Al-Tuff Journal for Human and Social Sciences

Abstract
This research analyzes the digital transformations and their implications for traditional commercial activities, focusing on the legal consequences arising from electronic contracts, the evidentiary value of digital signatures, and the protection of personal data, in addition to the challenges posed by cybercrimes. The study emphasizes that such transformations constitute a profound structural shift in the business environment, necessitating a reform of the national legislative framework in line with international standards, particularly given the absence of a comprehensive legal system in Iraq governing data protection and cybersecurity. The research further highlights the importance of striking a balance between safeguarding digital rights on the one hand, and fostering innovation and economic growth on the other, through legislative modernization, the adoption of preventive policies against cybercrimes, and the promotion of international cooperation to address cross-border challenges. Accordingly, the study concludes that digital transformation is no longer a matter of choice but rather an inevitable pathway for the advancement of the national economy and the sustainability of commercial transactions in the modern era.

Research Abstract
The aim of the current research is to identify the mental linkage of graduate students and to achieve this goal was selected a sample of (400) students from graduate students and the researchers built a scale of mental linkage based on the theory 1986, Paivio) and then extracted the standard characteristics of the scale of honesty and stability and they processed the results using the statistical package (SPSS) The researchers reached the results that the research sample enjoy mental linkage Keywords: Mental Connectivity, Graduate Students

First: Abstract
This research examines the criminal liability incurred by the administration or public employee in the event of failure to implement judicial rulings issued by the competent judicial authorities. This study is part of a comparative study between Iraqi and Algerian law. The research focused on analyzing the legal and constitutional basis that imposes on the administration the duty to implement judicial rulings، as this is a fundamental legal obligation that enshrines the principle of the rule of law and embodies respect for the judiciary. The research also reviewed the most important legal pillars that constitute criminal liability in the event of a breach of the duty of implementation، clarifying the difference between legitimate and illegitimate failure to implement، highlighting the legal means available to compel the administration to implement the rulings، and the penalties imposed in the event of a violation. The research also included a presentation of the most prominent obstacles to the implementation of rulings، such as the lack of administrative will، weak judicial oversight، or administrative corruption. It also proposed a set of legislative and institutional solutions that would enhance respect for judicial rulings and reduce the phenomenon of failure to implement them.
Keywords: Public administration، criminal liability، failure to implement rulings، public employee، administrative judiciary، Iraqi law، Algerian law

Abstract in English:
The study of the Qur’anic objectives is an important matter، as the science of objectives does not stop at details، but rather extends from them to the generalities and goals in all aspects of life. It highlights the purpose through objectives، the purpose for which creation was created and the extent of its achievement. Nahj al-Balagha is distinguished by the presence of the Qur’anic text and its ability to represent meanings. It extends with time with semantic energy، in addition to its content being an approach to life.
Imam Ali (peace be upon him) was able to connect the sermons and the Quranic objectives in a manner appropriate to the occasion. He diligently deciphered the symbols of those parts based on his knowledge and adherence to it. His words were merely an echo of what he learned from the Quran and the Noble Sunnah. The Resurrection is one of the most important doctrinal issues that has dominated the divine concepts and teachings brought by the prophets and messengers in their books. Given the importance of the Resurrection، the Imam (peace be upon him) focused on the fact that he was able to Through kinetic proofs، he expressed the purpose of establishing the system of creation. Resurrection is a necessity and it is impossible to deny that. He believes that it is necessary for the system of goodness and wise creation.

Research Summary
The research, titled "The Aesthetics of Ceramic Forms in Contemporary Iraqi Ceramic Art: The Potter Dr. Hazem Aboudi Al-Saeedi as a Model," explores the artist's ceramic characteristics. The research comprises four chapters. The first chapter presents the research problem, which is defined by answering the following question:
1.What are the most prominent ceramic features and techniques of the artist Hazem Aboudi?
The first chapter included a presentation of the research problem, its importance, the need for it, and the research objective: to investigate the aesthetics of ceramic forms in the works of (Hazem Aboudi). The limits of the research were what the researcher observed of his works, which were obtained from personal exhibitions and private collections. As for the second chapter, it included four topics: The first topic: Aesthetics and its visual impact on thought and philosophy. The second topic: The second topic: The works of contemporary Iraqi art: the beginnings and establishment of identity. The third topic: The construction of the aesthetic and behavioral impact in artistic forms. The fourth topic: The potter Hazem Aboudi: biography and works. The third chapter was devoted to explaining the research procedures through its community of (20) and its sample of (3). The research tool was observation, and it was carried out through indicators of the theoretical framework to classify the paragraphs of the sample analysis form in its initial form, which was presented to a group of experts. After taking the notes into account, the form was built in its final form. The fourth chapter contained the research results and conclusions, in addition to the recommendations. The proposals, and the most prominent results:
. 1.The potter Hazem Aboudi's work was influenced by the archaeological reality of Iraqi civilization. This, in turn, sought to establish the intellectual identity of the region and strive to preserve it in the face of the need to restore the representations of Iraqi civilization, represented by ancient Mesopotamia.
2.The ceramic artistic production is an artistic product built on a pre-Islamic historical knowledge foundation, relying on imagination within what is known as personal experience to understand and interpret the work, both objective and subjective.
3.The ceramic visual effect represents a contemporary feature that translates the legacy of Mesopotamian civilization between 5,000 and 7,500 years ago.
. 4.The artistic effect is based on the relationship between the arts, including the visual arts, through the production of contemporary art within the framework of interpretation and the professional shift toward multiple readings.
5.The artist (Hazem Abboudi) adopted mechanisms and works that were previously practiced by the ancient Babylonian Mesopotamian artist, which were a reference and influence for his artistic ceramic models executed on clay.

