Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry

Abstract: Background: Nanoparticles in restorative materials have enhanced oral hygiene and cleanliness by increasing the quality and usefulness of dental restorations, due to small sizes, high surface-area-to-mass ratios, antimicrobial activity and strong chemical reactivity. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial leakage of laser prepared indium oxide nanoparticles added to glass ionomer filling compared to conventional glass ionomer fillings in permanent teeth. Materials and methods: Indium oxide nanoparticles were prepared using laser ablation in liquid, their properties were examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy, Ultraviolet Visible spectrophotometer and mass concentration. A predetermined amount of glass ionomer has been added to attain a homogenous content. Leakage evaluation was performed using a microbiological infiltration technique with Streptococcus mutans as an indication. Results: revealed that spherical as well as uniform nanoparticles, with particle size less than 10nm. The absorption spectra have peaks between )260-300 (nm for differently prepared samples. It was found that prolonged time for microleakage with increased nanoparticles concentration with statistically highly significant difference (P<0.001), using the Mantel–Cox log‑rank test and the Kaplan-Meier plot. Conclusion: it can be concluded that adding Indium oxide nanoparticles to glass ionomer restoration makes it more effective in preventing microbiological leakage. It was considered an alternative to conventional glass ionomer restoration.

Abstract: Background: Cytokines have a crucial role in developing chronic inflammation and the inflammatory response. Some interleukins, such as interleukin-39 (IL-39), have un-known specific roles in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Osteopontin has been shown to be a multifunctional cytokine and a unique modulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, the study's objective was to measure IL-39 and osteopontin level and their ratio in the saliva and serum of periodontitis patients in Iraq. Materials and methods: This case-control study include 78 individuals with an age range of 25-60 years (40 periodontitis patients without clinical intervention and 38 healthy volunteers). Levels of salivary, serum IL-39 and osteopontin were determined for both groups, utilizing the Enzyme-Linked Im-munosorbent Assay technique. The Social Science Statistical Package (Version 26; SPSS, IBM) was utilized for statistical analysis. Results: Serum levels of IL-39 and osteopontin were sig-nificantly elevated in periodontitis patients compared to healthy participants (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). A similar pattern was observed in saliva, with significantly higher levels of IL-39 and OPN in periodontitis patients. Positive correlations were detected between serum and salivary levels of IL-39 (p = 0.037) and OPN (p = 0.003). Diagnostic validity tests demonstrated that IL-39 and OPN assays exhibited high sensitivity and negative predictive value (100%), and high accuracy (94.87% to 100%). The area under the curve values ap-proached 1.0. Conclusion: Elevated saliva interleukin-39 and Osteopontin levels and elevated serum parameters are strongly associated with periodontitis.

Abstract: Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a prototypical resistant bacte￾rium in root canal infections and a leading cause of endodontic treatment failure. German
chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flower extract has been used as a traditional medicine to
treat infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of chamo￾mile extract on the removal of E. faecalis root canal biofilm. Materials and Methods: Chamo￾mile flower extract was prepared and subjected to detailed chemical analysis. For the in vitro
biofilm model, human mandibular premolars (n=48) with 18-20mm working length were used.
Root canal preparation was performed using the ProTaper® Next system. Each sample was
split longitudinally and reassembled within a pre-prepared silicone matrix, and a mature E.
faecalis biofilm was grown for seven days. Samples were randomised into four groups (n=12
for each arm) based on the type of irrigant protocol comprising normal saline, 3% sodium
hypochlorite (NaOCl), dual irrigation with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and
3% NaOCl, and chamomile extract. After irrigation, residual biofilms were measured in
(n=9/group) using densiometric measurements. Observational analysis of residual biofilm
was performed in (n=3/group) using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: Phyto￾chemical investigations showed that chamomile extract is rich in antimicrobial components
such as flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, tannins, and others. Spectrophotometry analy￾sis showed a statistically significant difference between the normal saline group with mean
optical density (OD)= 0.63044; ±0.106 and each of EDTA and NaOCl group (mean OD=0.35922;
±0.091), chamomile group (mean OD=0.37611; ±0.106) at p<0.001, and the NaOCl group (mean
OD=0.46344; ±0.096) at p<0.01. No statistically significant difference between chamomile
group and NaOCl and the dual EDTA and NaOCl irrigation protocol. SEM images showed
removal of E. faecalis biofilm and smear layer was in the order: dual EDTA and NaOCl irri￾gation>chamomile extract>NaOCl. Conclusions: Chamomile flower extract has an apparent
removal efficacy of E. faecalis biofilm from root canals. It may be a promising antimicrobial
material to be used as a natural endodontic irrigation solution.

