Samarra Journal of Pure and Applied Science

Developing a new adsorbent, kaolin clay-biochar (KC-BC) composite, to eliminate methylene blue (MB), a highly applied and hazardous dye from wastewater, was the main target of this research work. The composite was prepared by blending kaolin clay(KC) with date seeds(DS) at a mass ratio of 1:1 KC:DS, followed by carbonization at 500 °C for 1h. This composite was characterized by pHpzc, BET-specific surface area, XRD, SEM, and EDX to identify the morphological and chemical characteristics of the composite. The BET-surface area of the composite was 33.10 m2/g, while its mean pore volume amounted to 13.45nm, suggesting its mesoporosity. This composite was implemented in batch adsorption of MB from an aqueous phase. The best removal of MB (99.42 %) by the as-created composite using 0.15 g of the composite at 40 °C for 1h at a pH of 10. The reusability of the exhausted composite was also investigated.

Two types of Schiff bases were prepared from the condensation (2,4- dihydroxy benzaldehyde) and (4-hydroxy Benz aldehyde) with (3- amino phenol), respectively, and the prepared ligands were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and 1HNMR spectroscopy. The complexes formed with iron (III) were identified for each of the prepared ligands spectroscopically (UV-VIS), where the first complex) L1Fe) gave a red shift, while the second complex (L2 Fe) gave a blue shift. Then, polyurethane foam was prepared and grafted with the prepared Schiff bases to obtain a chelated polymer (R1, R2). The prepared resin was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermal analysis technique (TGA, DSC). This research focused on studying the analytical efficiency of the surface prepared using the batch method under the optimal conditions of equilibrium Time and acid function. It was applied practically to a wastewater sample, which gave a removal rate of iron (III) ion of 100%, which indicates the possibility of using the prepared chelated polymer over a wide range to remove contamination of iron (III) ion, which ultimately improves the quality of wastewater treatment.

The adsorption properties of Congo Red (C.R.) dye from its aqueous solutions were studied using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy by measuring the absorbance to monitor the adsorption efficiency. Then, the factors affecting the adsorption efficiency were studied, represented by studying the effect of the equilibrium time of the dye under study, the weight of the adsorbent surface, and the temperature, where the Study of the kinetic behaviour of dye adsorption on the adsorbent surface at a fixed concentration of the adsorbent 10-5M)×5)and an appropriate weight (0.05 g) at the equilibrium time (25 minutes) for Congo Red dye. The results showed that the percentage of dye adsorption efficiency (C.R.) increases with increasing equilibrium time. The thermodynamic functions for the adsorption process were calculated over a range of different temperatures (Cᵒ (15, 25, 35, 45, 55) for the dye under study, and the compression free energy, enthalpy change, and entropy were practically obtained. The results showed that ΔGᵒ is negative for all systems, which means that the process Adsorption of the dye onto the surface of activated charcoal occurs spontaneously, and negative (∆Hᵒ) values indicate that the adsorption process is heat-intensive and prefers the direction of physical adsorption because it is less than 40 KJ/mol. Adsorption isotherms for the dye under study were applied to the adsorbent surface of myrtle leaves activated using isotherms. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin. The results showed that the Freundlich, Lankmeyer, and Temkin isotherms are suitable for representing the adsorption process, with good correlation coefficients. The studied adsorption system was followed kinetically using the kinetic equations, which are: the pseudo-first-order equation and the pseudo-second-order equation. The results showed that the adsorption process is subject to the second-order equation. False according to the correlation coefficient (R2), which gave the best value compared to the first-order equation.

The present study investigates the in vitro anticancer and antibacterial of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) synthesized from Imperata cylindrica using MTT Assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) and the well diffusion method. The synthesized CuO NPs nanoparticles were analyzed by several analytical techniques such as UV–visible, Fourier transform infra-red, energy dispersive X-ray analyses with mean size 10.9 nm., Field emission scanning electron micrographs with size distribution ranging from 28.59 to 34.78 nm, Atomic forces microscope with mean diameter 21.02nm and zeta potential analysis. The efficiency of CuO NPs on human colorectal carcinoma cell lines (HCT-116) and HFF as normal cell lines was studied. Different concentrations of copper oxide nanoparticles (10, 50, 100, 250 ,500) μg/ml at 24 hours were selected. Results indicated that the impact of nanoparticles is dependent on the concentration. As the concentration of nanoparticles increases, the percent of cell viability decreases. It was found that concentration of CuO NPs at 250 μg/ml gave the cell viability percent (30.08%) after 24 hours. The nanoparticles also showed antibacterial effects against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in different concentrations. At a concentration of 1024 (μg/ml), CuO NPs showed a strong antibacterial effect against all four kinds of bacteria.