Abstract
Arabs paid great attention to phonetic studies، due to their connection to the science of Tajweed. The beginnings of linguistic studies relied on their primary sources، including the Holy Quran، Quranic recitations، and Arabic poetry، which encompassed the era of linguistic argumentation at all linguistic levels (phonetic، morphological، syntactic، and semantic). The phonetic level is one of the most important levels and scientific aspects، and it has had a clear impact. Phonetic studies aim to focus on studying the sources of phonetic studies. It is the rich pearl that studies the sounds of the language in terms of their articulation، characteristics، and functions. Therefore، it is the pearl that relies on ancient sources from ancient scholars such as Al-Farahidi، Sibawayh، Ibn Jinni، etc.، in addition to modern sources such as linguistics، phonology، and phonetics.
Keywords (sound، phonetic classifiers، lexical classifiers، grammatical classifiers، morphological classifiers).

Abstract
The study examined the amendment of Article (76) of the Constitution and its impact on reforming the political system in Iraq, in accordance with the 2005 Iraqi Constitution. The concept of amending the constitution was addressed in general, by defining the amendment and then identifying the most important motives that require amendment. After that, the constitutional organization of the constitutional amendment was addressed, then the amendment of Article (76) was addressed. Directly in terms of the mechanism for nominating the Prime Minister, how to choose ministers, the mechanism for appointing the Prime Minister, the role of the President of the Republic in the appointment, the date for submitting the appointment request, and what is the position of the Federal Supreme Court regarding setting a date for submitting the request? It was concluded that the Iraqi constitution did not specify in a conclusive manner that prevents disagreement the largest parliamentary bloc. Which has the right to nominate the Prime Ministe, The Constitution also made final approval of ministers the responsibility of the House of Representatives, which limited the Prime Minister’s freedom to choose the best person for the ministry. In the matter of appointing the Prime Minister, the Constitution also did not clearly clarify the role of the President of the Republic in appointing him. Did this role differ between theory and reality? The Iraqi constitution also did not specify the deadline for submitting the nomination request. Finally, a proposal was made to reform the political system from a parliamentary to a semi-parliamentary system, with the prime minister directly selected by the people.
Keywords: constitution, constitutional amendment, political system

Abstract
Legal protection for fashion designs is considered a vital issue in light of the rapid developments in the fashion industry and its close connection with cultural identity and the national economy. The research starts from a central question: Are the current Iraqi legal frameworks sufficient to protect fashion designs, or is there a need for a specific legislative framework that guarantees such protection? After reviewing the existing laws related to intellectual property and general legal provisions, it became clear that the current system falls short of addressing the specific nature of fashion designs. It neither provides comprehensive protection for designers nor takes into account the cultural and economic dimensions of this industry.
The study concludes that there is an urgent need for a specialized law to protect fashion designs in Iraq, similar to comparative legal systems in other countries. Such legislation would not only safeguard the rights of designers but also support community development by encouraging creativity and investment in the fashion sector. Moreover, it would contribute to driving national economic growth by strengthening creative industries, generating employment opportunities, and fostering an integrated industrial and marketing sector. In addition, protecting fashion designs serves as a mechanism to preserve Iraq’s cultural identity, protect heritage from imitation and extinction, and present it to the world as a symbol of civilizational distinction.
Thus, the research emphasizes that legal protection for fashion designs is not a legislative luxury but a strategic necessity—one that balances the protection of creators’ rights with the promotion of economic development and the safeguarding of cultural identity.

Summary:
The world today is witnessing a significant and rapid development in the field of digital technologies. These technologies have become an integral part of our daily lives, including smartphones, smart robots, artificial intelligence, algorithm development, smart big data, and high-speed internet technologies. This advancement has allowed digital technologies to penetrate all aspects of life, leading to a revolution in how we live, work, and communicate with one another.
Digital technologies have become essential in improving quality of life, increasing efficiency, and enhancing innovation — which has become necessary to keep pace with the rapid developments in this field. However, with their growing use across various sectors, new legal challenges have emerged, particularly concerning civil liability.
This research aims to define digital technologies and their uses, study and analyze the provisions of civil liability under civil law, examine the resulting damages, and explore how civil liability applies to the use of these technologies.
The findings indicate that using these technologies helps meet users’ needs by providing accurate information at the right time and at the lowest possible cost, characterized by precision and reliability.
In light of these findings, the research recommends developing or enacting specific legal frameworks to regulate the use of such technologies and to clearly define the civil liability arising from them. It also emphasizes the importance of raising users’ awareness about the risks associated with these technologies, protecting personal data and information, and preparing a new generation of accounting professionals—both academically and practically—to keep up with developments related to the implementation of digital transformation mechanisms.
Keywords: Civil liability, digital technologies, robots, artificial intelligence