Diyala Journal of Human Research

Cities derive their significance from their strategic location, historical authenticity, fertile lands, and abundant water resources, making them centers of economic vitality, political significance, social status, and intellectual and cultural contributions. Cities thereby become resilient against harsh conditions and challenges. Baqubah has been one such city, which has developed and grew until it has become an administrative center, and a link between major cities. This study is made of an introduction, three main sections, and a conclusion. The introduction highlights the significance of the topic, and the reason for the selection thereof. The first chapter discusses Baqubah\'s location and early references thereto in geographical sources during the Abbasid Era. The second chapter addresses the key historical events, in which Baqubah played an important role. The third chapter emphasizes that Baqubah has been the home country of a number of scholars who have had a significant impact on scientific, intellectual, and cultural life. The conclusion summarizes the most important findings of the study

The following research aims to identify (Emotional Understanding) and statistically significant according to the variable of gender (males - females), the variable of specialty (Scientific - Humanitarian), and the variable of social status (married - single) among university students. To achieve the aims of the research, the researcher built a scale (emotional understanding) according to the Harris model (2008) consisting of (24) items. The scale was represented to a group of experts to check the apparent honesty and sincerity of the construction of the tool and verified the stability by the re-test method and the stability coefficient reached (0.76), The stability coefficient of the instrument by Alpha-Cronbach method (0.82). The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students from the University of Diyala students from both specialties scientific and humanitarian for the Morning Study. The research sample was chosen by a random stratified method with proportional distribution. The data were treated statistically using statistical tools (T-test for one sample, Pearson's correlation coefficient, T-test for two independent samples, and Alpha-Cronbach coefficient). The research results showed that the research sample has a high emotional understanding compared to the theoretical average of the scale. In light of the results the research came out with some recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify:
1. Conspiracy thinking among middle school teachers.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed a conspiratorial thinking scale based on the theory of Douglas et al. (2021). The scientific steps were followed in its construction, and face validity and construct validity were verified. Reliability was verified using the test-retest method, with a reliability coefficient of (0.86), while the instrument's reliability coefficient using the Cronbach's alpha method reached (0.83). The scale was applied to a research sample consisting of (400) male and female teachers from the Diyala Education Directorate, after they were selected using a stratified random sampling method with proportional distribution.
The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used, and the study data were processed statistically using statistical methods (single-sample t-test, two-sample t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, t-test for correlation coefficient significance, Cronbach's alpha equation, and multiple regression analysis). The research concluded that the individuals in the research sample have conspiratorial thinking. In light of the results reached by the research, the researcher presented a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions...

The present research aims to:
• Examine job embeddedness among employees of the Diyala Sewerage Directorate.
• Identify significant statistical differences in the job embeddedness scale based on gender (male and female) and marital status (married and unmarried).
• Investigate personality types according to the MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) among employees of the Diyala Sewerage Directorate.
• Explore significant statistical differences in the MBTI personality types based on gender (male and female) and marital status (married and unmarried).
• Determine the correlation between job embeddedness and personality types among employees of the Diyala Sewerage Directorate.
The research sample consisted of 200 male and female employees working at the Diyala Sewerage Directorate. The sample was selected using a stratified random sampling method with proportional distribution. To achieve the study objectives, the researcher employed the Job Embeddedness Scale developed by Mitchell et al. (2021). To verify the psychometric properties of the scale, both face validity and construct validity were extracted. Reliability value was obtained using two methods:
• Test-retest reliability, which resulted in a score of 0.82.
• Cronbach's alpha, which produced a score of 0.87.
Consequently, the final version of the job embeddedness scale consists of 24 items.
Additionally, the (Hammed, 2024) MBTI personality types of scale were used, adapted from Yung (1968). The psychometric properties of the scale, both face validity and construct validity were extracted. Reliability value was obtained using two methods:
• Test-retest reliability, which resulted in a score of 0.83.
• Cronbach's alpha, which produced a score of 0.80.
Therefore, the personality pattern scale (MBTI) will consist of 49 items in its final form.
For data analysis, the researcher utilized statistical methods including (One-Sample T-Test, Independent Two-Sample T-Test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Correlation Coefficient Significance T-Test, Cronbach’s alpha, and Chi-Square Test). Data was processed using the SPSS statistical software package.
Key Findings:
• Employees of the Diyala Sewerage Directorate exhibit a significant level of job embeddedness.
• The predominant personality types among employees are Emotional Type, Decisive Type, Open Type, and Sensory Type.
• A statistically significant correlation was found between personality types (Emotional, Decisive, Open, and Sensory) and job embeddedness.