Abstract: Background: This study aims to investigate the effect of various recycling techniques
on metal self-ligating Damon brackets' shear bond strength. Materials and methods: Fifty-four
Damon Q self-ligating brackets in total were split into two different groups: the first group, which
included the control group, had 18 new brackets, and the second group, which included 36 new
brackets that were bonded to typodont and then debonded using a tweezer. Eighteen debonded
brackets were split into two experimental groups for recycling (sandblasting and tungsten carbide
bur). The fifty-four removed upper first premolar teeth were then fitted with all of the brackets
using a uniform bonding technique. Every specimen's shear bond strength was assessed using a
universal testing machine until the bond breakup. The data were statistically analyzed using the
ANOVA F-test in SPSS version 26. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests. Result:
Using the ANOVA F-test, it was found that there were significant differences in the mean value of
the shear bond strength for each group. Moreover, the mean value of shear bond strength for the
new bracket group had the highest value (5.99± 0.40 MPa), followed by the sandblasting group
(5.94 ± 0.11 MPa), and the tungsten carbide bur group had the lowest value (4.27± 0.75 MPa).
Conclusion: For repositioning of rebounded Damon brackets, shear bond strength that is clinically
acceptable would be produced by the sandblasting procedure, while the tungsten carbide bur
method would result in lower shear bonding strength and bracket base mesh loss.

Abstract: Background: Preserving oral health for denture wearers is of high priority. It
can be significantly affected by the degree of surface roughness of the dentures. So, it is es￾sential to refine the dentures properly before delivering to the patient. The abrasive materials
should offer a smoother surface without affecting the properties of denture bases. This study
aimed to evaluate the impact of various abrasive agents on both surface roughness and sur￾face hardness of acrylic resin denture base material. The abrasive agents selected for this
study were pumice and cuttlebone Materials and Methods: A total of 60 heat-polymerized
polymethylmethacrylate specimens (65x10 x2.5 mm) were constructed and grouped into
control (n=10) finished with pumice size (120 µm) and experimental (n=20) finished with
cuttlebone powder sizes (150 µm) and (120 µm). Then they were divided into two groups: 30
specimens were subjected to profilometer surface roughness analysis and 30 specimens were
subjected to Shore D hardness tester. Polished of acrylic resin surfaces specimens were as￾sessed by scanning electron microscopy and Atomic Force microscopy. Results: The acrylic
resin specimens finished with cuttlebone powder (experimental)size 150 µm and 120 µm
showed the least surface roughness in comparison with specimens finished with pumice
(control). ANOVA and LSD tests showed significant differences (p˂0.001) between the con￾trol and experimental groups. In surface hardness test, ANOVA - test revealed non- signifi￾cant differences at the (p ˃ 0.05) level between control and experimental groups. Conclusion:
This study demonstrated that cuttlebone powder has successfully reduced the surface rough￾ness of denture base material. Moreover, surface hardness was not affected by the cuttlebone
polishing agent which suggests the successful applicability of the tested particle size for den￾tal practitioners.

