Journal of University of Babylon

Anxiety has been a documented major affective factor in second language learning and particularly speaking, for centuries. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between performance in English speaking and speaking anxiety among second language learners from the psycholinguistic perspective. A quantitative correlational design was conducted involving 30 students from University Utara Malaysia in responding to the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and short speaking test. Data were examined via descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation to determine the relationship between anxiety levels and oral performance. The findings revealed moderate to strong negative correlation. Results showed that higher anxiety levels were associated with lower speaking scores. Low-anxiety participants performed with more confidence and fluency, while high-anxiety participants showed incessant hesitation, reduced use of vocabulary, and lower fluency. These results verify Krashen's Affective Filter Hypothesis and are in line with previous studies prioritizing the inhibitory impact of anxiety on the production of language. The study contributes to research by offering not only statistical, but also behavioural, evidence regarding the influence of anxiety on actual language use. Pedagogic implications include the need for the implementation of anxiety-reduction tactics in the class and affective caring learning spaces. Although limited in sample number, the research offers a basis for future research that integrates psychological and linguistic approaches to second language speaking proficiency.

Adam and Eve, being the source of all humanity in the world, have been referred to enormously in both The Holy Bible and the Glorious Quran; however, these references are not necessarily to be the same in both texts due to some points of difference between the two religions to which these texts belong. This work intends to highlight the Adam and Eve's allusions in these two Holy texts in terms of the themes through which they are presented and by applying Halliday and Matthiessen model of transitivity. Such a model generally shows how meaning is embodied in the clause. Accordingly, it highlights the process types and participants involved in any of these process types in the text. This is actually needed in analyzing a text to figure out what roles are assigned to each character (here; Adam and Eve) since such assignments are all intentional. The findings prove the hypotheses set for the study; as the allusions differ between the analysed texts. Conclusively, Adam and Eve’s allusions accord to the culture of the religion as it appears in the different themes mentioned.

Arabic proverbs and sayings have gained widespread popularity due to their distinctive artistic and substantive characteristics. They have influenced human behavior and imposed absolute cultural patterns that are beyond criticism. However, a careful examination of some of these proverbs reveals that they conceal a set of values aimed at subjugating and objectifying Man, preventing the spread of alternative values capable of realizing Man’s humanity and liberating it from the stagnation perpetuated by the cultural and ideological system permeating Arabic proverbs and sayings, concealed by their literary and aesthetic appeal. Cultural criticism has assumed the function of analysis and review, imposing an alternative approach to literary criticism to reveal the flaws that target Man in all his religious, social, and moral dimensions... and working to eliminate them and liberate humanity. This research draws on the corpus of Arabic proverbs and sayings to demonstrate their artistic characteristics that have obscured their true nature. It seeks to uncover the ideology hidden behind what is stated, expose its impact on the recipient, and offer ways to free humanity from the constraints of culture and ideology.

This study outlines its hypothesis and critical perspective, asserting that poets draw upon historical material to shape their poetry, artistically reconstructing historical events and infusing them with a vision that transcends mere narration to achieve an aesthetic function with broad human dimensions. The paper applies this perspective to analyze poems fundamentally rooted in history, examining them in diverse contexts.
Poetry often refers to historical events and figures, using them as a backdrop for the poet’s emotional stance. Rather than simply recording events, poets adopt expressive, aesthetic forms. The event is shaped by internal poetic logic and narrated through linking it to a broader human context. This is achieved by transforming knowledge into symbols and meanings that shape societal and cultural values, unlike the historian’s view of events as unique and unrepeatable.
The study explores how poetry artistically renders history, showing how many classical Arabic poems rely on historical backdrops to establish intellectual ties between individuals and their environment. These poems convey encoded knowledge through symbolism, free from constraints. A poem may coincide with an event, expressing its emotional impact and reflecting how history is artistically mirrored in literature. It may also act as a historical search. In both cases, the poem reveals insights drawn from history and artistically employs events to merge abstract meaning with historical experience brought to life through concentrated references to subtle themes beyond the visible.

The story is considered one of the influential means in guidance, discourse, and upbringing. It is also a method for explaining concepts. Many stories have been mentioned in the Holy Quran from which we extract lessons in all aspects of life, especially in faith and upbringing. The Quranic story is among the richest and most effective educational methods which is not merely a narration of events and news, but is full of many purposes and objectives, carrying religious and moral values. Therefore, it is necessary for those engaged in Quran studies and its sciences to study Quranic stories, their methods and characteristics, and to benefit from the context of the stories and their purposes and aims for the sake of persuasion, conveying ideas, and bringing educational meanings closer.
Among the interpreters who showed great interest in the educational aspect in his exegesis is Dr. Muhammad Ratib Al-Nabulsi, who extracted educational and moral aspects from Quranic stories which are the sample of this study.

The current research seeks to identify self-fragmentation and its relationship to perceived life pressures among high school students. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher followed the steps of the descriptive correlational approach through a sample of high school students amounting to (300) male and female students. In order to collect the necessary data and information, the current research tools were adopted and their validity was verified through logical validity, internal consistency validity, and discrimination validity, in addition to verifying their stability using the Cronbach's alpha method and the application and reapplication method. After being assured of the characteristics of the research tools, they were applied to the research sample to reach a set of conclusions: High school students do not have high levels of self-fragmentation، There is a level of suffering due to life pressures among high school students. There is an inverse relationship between self-fragmentation and life pressures among high school students.