The research aimed to find out the effect of a counseling program using the method of cognitive reconstruction in developing moral vigilance among university students, by verifying the validity of the following zero hypotheses:
- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the scores of the experimental group in the pre and post tests on the moral vigilance scale.
- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the scores of the control group in the pre and post tests on the moral vigilance scale.
- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental and control groups in the post-test on the moral vigilance scale.
The researcher used the moral vigilance scale that he prepared for the year (2023), which consists of (24) paragraphs, and extracted for the scale the apparent honesty by presenting it to a number of arbitrators, and the honesty of the construction. The researcher used the method of cognitive reconstruction for the purpose of developing moral vigilance. The number of sessions was (10) sessions. The duration of the session was (45) minutes. It lasted for (5) weeks. For the purpose of ensuring the validity of this program, it was presented to a group of experts specialized in psychological counseling. Make sure Its validity in the development of moral vigilance.
The researcher reached the following results:
- There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the scores of the experimental group in the pre and post tests on the moral vigilance scale.
- There are no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the score ranks of the control group in the pre and post tests on the moral vigilance scale.
- There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-test on the moral vigilance scale in favor of the experimental group.
In the light of these results, the researcher came out with a number of recommendations and proposals

The Islamic nation has been plagued by many enemies and wars since the emergence of the Islamic call to this day. In the fifth century AH/ late eleventh century AD, Christian Europe organized crusades against the Arab region, called the Crusades or the Holy War. This war began with religious calls for which the papacy prepared in great numbers and with all its power. In fact, the declared goal was falsely and deceitfully to liberate Jerusalem from the clutches of the Muslims, according to what they said. These campaigns were a total of eight campaigns that lasted for two centuries (1096-1291 AD/490-690 AH), Among these campaigns was the Seventh Crusade, led by the French King Louis IX, which targeted Egypt and the Levant. The campaign was initially prepared and set out from France to Cyprus, where delegations and embassies began flocking to King Louis to form alliances. This included the Mongol embassy, which Joinville mentioned more than once in his memoirs. He explained the nature of this correspondence between the two sides and the resulting outcomes

The current research aims to identify (academic perseverance and level of ambition among middle school students). o achieve the research objectives, the researcher built a scale of academic perseverance based on Al-Saeed’s definition of the concept of academic perseverance as: (the desire and eagerness to work with determination, patience, and insistence on performing until the end and exerting more effort despite obstacles and not surrendering to fatigue or boredom) and it includes (20) paragraphs
The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the scale, as validity was extracted in two ways: apparent validity and construct validity. The scale’s stability was extracted in two ways: retesting, and the stability coefficient reached (0.90) analysis (0.85). Accordingly, the scale finally consisted of (20) items.
The researcher also built a scale for the level of ambition. The researcher relied on the definition of (Al-Shafi’i: 2012) (they are goals of a specific level that the individual sets to accomplish a specific activity, whether they are close or distant). The researcher verified the psychometric properties of the scale, as validity was extracted in two ways: apparent validity and construct validity. Reliability was also extracted by the retest method, so the reliability coefficient reached (0.90). The scale in its final form consisted of (20) paragraphs valid for the scale.
Then, the two scales were applied to the basic research sample of (200) students from the Diyala Education Directorate for middle school students for the academic year 2024-2025 AD, who were selected randomly. After processing the data statistically using (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and t-test for one sample, The t-test for two samples, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the research results reached that the sample has academic motivation and an ambitious level, and there is no statistically significant difference according to the scientific and literary specialization

The current study aimed to investigate the evaluative thinking of school principals and to identify statistically significant differences in evaluative thinking based on the gender variable (male–female). The research sample consisted of 400 (male and female) school principals from the General Directorate of Education in Diyala, who were selected using the stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation.To achieve the research objectives, the McIntosh et al. (2020) evaluative thinking scale was utilized. The researchers translated the scale into Arabic using Hambleton et al.'s (2005) back-translation method. The translation's accuracy was confirmed, and the instrument was validated for face and construct validity. The reliability of the scale was assessed through two methods: test-retest reliability, which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.82, and Cronbach's alpha, which produced a reliability coefficient of 0.89.The final version of the scale comprised 18 items distributed across three domains: (Asking thoughtful questions and seeking alternatives. Describing and clarifying thinking. Believing in and practicing evaluation) The statistical methods used to analyze the data included the independent samples t-test, one-sample t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings revealed that the research sample exhibited evaluative thinking as measured against the scale’s hypothetical mean. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were found in evaluative thinking based on gender (male–female). The study concluded with several recommendations and suggestions for further research

