Magazine of historical studies and archaeology

The plans are one of the necessary aspects in the architecture of Mesopotamia, and the buildings, in their different forms and purposes, depend on these plans. The construction planning process precedes the construction process itself, as it depends mainly on the nature of the building itself (larger than the smallest area) and on the number of architectural facilities included in the building itself. Its buildings range from the rectangular layout, which is the most common of cemeteries, as well as the square layout and the double layout (rectangular or square adjacent rooms.

After the Ottoman Empire suffered further defeats and lost large parts of its territories in the early twentieth century, the Arabs of the Ottoman states began to think about the fate of their country if the Ottoman state was subjected to collapse. A reform movement started in Beirut between 1912-1913, led by Perutian leader Salim Ali Salam, which was represented by the establishment of the Beirut Reform Society. Salim Ali Salam was elected executive officer of the Assembly, and the reform movement in Beirut called for leaving the internal affairs of Arab states in the hands of the local population, as well as relying on advisors Europeans in every state. The Ottoman government did not respond to these demands and proceeded to close down the assembly

All societies agreed that one of the most important tasks assigned to morality is the regulation of sexual relations, and cuneiform sources reveal a common legal tradition in the treatment of adultery. At the same time, adultery was a sin that could lead to divine punishment, and marital infidelity before marriage was subject to similar rules. And the Hittite kingdom, and in Egypt, and in the Torah, the penalty for treason was considered the death penalty in the biblical law (Deuteronomy), and the adultery of the wife is considered a sin against God, and the Babylonian text refers to adultery as (a great and deadly crime).

Laws, decrees, and royal reforms have been legislated since the third millennium BC. The codified laws preceded a long period in which society relied on customs and traditions in resolving adultery issues and establishing the rights of the husband and sometimes the wife. The ancient Near East societies were dominated by a common and recognized concept of the need to take a hard stance. Of the unfaithful wife, and the man turned a blind eye in the event of his betrayal of his wife, and even the conditions of marriage were the most likely rights for the man, he has the right to divorce, and polygamy, and the majority of marriage contracts that we have received include the husband’s request to separate from his wife, and it is noted in the legitimate reasons for divorce that they adhere to the side of the man on The woman’s account, except in rare cases as stated in the Sumerian judicial texts that the woman has the right to ask for a divorce from her husband if the husband actually performs acts that harm her and her right as a wife. That is modesty, the maintenance of chastity, good behavior, conduct, not having unlawful relations with other men, and full compliance with the desires of a man, when the wife of a man is arrested in an indecent position (lying down). With another man, this matter is sufficient from a legal point of view to annul the marital bond, but at the expense of the woman only and to sentence her to death, and the strange thing in the whole matter is that the punishment for the unfaithful woman in Mesopotamia is the same in the Levant, Anatolia, and even in Egypt, and the punishment was The punishment imposed by the societies of the ancient Near East is the death penalty and the end of the life of the unfaithful wife, as well as the adulterer as well. But if the husband pardons his wife, the exemption includes the adulterer as well.

This research discusses the “Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States, Causes and Consequences 1882-1902,” which is one of the most important laws that dealt with Chinese immigrants and determined their income on the basis of race. The problem is represented in the following question: “Was the economic factor and the protection of the cultural identity of the American society the main reason that prompted the American legislators to issue these laws, or are there other reasons behind that ? The research reached a set of results, including: such as the presence of the Chinese, especially in the western states, a problem that raised the governments of those states, especially after the tensions that occurred between American workers and their Chinese counterparts, as most American workers viewed the expatriate workers as the reason for lowering wages and reducing job opportunities. This prompted them to attack the Chinese gatherings and demand their expulsion. The Big Law of March 3, 1875 was the first law that dealt with Chinese immigration and that put barriers to entry for some groups of Chinese society. The United States, as this law completely prevented the arrival of Chinese workers and placed harsh conditions on other groups, and it had great repercussions in all fields, and the work of its content continued for more than two decades.

