Journal of Almaarif University College

Language is regarded as a method that people use to exchange ideas with each other, and it is
considered the primary source of communication among human beings because it holds a profound role
in comprehending the world around and beyond them. To speaks graciously and avoid face-threatening
acts, language users are required to use politeness strategies. This study aims to find out the politeness
strategies which are employed by Kurdish English language learners, at Soran University, as well as
the differences in using these strategies in terms of gender and social status. Data is collected through a
structured questionnaire which consists of five questions. The sample of the study is 40 EFL learners,
non-randomly selected, at the Faculty of Arts/ English Department during the academic year 2020-
2021. Further, this paper adopted a descriptive quantitative method for data collection and explanation.
It used Brown and Levinson's politeness theory (1987) as a model, as well as the SPSS program version
(25) for analyzing and depicting the percentage and frequency of occurrences of the politeness
strategies used by male and female students with their classmates and teachers in different situations.
The findings show that Kurdish English language learners at Soran University employed politeness
strategies, in the formal context, but they are treated differently in terms of gender and social status.

The research aims to the modeling of agricultural suitability regions in Heet district, so the problem of
the research was to determine the general reality by modeling the spatial analysis of the regions of
agricultural suitability in Heet district. There are three types of agricultural viability, including: first
type of high quality, which has an area of 3380 Acres, the second region is average validity, which has
an area of 2920 Acres, and the third region is low validity, which has an area of (280) Acres. The study
consists of three sections, the first section includes the natural factors in the study area, including
topography and climate, combining its elements, water resources, types of soil and natural vegetation.
As for the second section, it includes the human factors in the study area, represented by the
population, its numbers and the labor force, with reference to agricultural holdings, transportation
methods, irrigation methods, agricultural mechanization, and the number of pumps and wells in the
study area. While the third section deals with the most important areas suitable for agriculture in Hit
district, leading to the realization of cartographic models showing the most important regions suitable
for agriculture, in addition to the most important conclusions and recommendations within this study

Supplying water is a concern in the world because of the decline in low rainfall in most of the world as
a result of rising temperatures and increased evaporation/transpiration ،which cause decreasing of
farming areas and supplying food under high population numbers and effects on supplying them with
food. This research study included determining the best sites that are suitable for creating available
watersheds which serve the region in the future. Through the analysis of natural and geomorphological
maps ،declination ،soil ،natural vegetation as well as the analysis of information results through modern
technology programmes which helped to identifying best places to create watersheds in the basin of AlThirthar Lake. Al- Thirthar Lake has a significant impact in increasing the region ،the Euphrates and
the Tigris River with water needs time of water scarcity ،which could serve the region at the present
and in the future. There are three sites in the basin of Al- Thirthar Lake which are suitable for the
watersheds of dams ،small lakes and different types. When those sites are invested correctly and
successfully ،then will have a clear impact in setting appropriate plans to encourage the future
development process in the region and to be suitable with the dry and semi-arid environmental
conditions ،which suffer from a significant shortage of water resources in addition to the decline in
population and geographical distribution in the region. Through the development of this strategy ،it will
achieve a great goal of the population settlement and invest those potentials in providing water ،
utilization of agricultural lands and provide the food needs of the country very dramatically ،and this
provides job opportunities for the unemployed and achieve the stability of life in the region.

Iraq's climate is one of the changing climates since the Quaternary era until now, as it has gone through
rainy and dry eras. The climate and its direct and indirect impact is one of the important studies of
human physiological functions and its impact on the sense of comfort in most of the world's climates.
As a result, the physiological comfort was studied in the climatic stations (Ramahi, Anah, and Rutba)
using the effective temperature horn and the Oligae classification, as the study found that the winter
and summer seasons were characterized by discomfort in all study stations. As for the months (October
and April), they were characterized by perfect comfort. As for the rest of the months in the fall and
spring, they varied between comfortable and transitional. While the winter and summer seasons were
characterized by discomfort during the day and during the night as well, with the exception of the wet
station, which was characterized by the ideal comfort in the summer.