The current study aimed to investigate the evaluative thinking of school principals and to identify statistically significant differences in evaluative thinking based on the gender variable (male–female). The research sample consisted of 400 (male and female) school principals from the General Directorate of Education in Diyala, who were selected using the stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation.To achieve the research objectives, the McIntosh et al. (2020) evaluative thinking scale was utilized. The researchers translated the scale into Arabic using Hambleton et al.'s (2005) back-translation method. The translation's accuracy was confirmed, and the instrument was validated for face and construct validity. The reliability of the scale was assessed through two methods: test-retest reliability, which yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.82, and Cronbach's alpha, which produced a reliability coefficient of 0.89.The final version of the scale comprised 18 items distributed across three domains: (Asking thoughtful questions and seeking alternatives. Describing and clarifying thinking. Believing in and practicing evaluation) The statistical methods used to analyze the data included the independent samples t-test, one-sample t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings revealed that the research sample exhibited evaluative thinking as measured against the scale’s hypothetical mean. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were found in evaluative thinking based on gender (male–female). The study concluded with several recommendations and suggestions for further research

This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of agricultural tourism in the Khanaqin district, as the tourism sector is one of the important alternatives that the state must take to develop the national economy, due to the global interest in activating the role of agricultural tourism in rural societies and its development, as well as the various tourism elements that we find combined in Khanaqin district, including environmental, historical, recreational and cultural elements that provide the requirements of this activation, as it became Development in its various forms is an important strategic choice for the well -being of peoples, where integrated rural development has become a realistic necessity as a processor and facilities for development in its various stages and an end to the continuation of the struggle for the survival of humanity, the agricultural tourism industry can have a great impact in economic development, during what it contributes to economic development, and through the knowledge On global experiences in this field, its impact on many matters, such as employing a large number of workforce, including finding job opportunities For women, improve social networks and health networks, diversify agricultural production, mitigate the impact of the seasonal nature of workers in the agricultural sector on their social and economic situation, and improve the economic situation in remote areas, which helps in securing government returns for local governments and thus improving the level of government spending at different levels

In the late 19th century, the American financial system experienced significant expansion but was also plagued by banking panics. The turmoil began in May 1884 with the collapse of several New York City financial firms. Among them, the National Bank of Marin and the brokerage firm Grant & Ward declared bankruptcy due to the failure of speculative investments by their owners. Shortly afterward, the Second National Bank faced a run on deposits when it was discovered that its president had embezzled $3 million and fled to Canada. Similarly, the Metropolitan National Bank was forced to shut down after rumors spread that its president had been speculating on railroad securities using borrowed funds from the bank.
The crisis of 1884 was followed by the Depression of 1893, one of the worst economic downturns in American history. This financial panic reached its peak in February 1893 when the Philadelphia and Reading Railway declared bankruptcy. By April, the gold reserve had fallen below $100 million, triggering a complete collapse of the stock market. By the end of 1893, the depression had impacted 15,000 commercial projects, caused numerous banks to lose credit and shut down, and left 3 million people unemployed. The banks' ability to make payments was severely threatened, leading to mass withdrawals as people rushed to secure their deposits.
The financial crisis of 1907, which began with the Credit companies, unfolded on Monday, October 21. That afternoon, the National Bank of Commerce announced it would no longer honor checks issued by the Knickerbocker Trust Company. This announcement triggered a rush of depositors to withdraw their balances from Knickerbocker, leading to the suspension of operations for many banks and companies. The crisis resulted in a 21% rise in the prices of basic commodities, an 11% decline in industrial production, a 26% drop in imports, and an increase in unemployment from 3% to 8%. Additionally, immigration to the United States sharply decreased. Before the crisis, 1.2 million immigrants arrived annually, but this number plummeted to 750,000 following the crisis.

