Journal of Al-Farahidis Arts

Mesopotamia has been known since the third millennium BC. Legislation of laws and the dissemination of justice in society in all its sects, and those laws were written in the Sumerian and Babylonian languages, and we have come to us in the form of clay tablets as in the laws of Ur-Nammu Sumerian, and the laws of Ishtar and the laws of Eshnuna, or in the form of a stone obelisk as in the Code of Hammurabi, and the legal materials find their echo In the clay tablets that include purchase and sale transactions, adoption, marriage contracts, trade organization .. .etc. These laws continued to be dealt with for a long period even after the fall of Babylon (539 BC). In the era of the Achaemenid state, justice continued to exist and to be followed up by the higher authorities, including them. The ruler of Babylon and across the river (meaning the Euphrates River) is called Gūbaru. We have received a clay figure that includes legal issues that call for an interview with the ruler of Babylon or his intervention on behalf of the Achaemenid king. These tablets give a picture of the extent of the Babylonians’ commitment to justice and its application and help the oppressed in the face of exploitation or non-fulfillment. The presence of the defendants before the judges was obligatory, or the animals and their owners were brought in to resolve the dispute between the parties, and the study proved that there is no discrimination between people even if they are of other races, as justice applies to everyone.

God Almighty has imposed on Muslims the obligation of zakat, and made it one of the pillars of Islam, for a great ruling and noble goals, and that it is represented in purifying souls and purifying them from stinginess and miserliness: (But alms to the poor and the poor and those who work on them and the author of their hearts and in the necks and the jealous and for the sake of God and the son of the way is a duty from God and God knows the wise) Then the Prophet Muhammad () came and confirmed it, separated it, and specified the money in which zakat is due: They are of five types: the two currencies, even if not multiplied, and what replaces them of banknotes, metal and ores, trade offers, crops and fruits, and the public livestock, and their amount. It is the nisab for gold twenty mithqal or dinars, and the nisab for silver is two hundred dirhams, and the nisab for grain and fruits after drying at non-Hanafists is five wasqs (653 kg). Reason, and the fact that money is from which zakat is obligatory, and the full ownership of money, and the passing of the year on the ownership of the quorum, and the lack of debt, and there are emerging images of zakat that were not known to the predecessors and therefore they did not research them to bring down an appropriate legal ruling in it, so I dealt with part of it in this research, which is zakat reward The end of the service, where it showed its nature, its necessity and the demands, then the conclusion, references and index