lift techniques due to many reasons. Sucker rod pumpsare easy to apply, quite common worldwide, and low in capital and operational costs. Moreover, many advancements in this technology have been applied to improvethe performance and the applicability of sucker rod pumps.With such advancements, it is important to conductan updated review and guide tooptimize and better understanding the performance of the sucker rod pumps. This research provides an updated comprehensive review of sucker rod pump components, diagnostics methods, and the screening criteria for the application conditions. In addition, several field cases studies from oil wells worldwide arediscussed in this research to highlight some of the key features of sucker rod pumps. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of suckerrod pumps are investigated based on the updated review. The findings of this study can help inunderstanding the different types ofsucker rod pumps, their properties, modeling and cost