One of the most challenging problems related to modern industrial development is marine oil spills. Oil spills have significant detrimental effects on the marine environment and human life. The effects can be immediate through fish suffocation and erosion of their fins, deadly hypothermia in fur-bearing mammals, and ingestion when animals and birds try to clean up themselves. Oil spills also have long-term ecological effects, which lead to an interruption of the marine food chain. When oil reaches the coast, it interacts with beach sand and vegetation, causing damage to the human environment. These negative effects are exacerbated by changes in oil's physical and chemical properties after spilling. Many techniques have been invented to eliminate oil spills. However, almost all developed techniques cannot completely remove oil from the seawater. One of the most efficient oil cleanup techniques uses absorbing materials. Of particular interest are techniques that use natural organic (vegetative) materials. These materials possess many desirable characteristics: they are cheap, readily available, renewable, and biodegradable. However, to be competitive with the synthetic absorbers, the natural absorbers often require additional processing. A typical modification procedure includes carbonization, which increases surface hydrophobicity and improves oil-absorbing characteristics. Rational optimization of oil-absorbing properties requires quantitative characterization of the physic-chemical properties of absorbing materials during processing. However, current literature lacks such description-making material’s modification as a trial-and-error procedure. In this document, I propose to develop an optimized modification procedure for a new absorbing material based on the carbonization of a widely available kenaf plant (Hibiscus Cannabinus). Quantitative optimization of the absorbing characteristics of kenaf fibers will be based on monitoring their physical and chemical changes during the carbonization process by using gas sorption analysers and IR-reflection spectroscopic techniques. A quantitative understanding of relevant parameters (for example, the relative abundance of surface polar and non-polar groups) will facilitate reproducibly optimal manufacturing.

Eight new complexes with the general formula [M(L)2(H2O)2] were prepared resulting from the reaction of the new Schiff base ligand [(E)-5-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one(L)] with metal ions [manganese, cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, Mercury Bivalent and tetravalent platinum. This ligand was derived from the reaction of the amine (5-amino-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one) with Salicylaldehyde, which is linked to the metal ions via two atoms. The nitrogen is the isomethene group, and the oxygen is the hydroxide group of the pyrazoline ring. The prepared compounds were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and ultraviolet spectroscopy, and from the results of the measurements, the octahedral geometric of the prepared complexes were proposed. The inhibitory ability of the prepared compounds was tested against two types of selected bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida fungi, which showed that the ability of the metal complexes to inhibit is higher than the ligand.

This study aims to synthesize two types of resins derived from semicarbazide and thiosemicarbazide for use as corrosion inhibitors. boron-Modified semicarbazide-formaldehyde resin (SFB) derived from semicarbazide, formaldehyde, and boric acid, and the other inhibitor boron-Modified thiosemicarbazide-formaldehyde resin (TSFB) derived from thiosemicarbazide, formaldehyde, and boric acid, they were studied using FTIR and TGA techniques. They were evaluated as inhibitors of corrosion of carbon steel alloy in a corrosive acidic environment of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid at several temperatures (25, 35, 45, 55) °C and at different concentrations for both inhibitors separately, using the Tafel extrapolation method. Where (SFB) gave the best inhibition efficiency at a concentration of 4 ppm, whereas the best inhibition efficiency was For (TSFB) at a concentration of 10 ppm. The investigation focused on activation parameters like E_a, 〖∆H〗^* and 〖∆S〗^*. It was observed that the activation energy was higher when an inhibitor was present than when it was absent. Additionally, the research revealed that the corrosion reaction is exothermic. The activation entropy demonstrated an increase in the number of corrosive species at elevated temperatures, which is attributed to the increased kinetic energy of these species as they interact with the alloy surface.