The current research summarizes the study of Western theater trends and their effects on the Iraqi theater discourse. The research consists of four chapters. The first chapter (the methodological framework) includes the research problem, which revolves around the extent of the effectiveness of the theater’s influence in transferring the culture of societies to others for the purpose of learning about them. Through the fusion of cultures, new intellectual ideologies are generated that contribute to correcting the course of the reality of those societies to achieve the principle of human freedom by proving their human selves. Therefore, the research problem ended with the following question: (Did Western theater trends cause influential intellectual changes in the discourse of the Iraqi theater?) The importance of the research: It was embodied in knowing the change that occurred at the level of the reality of Iraqi theater through the cross-pollination of the ideas of Iraqi theater professionals with the ideas that came out of the founders of Western theater trends. This mixing contributed to the birth of Iraqi theater trends that carry visions and ideas that harmonize the reality of Iraqi society, while the goal of the research was to identify the extent of the influence of Western theater trends on theatrical discourse through the addition that these innovations made to the development of Iraqi theater. The limits of the research included studying Western theater trends and their effects on the discourse of the Iraqi theater, the time limit The year (2014) was represented by the spatial limit (Iraq) and the objective limit was crystallized by studying the trends represented by the theories, trends and schools of Western theater and their effects on theatrical discourse. The chapter ended with the indicators of the theoretical framework. The third chapter was represented by the research procedures represented by the research community, the research sample and its analysis. The fourth chapter included the results and conclusions, including: The presentation of (the play A Scene from Macbeth) showed the researchers the extent to which the author of the play, the Iraqi writer Mithal Ghazi, was influenced by the plays of the English writer (William Shakespeare), who built some of the stories of his plays on the conspiracies that overthrow their kings by characters close to that king, as in (the play Hamlet and the play Macbeth). Then the research ended with a list of sources

Based on the realm of necessity، religion established a meeting point between the truth of the soul and art، both striving for perfection. Art depicts existence from the perspective of the Islamic depiction of this existence. It is art that conveys the aesthetic expression of the truth of the universe and human existence. Since art is a reality of existence، one of the most beautiful manifestations of the Islamic religion is art، which has expressed its content in numerous forms، including painting. The researcher presented the following questions: What is the concept of hermeneutics in art? How is interpretation represented in Islamic art? The importance and need for the research then emerged. The current research is significant because it examines the phenomenon of hermeneutics and its effectiveness in Islamic art. The aim of the research was also to uncover the hermeneutics of interpretation in Islamic art. The researcher defined the boundaries of the research as follows: Thematic boundary: Islamic art drawings. Spatial boundary: Iraq. Temporal boundary: 13th century -1237 AD. The terminology used in the title of the research (hermeneutics، interpretation، art، Islamic art) was then defined linguistically، technically، and procedurally. As for the theoretical framework of the second chapter، the researcher divided it into two sections: The first section dealt with hermeneutic theory and interpretation in art. The second section dealt with Islamic art: institutions and starting points. The third procedural section addressed the research community، the selection of the research sample، and the research tool. The researcher adopted the descriptive and analytical approach in analyzing the research sample. The researcher then conducted a sample analysis. In the fourth chapter، The researcher reached some results and conclusions, and presented recommendations and suggestions. The research then concluded with a list of sources and references. The researcher reached the following conclusions:
1- The forms were two-dimensional, relying on the incomparability of the Creator in his creation and the failure to depict the third dimension, allowing them to exist in a spatial and spatial environment that lies outside the boundaries of linear and color perspectives.
2- Highlighting the content as an aesthetic value filled with abstract dimensions, hermeneutical connotations, and symbols proclaiming new norms that link the subject between simplicity and innovation embodied in its various compositions and elements presented in the artwork.

Low-quality content promotes content that lacks intellectual depth or moral quality. It has become a phenomenon that contributes to moral deviation by spreading behaviors and concepts that conflict with religious and social constants.
It is circulated across social media platforms and cyberspace and has a profound impact on shaping individual and collective awareness This is a problem that has burdened the concerns and thoughts of those interested in the family and other institutions, including security, educational, religious, and others Therefore, confronting it, searching for its causes and how to treat it has become a necessary need that falls on everyone’s shoulders. results and, results confirmed seriousness of the phenomenon and its expansion over time and the increase in its audience. The study emphasized in its recommendations the importance of caring for young people and providing other alternatives to release their energy and provide job opportunities to eliminate unemployment and idleness among them. And pay attention to strict monitoring and control of social networking sites.

This study examines the impact of repetition on shaping the poetic scene and structuring the poetic text, focusing on selected works of Dr. Sabah Anouz. The analysis reveals that repetition is not merely a stylistic device but a structural strategy that enhances communication between poet and audience. It establishes rhythm, reinforces imagery, and deepens emotional engagement, transforming meanings beyond conventional readings, Repetition unifies the poem’s elements, ensuring coherence while enriching its dramatic and aesthetic dimensions. It also fosters interpretative plurality, inviting readers to actively reconstruct meaning. Ultimately, repetition serves as a vital link between form and content, amplifying the poem’s expressive power and broadening the scope of reader reception.