The province of Khorasan witnessed a transitional phase characterized by stagnation and economic slowdown, as a result of the exposure of most of its cities to imbalances in the balance of their economic stability, which plunged them into the cycle of poverty. There was a disturbance in the stability of work and left undesirable effects, especially on the social class. A secondary matter compared to its encouragement of the private sector and the increase of investments, and this is the cause of external problems with some countries

Accordingly, this research reveals the impact of poverty on trade in Khurasan, how was the foreign trade and internal trade in Khurasan, and what were the natural disasters that affected trade in this region

Lebanese journalists and their impact on the development of the Egyptian press in the nineteenth century

The nineteenth century witnessed the emergence of many Lebanese journalists in Egypt، and these Lebanese journalists had a great role and a profound impact on the development of the Egyptian press. Such as the brothers Selim and Bishara Takla، Faris Nimr، Yaqoub Sarouf، Shaheen Makarios، Salim al - Naqash، Salim Hamwi، and the vast majority of the Lebanese and other Levantines who were residing in Egypt were highly educated and spoke French، and therefore they contributed effectively to the development of the Egyptian press during nineteenth century.

Praise be to God, and prayers and peace be upon the best of creatures, Muhammad bin Abdullah, and upon his good and pure family, and upon his good and virtuous companions, and may the blessings of Allah be abundant:The great and the reformers rendered great services to their people and their countries in all fields, so they spread knowledge and liberated their countries from myths and falsehoods and opened a bright side of awareness and development And the Imam (Musa bin Jaafar (peace be upon him)) was more deserving of honor and glorification for what God Almighty bestowed on the chapter of discourse and the chapter on wisdom and piety. The righteous and the good example that he should follow, for the Imam encompassed many things, including them The hereditary aspect, as his greatest inheritance is the Messenger of God and the master of beings, Muhammad, who was a light in the lofty crosses and purified wombs, in addition to the surrounding environment if his father, Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him)) provided for all the circumstances that would bring the imam to the level that qualifies him to be his father’s successor. On the Islamic nation, and in addition to the divine gifts, God glorified his name, and it was granted to meet the needs of those seeking refuge in a shrine. The Imam was and still is useful during his life and after his death. The researcher divided the research into an introduction, two sections and a conclusion. The first topic dealt with the vocabulary of the tagged research: (The educational factors that make up the personality of Imam Musa bin Jaafar (peace be upon him)). The first topic included the Imam’s biography of his name and nickname, the most prominent nickname and his auspicious birth, and the second topic was the most important factors Influencing the statement of educational formation, which includes heredity, family entity, the environment, the imam's brilliance, his intelligence, and finally his death.

When the first Arab conference was held in Paris in 1913, Saleem Ali Salaam was one of the members of the Beirut delegation, which consisted of three Muslims and three Christians. Saleem was elected as a member of the conference's executive committee. The conference was held in response to the Ottoman oppression that intensified after the Union and Progress Party came to power in 1908. The conference called for making the Arabic language an official language in the Arab states, making military service for Arab youths within their states, with the exception of cases of war, and granting more powers to local governments in the Arab states. Saleem was at the head of the delegation chosen by the conference to communicate the decisions of the conference to the Ottoman government and to the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, Stephen Pichon.

Boghos Bey Youssefian is among the important personalities who left their clear mark in the history of Egypt. He is of Armenian origin. He was a supporter of Muhammad Ali Pasha in financial, commercial and foreign matters. Muhammad Ali Pasha trusted him and relied on him in everything related to Egypt’s affairs. He was the first Christian in Egypt to be granted the title of Bey.

The Emirate of Al-kenose belongs to the Arab Rabi’a tribe, which settled throughout the Arabian Peninsula in Tihama, Hijaz, Najd and Al-Yamamah, where the Banu al-Ukhaydir settled.

The establishment of their emirate dates back to one of the leaders of Rabia, called Abu Marwan Bishr bin Ishaq in the year 332 AH / 943 AD

Among the immortal stances that have a prominent role in the history of Bani al-Kinz and their support for the Caliph al-Hakim by Amr Allah al-Fatimi in the face of his fierce enemy Abu Rakwa. whose resistance drained huge sums of money from the state’s resources and help in capturing him, so the Fatimid caliph honored their emir Abu al-Makarim with the title of Kins Aldawla

Dogs in the two civilizations of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley enjoy a kind of sanctification that reached the point of cultism as a result of the importance of this animal in people’s lives, especially in hunting and grazing operations in which the role of the dog was pivotal, as its presence with human beings since early times constituted a factor that helped in those operations for the purpose of obtaining the food. Then the importance of the dog developed in both civilizations, and other activities and tasks appeared in the arena of belief, as it was entered into magical practices of a religious nature to treat and heal people from psychological diseases caused by some demons and physical ones that are treated from dog remains such as droppings. Although some demons that cause evil to humans are similar to this animal. He was also given the task of guiding Almuty to the underworld. And protecting their bodies by interfering with the embalming processes of the Egyptians, as it was considered a god of mummification and a protector of tombs in the civilization of the Nile Valley.