Entamoeba histolytica a gastrointestinal protozoa causes amoebiasis, which is spread by contaminated water and food. This study aims to diagnose amoebiasis by using the direct wet smear method and PCR assay to detect E.histolytica and other species, as well as investigate levels of some inflammation markers such as fecal calprotectin and P-selectin in sera patients.: A total of 563 stool samples were collected from patients who attended Ibn Al-Atheer Hospital, Al-Khansaa Hospital, and Al-Salam Hospital in the governorate of Nineveh suffered diarrhoea ( infants and children) in the environment during the period extending from June 2023 to November 2023. The result reversed that out of 563 stool specimens examined by direct smear 100 (18%) the infected with amoebiasis cyst or/and Trophzoite found in fecal samples varying from semi-liquid diarrhea (watery or bloody, mucous together). The PCR technique recorded a rate of 74 (74%) on faecal samples. Infection with the parasite E.histolytica. Out of a total of 100 samples that were positive by microscopic examination, the remaining 26 (26%) samples that were negative by PCR technology may belong to other species of the Entamoeba genus. There was a considerable increase in mean concentrations fecal calprotectin and P-selectin in serum patients .fecal calprotectin levels concentration 200.8±96.6ng/ml, compared to the control group, whose average concentration 39.1±15.3ng/ml. Similarly, P-selectin levels in patients were significantly higher compared to the control group, with a mean of 241.8±102.9ng/mL, and 51.2±16.2ng/ml, respectively. The study showed that Amoeba histolytica is a common pathogen that causes diarrhea among children and infants, and high levels of some intestinal inflammatory indicators in the serum of patients.

Viral hepatitis B is a virus that causes inflammation of the liver and can lead to both acute and chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine how often healthy blood donors who tested negative for HBs Ag, HCV Ab in serum samples from the Nineveh Central Blood Bank tested positive for anti-hepatitis \'\'B\'\' core and had \"HBV DNA\'\' in their bodies I conducted this research and examined 2,000 serum samples taken from donors in who can give blood that was negative for HBs Ag ,HCV Ab. (EIAs) were used to determine the titters of HBV Markers in all samples that tested positive for anti-HBc . In addition to checking for HBs Ag we used (PCR) to check for (HBV-DNA) in any sample that came back positive for (anti-HBc) on its own or in combination with other markers for serology. Out of 2,000 blood samples, 20 (or 1% of the total) tested positive for anti-HBc. Out of 20 specimens that tested positive for anti-HBc, 16 (or 80%) tested positive for HBV DNA. The average viral load was 3500 copies per millilitre. Out of the samples that tested positive for anti-HBc, 50% had anti-HBs Ag, 25% had anti-HBe Ag, and 25% had anti-HBe. Except for four out of sixteen individuals who tested positive for HBV-DNA, Our research has shown, through the results of the ELISA test, that the results of the surface antigen (HBs Ag) screening test are inaccurate. This is due to several reasons, including that the detection of the surface antigen (HBs Ag) may have been conducted during the window period, which is the period when the surface antigen disappears during the examination, and all of the liver function tests came back within normal limits. The average levels of (ALT) in \'\'HBV-PCR\'\' positive participants were 14 IU/l, whereas the levels of (AST) were 23.7 IU/l.

One hundred fifty samples of septicemia infections were collected for patients at the Women’s and Children’s Hospital and Ramadi General Teaching Hospital in the city of Ramadi (Anbar Governorate) during the period from 31/7/2023 to 1/11/2023. The samples were cultured on blood agar medium, chocolate agar medium, MacConkey agar medium, and mannitol salt agar medium, The results showed that 36 blood samples out of a total of 150 samples were culture positive, while 114 samples were culture negative, The results of the diagnosis of bacterial isolates indicated that the most common cause of septicemia is Staphylococcus spp. Bacteria, in the rate of 61% of the total bacterial isolates, Followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria at the rate of 28%, Then Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria at the rate of 11% of the total bacterial isolates, which is the lowest percentage in the incidence of infection of septicemia, The isolates were diagnosed using bacteriological and biochemical tests and the Vitek-2 device, and their diagnosis was confirmed molecularly using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, In addition, the resistance to ten types of antibiotics was tested for the bacterial isolates under study using the disc diffusion method. The antibiotics included (Amikacin, Doxycilline, Augmentin, Linezolid, Imipenem, Levofloxacin, Trimemtheprim, Gentamicin, Rifampicin, and Aztreonam); the results of the resistance test showed Antibiotics have a significant difference in resistance and sensitivity rates among bacterial species.