Health, economic and cultural backwardness was the dominant feature of the peoples of the ancient
world, including Iraq in particular, where we read a lot about diseases and epidemics that ravaged the
peoples of the world and killed millions of them, and we as Muslims also read about the plague that
spread in the Levant at the beginning of the Islamic conquest of this Arab land and the expulsion of the
Romans from it. And the Muslims lost many of them more than they sacrificed in the battles of the
Islamic conquest, including the great companion Aba Ubaidah Amer Ibn al-Jarrah, the leader of the
Muslims in the battles and then the governor of the Levant and Yazid Ibn Abi Sufyan, one of the
leaders of the Islamic conquest. Between the sixteenth and the first half of the nineteenth century,
modern Iraq witnessed more than (20) epidemic outbreaks, between limited and widespread. And
between the period between the second half of the nineteenth century until the first quarter of the
twentieth century, there were (19) epidemic outbreaks between wide and limited spread, especially the
years 1867 to 1917 AD, and now after the outbreak of the Corona pandemic in our country and the
whole world and its spread in Iraq at the beginning of the year 2020 AD, which infected Millions of the
world’s peoples have collapsed in front of this pandemic, the best health services in the world, and it is
still killing between day and night, in hot and cold weather, and all laboratories in the world are
working to find an effective vaccine to stop this pandemic, which has brought the world to the brink of
economic, health, educational, financial and social collapse.

The research seeks to identify the role of electronic public relations campaigns in health awareness
carried out by the Iraqi Ministry of Health during the emergence of the Corona virus, which has
become an epidemic that the world has been exposed to completely through an analytical study of the
Ministry of Health’s Facebook website. The importance of this research comes from the fact that it
deals with a vital and important topic centered on electronic public relations campaigns and its role in
promoting health awareness and taking health preventive measures to limit the spread of the pandemic
through the Ministry of Health Facebook page. The research included three sections: the first was
concerned with (the methodological framework of the research), and it included: the research problem
and its questions, the importance of the research and the research objectives, as for the second topic, it
included campaigns in electronic public relations, and it touched on: the concept of campaigns, their
importance, objectives and types. As for the third topic, it included the analytical study of electronic
public relations campaigns on the Facebook page of the Iraqi Ministry of Health and presentation of the
results of the analytical study, research, results and recommendations. The research reached a number
of results, most notably, the issue of promoting awareness and guidance is one of the most important
contents of electronic public relations campaigns on the Ministry of Health's Facebook page. The
Ministry of Health has been interested in employing communication strategies to prioritize it towards
limiting the spread of the pandemic (Covid 19), as the media strategy formed the main pillar on which
the Ministry relied in its electronic public relations campaigns.

Multimodal transport is the new legal system for the transport of goods and not by new transport added
to the unimodal systems known before, the new addition is not the transport itself but the legal system
that governs it and which links those unimodal systems in one contract is the multimodal transport
contract The multimodal transport document is nothing but a picture representing that contract, and
there is a very strong relationship between multimodal transport and electronic payment, in terms of
fulfilling the obligation arising between the parties to the electronic contract, to achieve the desired
result from both, which is the unity of responsibility based on one person who adopts the entire transfer
process, no matter what. There are many means of transportation used during the process of
transporting goods from their source to the consumer within an advanced transport policy called the
delivery policy Door to door based on electronic contract and digital technology.

Generally, the crime of bribery and sexual bribery in particular, is one of the most dangerous crimes in
the history of criminal law. It is classified as administrative and financial corruption crime due to its
psychological impact on the victims as well as on all social and economic levels of the state. All
countries would seek to combat these kinds of crimes in multiple ways via an enacted bill of laws that
criminalize these acts and assigning them the appropriate punishment that at least leads to the
alleviation of this social plight. In addition, what increases the peril of this type of the crime of bribery
is that it associated with acts that are twofold illegal, where the employee obtains illegitimate benefit in
return for doing or abstaining from an act of public service. Thus, this benefit, constitutes a legal
violation. This legal violation is manifested when the employee asks for himself or someone else a
sexual favor in return for performing an act of public service where this sexual favor is deemed a bribe