The architectural and technical aspect is an important pillar in archaeological studies, and even contributes significantly and effectively to reaching the facts of archaeological studies. The need for documentation in archaeological studies increases when there are circumstances that may affect the identity of these monuments and to indicate their importance and noting to study everything related to them because they may be Subject to falling due to climatic conditions or deliberate destruction and sabotage, as happened in the models that we will study.

It was necessary for us to explain the importance of these buildings, their history and importance in the Iraqi civilization and their architectural pillars, detailing their elements, and explaining their wonderful architectural features that were destroyed by ISIS(1) and the gangs associated with it that distorted the historical, artistic and psychological identity of everything related to these monuments, which are considered our shame and the inheritance of humanity in general. And the people of Iraq in particular, which we will talk about briefly.

And then talk about the destroyed parts and indicate the extent of the damage, whether in whole or parts of the building, or focusing on a specific thing of those buildings, such as mihrabs and rare minbars in mosques or small mosques, with attached pictures of the two stages before and after to show the differences in the single building. This was in the buildings that were renovated Or under renovation and maintenance.

The nature of the research necessitated dividing it into an introduction, two chapters and appendices, which were represented by images related to the research:

The first topic included: a study of the location, history and planning of each of the collectors targeted in the study, while the second topic: studying the decorations of the collectors and the damage they sustained. Accessories that included pictures of the buildings included in the study.

It is clear that the beginning of demolishing anything begins with changing its reality and or making it different from its reality, and it begins with the demolition of society and distorting the reputation of its members, especially the notables and leaders among them, by changing the reality of their affairs and their will. In order to display from the world, or the enmity or deviation of those who spread rumors from the path of truth.

Therefore, the research came to shed light on an aspect of this incurable disease, which has plagued quite a few people, and they are repeating or even fabricating rumors without hesitation, or deterrence, and the rumor is known as unverified information transmitted from one person to another, and in many Cases The word rumor has negative connotations, and it is divided into two main types in relation to the intention of its launchers, namely: false information that is promoted by individuals without the intention of deceiving and misleading, and misleading information, which is broadcast for the purpose of misleading and deceiving people to achieve an economic or political gain, however, with different motives behind launching Common rumors, however, have the same effect on the individual and society, since they impede and reduce the ability to separate the right from the wrong, the good from the bad, the beneficial from the harmful, and the right future decisions, and sometimes there are serious consequences for decisions taken based on rumors and unverified information from her health.

Rumors cannot be ignored as mere gossip within certain alleys or districts, as most of them have the greatest impact on their listeners and pickers, however, their power can be exploited in a way that benefits institutions, agencies, and even individuals, as it may give an early warning of what will happen soon in economic and political crises, so that the dire consequences can be avoided before the disaster.

The study of Islamic seals is one of the important studies in Islamic arts. It is regarded as an important document that reveals to us names, titles, nicknames, Quranic and non-Quranic verses and expressions. Most of them were made of precious stones. Finally, the international museums took care of it, as it represents the types of Arabic and non-Arabic fonts, and this is a clear evidence of its importance . Special offers have been allocated to it and catalogs showing the stone from which it is made, its sizes, weights, and everything related to it.

The qiblah is the basis for your formation of the ancient Yemeni society It is imperative for those who preceded, this system has maintained its durability until now that the special view of the religion is what madet the people of genealogy and news worked to apply the word qiblah to the poor urban area - (and agriculture had an impact) on the stability of the tribal system of social characteristics With the old: the upper class (the kings) - and the lower class (the mawali (the slaves and the loyalists) - and the servants (who work in the land and sell and buy) custom has played an important role in establishing the legislative rules and the direction for progress in the ancient Yemen, there were the essences of carrying power Is sort of limited because of the king's dominance.

On the decisions of the tribal council

The Yemeni law guarantees who has rights. The law works against opposition: the right to life, the right to bodily integrity, the right to movement, the right of trade, the family rights and The ancient Yemeni laws dealt with the financial aspect in terms of expenditures and revenues, The Penal Code also deals with forms of deterrence against those who attack others, such as murder, crime, abortion, perjury, or penalties for money, such as theft and threats and the integrity of the trust, because there was no authority to hold them accountable, they often leave the matter to the victim to get justice by himself.