This study investigates the physicochemical characteristics of the Euphrates River in Al-Saqlawiya, Anbar, during the winter to summer seasons (October 2022 - July 2023). Water samples were collected from five sites, and parameters including temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, and chlorides were analyzed. Mean values for these parameters varied across the seasons, with the highest values for temperature (29.56°C), turbidity (3.12 NTU), and electrical conductivity (1535.8 μS/cm) observed during the summer. In contrast, the lowest values for these parameters were observed during the winter (18.4°C, 1.11 NTU, and 1399.6 μS/cm, respectively). These findings provide valuable insights into the seasonal variations in the water quality of the Euphrates River, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and management strategies to ensure its sustainability.

The current study aims to investigate the qualitative and quantitative makeup of epiphytic algae on the aquatic host plant Ceratophyllum demersum L. Four locations along the Al-Warar Canal, Ramadi Governorate were surveyed during the seasons of Autumn 2022, Winter 2022, Spring 2023, and Summer 2023. The study also involved quantifying the physiochemical parameters, including Temperture of water, pH, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Sulphate (SO4-2), Demand Oxygen (DO), Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Nitrate (NO3−), and Phosphate (PO43−). The total number of epiphytic algae species was two hundred thirty-six communities of algae attached to the C. demersum L plant, belonging to 57 genera, which were identified during the study period. The phylum Cyanophyceae (8) genera, belonging to (34) species, were identified, while the green algae Chlorophyceae (20) genera, belonging to (65) species, were identified. The diatom algae Bacillariophyceae has been identified in (27) genera, dating back to (133) species. The order of the diatom algae, Bacillariophyceae-centralis, has been identified in (2) genera, dating back to (4) species. The order of the feathery diatom algae Bacillariophyceae-Pennales has been identified in (25) genera dating back to (125). As for the Euglenophyceae algae, (2) genus belonging to four species have been identified.