This study aims to identify the effects of tax evasion in the value-added tax, which has become evident
in most of the countries of the world, as it causes a great loss in the revenue of the public treasury in the
state, because the value-added tax is one of the most important sources of the public treasury, and since
The effects of tax evasion in the value-added tax are one of the most prominent obstacles facing the tax
system in the state and making it unable to carry out its duties, due to taxpayers exploiting legislative
loopholes in tax laws, and intentional violations of this tax to avoid paying the tax debt. Accuracy and
clarity in it greatly contributed to the inability to determine the effects of this phenomenon and to show
its true size, as the effects of the phenomenon of tax evasion in the value added tax are among the most
prominent negative aspects of this tax, especially the absence of sufficient tax awareness among the
taxpayers and the weakness of the tax administration and its tax apparatus and the ambiguity of texts
Taxation contributed to the crystallization of this phenomenon, in addition to the fact that these effects
resulted from the inability of employers to keep books. Account records, which make it difficult for
employers to properly record all their activities of purchases and sales, create the appropriate
atmosphere for the emergence of the phenomenon of tax evasion, as employers can access through
them to this phenomenon, in addition to the large number of exemptions that lead to an increase in
administrative problems that also contribute to The manifestation of this phenomenon, and the
difference in the scientific, cognitive and economic development of countries cast a shadow on this
phenomenon. The study dealt with the impact of tax evasion on value-added tax in the field of
registration, the effect of tax evasion on value-added tax at the level of distribution of the tax burden,
the effect of tax evasion on value-added tax in the field of tax deduction, and the effect of tax evasion
on value-added tax in case of abstention The person charged with paying the tax debt, the effect of tax
evasion on the value-added tax in the case of fraud by the taxpayer, the effect of tax evasion on the
value-added tax in the case of concealment and destruction of documents, and the effect of tax evasion
on the value-added tax in the case of poor tax awareness.

Literature is a reflection of the state of the society in which it lives, adopts its causes, and seeks to
achieve its aspirations and hopes, so the literati were interested in the details of the actors in society,
and perhaps the crazy person is one of the most important of these characters. These characters are in
literary works, in the theater we find truly crazy characters and others fabricated to reveal some secrets,
as for the novels, they are not without them, and our sample is a novel (In the Dark) full of an integral
crazy character who delicately performs the author’s message in abuse of the ruling authority at the
time and the prevailing customs and traditions as well.

Criticism is considered a motivating factor, whatever its nature. It sheds light on creativity and makes it
free of impurities. It analyzes the artwork, sifters its content, evaluates what is good, and extracts what
is bad, thus providing arguments and proofs, so it is a positive correlation between criticism and
creativity, whether poetry or prose. As criticism in its development through the literary ages was
present accompanying the creative process, understanding literary genres, including criticism,
generates many key elements that govern the literary text.

The research aims to show the importance that prose played in influencing society with the great
meanings it offers, and this influence in society created an interactive atmosphere among the members
of the same nation ,That is why we find that they have used this art to instill human values in the souls
of the members of society, leading them to the perfection that they seek, and this represents the correct
building block for any sophisticated society free from any distortion or what prevents it from entering
the vortex of evil or what is contrary to good, add to that Prose is similar to poetry, and it was no less
important in embodying events or influencing the nature of life and the behavior of the people of
society to paint a bright picture that removed the darkness that some of the people of that era almost
dyed their era with. The researcher helped the extrapolation of texts to reach these values. The
concerned people assumed this task because they saw the great importance of literature in influencing
society and expressing the nation’s issues in a way that brings good and keeps them away from all
harm.

This study sheds light on the structures of abstract and augmentative verbs and their meanings, and
confirmed what the morphologists went and looked at in their works; The aim of this study was to try
to control the pronunciation of verbs so that their meanings could be controlled, in order to avoid
making mistakes, especially in dealing with the words of the Noble Qur’an, and in particular in the
words of similar verbs.