The current research aims to:
- Focus on public anxiety among university students.
- Reduce the lack of self-regulatory reduction factors in public anxiety among university students.
- Identify the magnitude of the effect that results from the smaller-scale product of self-regulation that triggers public anxiety among university students.
To achieve the research objectives, the researchers used the anxiety scale, which consists of (18) joint sites on three specialists. The beautiful user chose (600) students to extract psychometric crops for measurement. The validity of the scale was verified, as well as the stability through two methods: retest and Cronbach's. The scale was applied to an archive of (100) students, and (20) students were selected who were nominated less than the hypothetical content (36) on the public anxiety scale. Then, the experimental design was chosen for the experimental and control groups, and the sample was divided into two groups, each group (10) students, and the convergence was extracted between nine, improving the preferred guide from (12) lenses, and the effective statistical uses through the SPSS program, as the results showed that the individuals' intelligence research results from a rise in the level of public anxiety, and there are statistically significant differences in the famous experimental test, and there are statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the experimental group in the test, the survey results of the research what matters to university students and the research came out with new research results, recommendations and proposals.

Human studies, including the study of history through the literature of geographical travelers, are important social fields, especially descriptive and scientific studies, as they provided us with valuable information about some countries from geographical, demographic, economic and scientific aspects. It also dealt with the customs and traditions of the peoples experienced by the travelers, explaining their lifestyle and business. This study also included clarification of the meaning of science and scientists and the importance of councils and their development, as well as the most important scientific councils that were held in the cities of the Levant through what was mentioned in the books of travelers and geographers.

This study examines the impact of the Almoravid rule on Morocco and Andalusia through a historical investigation of its positive and negative phenomena, relying on an analytical historical methodology. It focuses on the political unity that brought Morocco and Andalusia together under Almoravid rule, resulting in a comprehensive cultural fusion in fields such as architecture, decoration, and social customs. A main objective is to highlight the positive phenomena, such as supporting science and scholars and establishing solid cultural foundations in both Moroccan and Andalusian societies. It also seeks analyzing the negative phenomena arising from contact with Christian cities in Andalusia, which led to a decline in religious commitment in some circles. The findings show that the annexation of Andalusia to Morocco contributed to the transfer of Andalusian cultural influence to Morocco, confirming the strength of Andalusian culture, while luxury and cultural interaction indicated behavioral changes that contradicted Islamic teachings. The study concludes by outlining the findings and meticulously reviewing the sources and references that supported this analysis

Primary education services are among the most important educational services, as they work to prepare and raise an aware and educated generation that will be relied upon in the future in building and advancing the country. Based on this, the research aimed to know the reality of primary education services in Al-Muqdadiyah District for the year 2024-2025, and their efficiency and in a manner that is consistent with the number of students. The light was shed on primary education services in the district in terms of the number of school buildings, the number of study classes, and the number of students, in addition to the number of educational staff. The researcher relied on the evaluation of this service and its efficiency on the local standards provided by the Ministry of Planning, which are related to educational services, in evaluating this service and its efficiency. After collecting, analyzing, and evaluating the data, the researcher reached several conclusions, through which he made several recommendations that he hopes the relevant authorities will take into account to serve the residents of the district and the educational process in it.

The literary text is an innovative document based on the controversy between the two (aesthetic and semantic), and the Sufi text is a text charged with these two facts, because it is an active text that requires vision with an eye of beauty and depth of significance, in a way that requires the recipient to read Mystic text mentally transformed the symbol into an image, and the context into a meaning, because the meaning itself is the result of the confluence of two texts: the reading text and the continental text, then the reading verb embodying a practice in which the reader interacts with the mystical text based on his knowledge and traditions to become a reading on According to levels, especially that a Sufism needs a careful and profound reading to understand the implicit connotation contained in that text, according to levels that are: (the text itself constitutes a set of functions to be interpreted, the text of the continent as a text, the convergence of the text and the reader of the indicative production).