This study aims to assess the inhibitory effectiveness of copper nanoparticles against 47 diagnosed isolations belonging to Escherichia coli bacteria out of 100 isolated from Urinary tract patients and then compare them with 12 types of antibiotics. This study was conducted in the postgraduate laboratory of the Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Education of Samarra University from 3/9/2023 to 20/3/2024. The statistical analysis showed moral differences in the inhibitory diameters of nanoscale copper particles compared to antibiotics towards E.coli bacteria. Among the highest antibiotics that gave high inhibition are antibiotic antibiotics 40.3 40.1, 40.1, 40, 34.6, 38.5 at concentrations 0.2, 0.1, 0.075, 0.050, 0.025 mg/ml, respectively, followed by anti-Cefotaxime giving high effectiveness with inhibition diameters 40.3, 40.1, 39.7 38.2, 34.1, mm, followed by counter 40.4 Ceftriaxone 40.3, 34.5, 32.2, 30.0 mm, followed by antibiotic Tetracycline gave drops inhibited 40.3, 40.1, 40, 38.4 30.1, mm, as for anti-Gentamicin it was inhibitive diameters 40.1, 37.4, 40.1, 34.8 33.2, mm, the anti-Samacycline has given drops inhibited, 39.4 38.0, 34.7, 32.5 30.1, mm, while Nitrofurantoin has given inhibition drops 35.1, 34,33.4, 32.4, 30.0 mm, as for the anti-Ciprofloxacin it gave the diameters inhibited 40.1 38.2, 25.7, 31.0, 23.5 mm, the anti-Azithromycin it gave the drops inhibited, 31.5 29.4, 30, 28.0, 25.6 mm, the anti-Sulfamethoxazole has given drops inhibited by 10.1,13.1 17.7, 14.7, 13.1, mm. Amoxicillin gave inhibition droplets, 28, 22.8 12.1, 14.5,14.5mm. The anti-Ampicillin gave diameters inhibited by 16.7 13.1,, 16.4 and 13.0, 10.1 mm. The inhibitory effectiveness results of CuONPs against E.coli bacteria as the inhibitory effectiveness diameter rates varied, as the inhibitory diameters were 30.1 28.1, 26.1, 25.2, 33.2, mm respectively at 0.2, 0.1, 0.075, 0.050, 0.025 mg/mL. These results of the possession of nanoparticles have shown high inhibitory effectiveness against bacteria.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes fatal bacterial infections and is resistant to environmental conditions such as lack of nutrients. Inorganic phosphate is considered one of the essential nutrients in bacterial cell metabolism. the period of our study from September 2020 to May 2021, In our study, the effect of phosphate starvation on A.baumannii growth in M9 minimal medium, and on the expression of phoH (psiE) gene was determined. The expression level of phoH increased about 10 folds in the presence of K2HPO4 and about 5-fold with KH2PO4 in A. baumannii ATCC17904. Unlikely, in A. baumannii HHR1, phoH gene expression is remarkably induced with Na2HPO4, where the level of expression is about 25-folds higher than that of global strain. However, phoH increased by 3–fold with KH2PO4 in comparison to global strain. The growth of A. baumannii isolates in M9 medium exhibits different traits in the presence of inorganic phosphate sources, whereas the highest growth in global strainATCC17904 with Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 together. While the local isolate exhibits the highest growth in the presence of NaH2PO4, whereas the eight clinical isolates showed growth variation in response to different sources. The clinically isolated A. baumannii L1, and L4 showed a higher growth rate with Na2HPO4, whereas L3 has the highest growth in K2HPO4/KH2PO4. L2, L5, L6, L7 and L8 reached a high growth rate with the combination of Na2HPO4/ NaH2PO4 , as for PhoH protein was around 41 kDa, inorganic phosphate salts have been varying effects on PhoH protein in both strains , in stander strain is obvious in all fractions of the standard strain, however, in the presence of NaH2PO4 and a combination of Na2HOP4/ NaH2PO4, expression of PhoH protein in HHR1 is decreased and appeared as a fiant band in SDS-PAG

Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes fatal bacterial infections and is resistant to environmental conditions such as lack of nutrients. Inorganic phosphate is considered one of the essential nutrients in bacterial cell metabolism. the period of our study from September 2020 to May 2021, In our study, the effect of phosphate starvation on A.baumannii growth in M9 minimal medium, and on the expression of phoH (psiE) gene was determined. The expression level of phoH increased about 10 folds in the presence of K2HPO4 and about 5-fold with KH2PO4 in A. baumannii ATCC17904. Unlikely, in A. baumannii HHR1, phoH gene expression is remarkably induced with Na2HPO4, where the level of expression is about 25-folds higher than that of global strain. However, phoH increased by 3–fold with KH2PO4 in comparison to global strain. The growth of A. baumannii isolates in M9 medium exhibits different traits in the presence of inorganic phosphate sources, whereas the highest growth in global strainATCC17904 with Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4 together. While the local isolate exhibits the highest growth in the presence of NaH2PO4, whereas the eight clinical isolates showed growth variation in response to different sources. The clinically isolated A. baumannii L1, and L4 showed a higher growth rate with Na2HPO4, whereas L3 has the highest growth in K2HPO4/KH2PO4. L2, L5, L6, L7 and L8 reached a high growth rate with the combination of Na2HPO4/ NaH2PO4 , as for PhoH protein was around 41 kDa, inorganic phosphate salts have been varying effects on PhoH protein in both strains , in stander strain is obvious in all fractions of the standard strain, however, in the presence of NaH2PO4 and a combination of Na2HOP4/ NaH2PO4, expression of PhoH protein in HHR1 is decreased and appeared as a fiant band in SDS-PAG