Abstract: Background: Denture stomatitis is a common problem in patients wearing dentures.
To improve people's health and prevent infection spread, it is essential to select suitable fillers into
the denture base material, which should not only be effective in term of durability and mechanical
properties, but also do not exert unfavorable effects on the oral tissue. Objectives: The purpose of
this study was to determine the effects of adding grapefruit skin seed particles (GSSPS) at different
concentrations on the adhesion of Candida albicans and the surface roughness of Three￾Dimensional (3D) printed denture base resin. Materials and Methods: Sixty specimens were
digitally printed with 30 disks distributed for the Candida albicans adhesion test and another 30
samples for the surface roughness test. Samples in each test were divided into three groups (n=10)
for each GSSPS percentage (0 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt%). Spectrophotometer was chosen to determine
the optical density of Candida albicans and profilometer was used to measure surface roughness.
Results: There was significant decrease in both the Candida albicans adhesion and the surface
roughness of 3D printed denture base resin after addition of GSSPS. Scanning electron microscopy
proved the presence of an evenly distributed GSSPS particles, atomic force microscopy proved the
decrease in surface roughness when the concentration of GSSPS increased and energy dispersive X￾ray spectroscopy (EDX) showed the presence of new elements. Conclusion: Within the limitation of
this study, addition of GSSPs to 3D printed denture base resin has a significant effect on decreasing
the adhesion of the Candida albicans and the surface roughness, this leads to decrease the
opportunity to present denture stomatitis

Abstract: Background: Cigarette smoking (CS) is a periodontal disease risk factor, affecting clinical parameters such as bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and proinflammatory cytokines level. This study examines the impact electronic cigarette use on proinflammatory cytokines and periodontal parameters. Methods: In this non-randomized study, ninety participants diagnosed with gingivitis were assigned into three groups. examined the effect of oral hygiene instructions on periodontal parameters and inflammatory biomarkers. Thirty CS (n=30) vaping electronic-cigarettes (e-cig) (n=29), and non-smoker (NS) (n=31) was included. Clinical parameters including PI, BOP, and GI were recorded at baseline and after 3 weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-8 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9 in saliva at baseline and after 3 weeks. Results: CS and vapers exhibited significantly higher PI, GI, MMP-8 and MMP-9 scores compared to NS before and after the oral hygiene instructions, indicating greater periodontal inflammation. CS as well as individuals who use electronic cigarettes exhibited reduced BOP, likely because nicotine-induced vasoconstriction conceals the actual severity of inflammatory periodontal disease. Conclusion: CS and electronic cigarette use adversely affect periodontal health, increasing PI, GI, MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels while altering BOP. These findings stress the importance of tailored maintenance of periodontium smokers and vapers through integrating vaping cessation into treatment protocols to improve oral health outcomes

‎ Abstract: Background: Modern technologies in dentistry are one of ‎the effective ‏methods to obtain ‎results that are acceptable to the ‎‎patient, as well as reducing time, ‏effort, and ‏‎‎cost. ‏Materials and Methods: The effectiveness of the developed ‎digital ‎dental ‎treatment ‎‎‏planning was evaluated by assessing the results of ‎a survey of 50 ‎patients in need of ‎‎‎dental ‏‎implant prosthesis for aesthetic ‎‏faults ‎‎‎of the anterior tееth at the ‏prototype stage. The Oral ‏‎‎Health ‏Impact ‏Profile-14 (OHIP-14) was created to measure ‎the ‏impact that ‏oral health ‎issues can have on a person's life. ‎‎Results: after the mockup the ‏relative occlusal load distribution ‏‎between the right and left sides was 50.40 ± 0.90% with ‏balanced ‏‎occlusion.‏The dental closing time was 0.17± 0.07 s; and the dental ‎opening time ‏was 0.19 ±0.04 s. The difference in timing between the ‎left and right latеrntrusions is -0.030 ‎‎± 0.03. During protrusion, the ‎‎opening time was less than 0.6 s. (0.170 ± 0.07).‎‎ ‎‎ The ‏time ‎required to close the teeth to reach the maximum intercuspation was 0.20 ± 0.02 s, where the time required to open them was ‎‎0.170 ± 0.02 s. Conclusion: Prior to the mock-up, the patients' average relative occlusal load distribution was 51.5±1.20% on the left and right sides. After the mock-up, it was found that the relative occlusal load distribution between the left and right sides was 50.40±0.90%. These results point to stable and successful occlusal balance restoration following mock-up.
After using the OHIP-14 questionnaire to summarize the survey results, we can say that patients' quality of life has enhanced by a factor of two.