Our research tagged (the Ottoman administration in Serbia) included the most important things that Serbia witnessed throughout the ages within its long history of conflicts and bloody events before the Ottoman control over it, and the largest and oldest civilizations arose on its lands, as well as under the control of several nations such as the Romans, Hungarians, Turks, Bulgarians, Hun tribes, Goths, Avars and Tatars, until It was controlled by the Nemanja dynasty in the twelfth century AD, and Serbia enjoyed stability during the period of the Nemanja dynasty’s rule, as it included large areas of the Balkan lands, but the weakness of the Serbian Empire from 1355 to 1371 led to the end of this rule The family controlled Serbia, until the Ottomans came and took control of it in 1389 AD

Numbers are not merely mathematical symbols; they hold profound moral and verbal significance, carrying deep meanings that extend to various aspects of our lives, including history. Civilizations, in general, have used numbers to express their beliefs and philosophies, as they had extensive expertise in knowledge broadly and numbers specifically. Evidence of this is seen in the fact that one of the earliest sciences they prioritized was arithmetic, a field composed of numbers, figures, and operations based on numbers. Undoubtedly, this focus on and attention to this aspect influenced their lives, making numbers an integral part of their religious, social, economic, and even political lives. Numbers played roles beyond those mentioned; they gave significance to historical events in understanding, interpreting, and explaining religious rulings through the Quran. By understanding the implications of numbers, an individual's faith and conviction can deepen. From another perspective, numbers or figures in the Quran have been given importance and credibility regarding historical events. This is because the Quran is the sole source that can be confidently and definitively claimed to have remained unchanged or unaltered in any of its texts. Thus, when the Quran mentions a specific historical event and includes a number, we can assert with certainty that it is entirely accurate in every detail

The current research aims to identify personal agility among university lecturers, the significance of statistical differences in personal agility among university lecturers according to the gender variable (males, females) and specialization. The sample consisted of (400) male and female lecturers from the University of Diyala after being selected by the random stratified method. To achieve the objectives of the research, the personal agility scale was built by (Raji Sivaraman and Michel Rakaka 2017) according to the model (PALHT Personal Agility Model) which defined it (the ability to adapt easily, spontaneously and quickly with changes in priorities, ideas and methods). The scale consisted of (21) paragraphs and the psychometric properties were investigated from the apparent validity and construct validity and its stability where The reliability coefficient by Cronbach's alpha method was (0.80) and by the retest method (0،82). After processing the research data statistically using the statistical package (Spss) for each of (the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, Pearson's correlation coefficient and the Cronbach's alpha equation), the researcher reached the following results: The individuals of the research sample have personal agility compared to the theoretical average of the scale. There are no statistically significant differences according to the gender and specialization variables in personal agility. In light of these results, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations and proposal

The current research aims to identify the psychological capital among middle school students. The literature and previous studies that include psychological capital have been completed. The researcher prepared a psychological capital scale consisting of (28) paragraphs distributed over (4) several. The scale was applied to the full research area (400) students. The data were saved using the (SPSS) program and a number of statistical methods. However, it concluded that the middle school alone requires psychological capital. However, the results of the study are eight, recommendations and suggestions.

The current research aims to identify:
1. Creative malicious thinking among students of colleges of education in Iraq.
2. Significance of statistical differences in creative malicious thinking according to the gender variable (males - females).
3. Significance of statistical differences in creative malicious thinking according to the specialization variable (scientific - humanities).
4. The significance of statistical differences in malicious creative thinking among students of colleges of education in the universities (Basra - Mosul - Diyala).
To achieve the objectives of this research, the researcher built a scale of malicious creative thinking according to the theory and definition of (Cropley et al., 2008). After the researcher followed the scientific steps to build it, the apparent validity and the structural validity were verified, in addition to verifying the stability by the retest method. It was found that the stability coefficient reached (0.84), while the stability coefficient of the tool using the Cronbach’s alpha method reached (0.85). The scale was applied to the basic research sample consisting of (377) male and female students who were selected randomly with proportional distribution. The scale was applied to the basic research sample consisting of (377) male and female students who were chosen randomly with proportional distribution. The sample was a group of students from (the College of Education for Human Sciences, and the College of Education for Pure Sciences) in three universities: (Diyala, Basra, Mosul). The study data were processed statistically using (one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and two-independent-samples t-test).
The research reached the following:
Students of colleges of education in Iraq have creative and hateful thinking due to the environment and circumstances in which the students lived, which were difficult and oppressive, which helped in forming this type of thinking, and in favor of males in the scientific specialization of students of colleges of education in Basra.
In light of the results, the current research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Human societies go through many crises that create disasters, which may affect the social structure of society, and similarly, crises have several stages, and crises are common during the work of institutions and societies. As long as these institutions exist, they will be subject to crises on a regular basis, which must be dealt with cautiously, firmly, flexibly and efficiently. The different stages of crisis management are related to changes in the crisis itself, and therefore vary depending on the type of crisis and the way it develops.