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of pollution caused by vehicle emissions due to increased traffic on the leaves of C. macrocarpa on the main street in Hit. on the main street of Hit, located approximately 70 km. west of Ramadi, the center of Al Anbar Governorate, Where the traffic is highly concentrated due to the presence of markets and medical clinics. Three locations were selected based on varying levels of traffic congestion along the main street (Alchery): Site 1 had low congestion, Site 2 had moderate congestion, and Site 3 had high congestion. A control sample was stored away from pollution sources. This pollution measure in the plant indicates the effects of pollutants on living organisms. Various anatomical changes in the leaves were studied. The study lasted 40 hours over 10 days, with 4 hours daily observation. The results showed that plants in the most congested areas were the most affected by a significant increase in the reduction of all studied anatomical traits, such as stomatal diameter, guard cell size, epidermal cells, and stomatal number. The greatest decrease was observed at Site 3, with the decrease lessening as traffic congestion reduced in Sites 2 and 1, respectively, compared to the control sample. These results were consistent for both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves.

Saccharomyces ellipsoideus is a yeast species with metabolites that enhance resistance to acidity, act as an anti-inflammatory agent, and stimulate the immune system. Additionally, S. ellipsoideus exhibits antimicrobial effects against intestinal bacterial pathogens. S. ellipsoideus yeast was sourced from local markets in Ramadi City to be tested against the growth of bacterial species, including Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial susceptibility to S. ellipsoideus metabolites was tested using the agar diffusion method. The study findings indicate that S. ellipsoideus cultivated in modified media demonstrated increased antimicrobial activity against the five bacterial species over time. The most significant antimicrobial effects were observed against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. marcescens, particularly after an incubation period of 168 hours, where inhibition zones of 19 mm and 18 mm were recorded, respectively. S. ellipsoideus effectively inhibits the growth of five bacterial species. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of S. ellipsoideus was significantly enhanced when grown in modified media compared to nutrient media.

In this study, cadmium selenide (CdSe) thin films were grown on glass substrates by a low-cost method (chemical spry pyrolysis (CSP). Different temperatures (350,300,250 ºC) were used to prepare CdSe thin films. X-RD, energy band gap (Eg) and (SEM ) scanning electron microscopy were used to study the effect of change in temperature on the films. X-RD analysis revealed that the minor shifting in diffraction angle, intensity, and full-width half-maximum caused variation in crystallite size. The relation between crystallite size and the temperature was directly proportional and found to be (43.2,41.7 and 38.8 nm) at temperatures (350,300 and 250 ˚C), respectively, with dislocation density and microstrain inversely proportional with depositing temperature. Increasing the temperature also affects the energy band gap, and the change was inversely between them(2.06, 1.97 and 1.95 eV). SEM results showed the effect of the prepared factor (temperature) on the surface morphology and best homogeneity in shape and size for samples prepared at temperatures (300 ˚C) .

Conjugate gradient (CG) methods are renowned for their efficiency in optimizing problems due to their speed and memory use. However, certain formulations of CG methods frequently change between different parameters, potentially omitting valuable values. Additionally, proving adequate descent properties in these methods often relies on a strategy that assumes the ability to exclude specific function values. This study introduces a novel spectral CG (SCG) algorithm that integrates both the spectral gradient parameter and conjugate gradient coefficient. This method stands out for its applicability to large-scale unconstrained optimization problems. Initial numerical findings employing a robust Wolfe line search are provided to showcase the method's efficiency. The spectral coefficient in the field of optimization is a concept used to enhance the performance of search algorithms in unconstrained optimization. It is typically employed in the context of line search methods to improve the convergence rate of algorithms. In optimization algorithms, the spectral coefficient helps adjust the step size to achieve faster convergence towards the optimal solution. The coefficient is calculated based on information from previous iterations of the algorithm. A common application of this concept is in the Spectral Gradient method, where the spectral coefficient is used to modify the gradient direction to accelerate the search process. In this method, the spectral coefficient is used to determine the step length in each iteration, aiming to achieve an optimal balance between speed and stability in finding the optimal solution

The study aims to determine the numerical solution of partial differential equations of the ellipse type, both linear and non-linear. One of the most popular methods for solving partial differential equations is the finite differences method, which provides accurate approximations in comparison to the actual solution of the problem. The study provided clarification by utilizing the Laplace equation's numerical and analytical solution as one example of a partial differential equation of the linear ellipse kind. Regarding the study of solving partial differential equations of the type of nonlinear ellipse that is difficult to solve theoretically, we were satisfied with finding the formula only and programming it to obtain the required results. We then used the MATLAB system to find the solution to these equations. The results showed that the numerical solution is superior to the analytical solution because it can solve complex problems numerically, which is what the analytical solution cannot master accurately.

In this paper, we explore the geometric structure of (57, 2)-blocking set in the projective plane PG(2, 19). By leveraging this structure, we construct a new (324, 18)-arc and derive a novel linear code with parameters [324,3,306]_19. Additionally, we systematically analyze the Grismer bound to determine whether this code is optimal or non-optimal, providing rigorous evidence through detailed stratification. Our investigation includes examples of arcs in the finite field PG(2, 19), and we demonstrate how these constructions contribute to the broader understanding of coding theory and finite geometry. The study also introduces new methodologies for identifying and characterizing blocking sets, arcs, and linear codes, expanding the potential for error correction, data transmission, and cryptography applications. By presenting concrete examples and theoretical insights, we aim to bridge the gap between geometric constructions and their practical implications in coding theory. Furthermore, this research underscores the significance of projective geometry in developing innovative solutions to long-standing problems in combinatorics and information theory. Through these findings, we contribute to the ongoing advancement of optimal code discovery and analysis within the finite field context.

The primary function of AES is security; this is where the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) comes into play. Combining AES with an application significantly impacts its capacity to safeguard sensitive data. These include secure communications or private financial transactions. The adoption of AES in 2001 led to extensive evaluations that consistently demonstrated the effectiveness of AES in preventing attacks from all angles. The investigation suggests making the schedule of AES's keys more flexible to increase its resistance to direct attacks and other potential dangers. Another thing that the probe could consider is incorporating some of the information from Camellia's primary schedule of attacks with the AES algorithm; this would lead to a renaissance of Camellia's vulnerability to cyberattacks due to its complex design. The merge of these advanced Camellia Block Cipher properties onto the already standing AES structure could then bear fruit rich and plentiful. Later, we used the NIST-800-22 test suite to assess the randomness of the altered algorithm, and then we compared the new algorithm to the original AES. The outcomes show significant enhancements to the enhanced algorithm compared to the standard AES.

The study area is located in northeastern Iraq within the borders of Sulaymaniyah, about 30 km west of Sulaymaniyah Governorate. This study aims to evaluate the mud deposits for the manufacture of clay bricks. A group of formations exposed back to the Tertiary period is revealed in this area: the Kolosh Formation, which consists of a sequence of dark-colored clay deposits, the Sinjar Formation, which consists mainly of limestone, the Gercus Formation, which consists of sequences of red clay and marl, and the Pila Spi Formation, which consists of limestone, in addition to the quaternary deposits consisting mainly of clay. The physical properties were studied, which included the grain size, atterburg limits, and moisture content. The chemical properties were also studied using the technique of (XRF). The mineral properties of the clay in the study area were studied using the technique of (XRD). The study of physical and chemical properties showed that the Kolosh Formation deposits are unfitious for the manufacture of bricks due to the lack of clay, which helps in the formation of models, in addition to the very high magnesium ratio 22%. These properties are infectious for the manufacture of the bricks. As for the clays of Gercus Formatin, the physical properties showed that they contained a high percentage of clay, up to 52%, then sand, which up to 31%, and contained a low percentage of clay, up to 17%. The physical properties also showed that the plasticity limit is high and needs additional amounts of water to form bricks. The mineral study showed that it contains paleogorskite, this was chemically reflected, as the results of (XRF) showed that it contains a high percentage of magnesium up to 9% and a high percentage of iron. The study also showed the failure of the samples prepared from the Gercus Formation samples due to the high absorption rate and low compressive strength. As for the quaternary deposits, they consist mainly of clays up to 60%, a high percentage of silt 47%, and a small percentage of sand 6%. The physical properties also showed that the plasticity limit is low, which helps in the formation of bricks. The mineral study also showed the presence of clay minerals (montmorillint, ilite, paleogorskite, and chlorite). As for the chemical properties, they contain a good percentage of alumina up to 9% and a percentage of iron up to 5% to a low percentage of magnesium. The study showed that bricks using Quaternary deposits fall into category A according to Iraqi Standard Specification No. 25.