Al-iraqia University The college of law and political science journal

The study of the relationship between climate change and the resulting various environmental problems and disasters and between basic human rights, foremost of which is the right to live in a safe and clean environment, is of great importance by human rights bodies and institutions and by many researchers in humanitarian and scientific disciplines as well.

This is because the changes taking place in the natural environment of man, especially those related to global warming, the escalation of pollution rates, water scarcity, the shrinking of green spaces, the spread of drought, the expansion of desertification and the spread of epidemics, affect, either directly or indirectly, human rights in his life, security, stability, livelihood and health, and it is a sufficient justification to study this The issue, which has become, in fact, a humanitarian problem that is not limited to a particular society, but rather includes almost all human societies, as it warns of the outbreak of internal and internal disputes and conflicts, whose features have begun to appear in more than one geographical area.

Hence, the main objective of this research is to study climate change and its impact on human rights, especially the right to live in a safe and clean environment in accordance with the regulations approved by international conventions.

To achieve this, the research relied on the propositions of the analytical descriptive approach in dealing with the phenomenon, the subject of the research, which was divided in addition to the introduction and conclusion into three sections:

The first section examines the theoretical framework for the concept of climate change and the concept of human rights

The second topic deals with the impact of climate change on human rights

The third topic deals with the effects of environmental pollution on human rights in the regions of southern Iraq.

Global climate change began with an increase in average global temperatures by nearly one degree Celsius since 1850, and in some places the impact of these changes is more evident. For example, temperatures in the Arctic have increased by three to four degrees Celsius over the past fifty years The past twelve years are among the warmest years ever recorded, and the same is true for Antarctica.

These changes affect a range of human and natural systems. Scientists have observed changes in the timing of the seasons, the range of plant and animal species, and regional patterns of precipitation, floods, droughts, and rising sea levels.

The importance of the issue lies in the fact that climate changes are challenges with a transnational global impact that is not limited to global warming (global warming), but may result in natural disasters or sea level rise as a result of glacial melting, and its impact on human security

The debt and the claim may be transferred from the debtor to another person who takes the place of the debtor in fulfilling the debt against the creditor through the transfer of the debt. The obligation is transferred by means of a debt assignment between the original debtor and the new debtor after the creditor's approval and approval of that assignment. The creditor faces the new debtor in obtaining the debt when the deadline for its fulfillment comes. Assignment of debt is a contract between the assignor and the assignee to whom the obligation is transferred, according to which the debt and the claim for it are transferred from the responsibility of the first debtor to the responsibility of the second debtor after the approval of the creditor. If the original debtor transfers the debt of the creditor's opponent to the new debtor by an unrestricted transfer to fulfill the debt owed by the transferor (the original debtor) to transfer to the transferee (the new debtor), the transfer is absolute. But if the debt is transferred from the debtor of the transferor to the transferee subject to payment from the debt of the transferor with the transferee, or from the property that he has with him, then the transfer is restricted. And if the creditor rejects the transfer between the two contracting parties (the transferor and the transferee), it is not enforceable against the creditor, even if it remains valid between the contracting parties. Hence, the obligation of the original debtor remains burdened with the debt towards the creditor, and he must pay the debt. Therefore, the agreement between the assignor and the assignee on the transfer of the debt is considered as a contract that is dependent on the approval of the assignee. If the creditor agrees, the debt is transferred from the original debtor to the transferee in his capacity, guarantees, and defenses. The assignee then has the right to return to the assignee to claim the debt when the deadline for its fulfillment comes, and this leads to the assignor’s discharge from the debt, and the claim together

The Federal Public Service Council is one of the bodies established by the constitution of the Republic of Iraq in force in order to organize the affairs of the public office in the state, and given the discretion that this council enjoys in matters of appointment, reappointment and promotion, so it was necessary to subject its work to political oversight represented by parliamentary oversight In order to achieve a kind of balance between the requirements of the public interest on the one hand, and the rights of individuals on the other hand, given that Parliament is the expression of the will of the people, so it monitors the work of the executive authority, including independent bodies, including the Federal Public Service Council.
The means of parliamentary oversight on the Federal Public Service Council vary between the means mentioned in the constitutional texts
And others mentioned in the legal texts represented by the question and the investigation as well as the interrogation.

The relations that bind countries to each other, and with regard to their maritime borders with their neighbors, and with countries that use the sea for various purposes and purposes with neighboring countries, and it is known that the ways of using the sea have diversified in the present era, and types of relations have arisen because of it, and some problems have occurred for it. Therefore, the need necessitated the organization of land and sea borders, aspects of its use, and utilization of its resources at all levels.

Among those regulations relating to sea waters is the Law of the Sea; Which regulates ways to benefit from it outside the regional maritime borders of countries, and this law, which determined the method of negotiation between delegates of different countries, and became one of the international documents that concern all countries at the regional and international levels, and others without exception, and for that reason the researchers wrote on this important topic to get to know The concept of territorial waters and the laws regulating in accordance with international law and international and regional agreements.

The Corona virus was considered a global pandemic based on the World Health Organization's declaration on March 11, 2020, as it announced that the outbreak of the new "Corona" virus, which causes the "Covid-19" disease, had reached the levels of a global pandemic. In a number of countries, an outbreak has been detected The disease resulted from deficiencies in the public health and social care systems, which made it difficult to protect vulnerable populations and reduce disease transmission.

In response to this crisis, governments have worked to prioritize everyone's right to health, and for fear of the rapid spread of the epidemic, home quarantine has been imposed, with which more than 90 countries have worked. These measures have not been accompanied by economic and social policies that can reduce the burdens and consequences, which It led to political and legal effects, which we will try to address in the research by answering a number of questions that will be raised. It was discussed in two sections. In the first section, we dealt with the political effects, and in the second section, the legal effects.

Since the beginning of the first societies, diseases and epidemics appear from time to time, and many of their victims fall very quickly, and this spread always causes terror among citizens and stops their working life. Therefore, states always try to avoid these epidemics and develop appropriate solutions for the conduct of public life.

Despite the seriousness of the Corona virus, some may appear who underestimate the disease and invite others to mix and not adhere to prevention and health instructions, and this behavior constitutes a crime of incitement to spread the infection of the Corona pandemic, if it is responded to.

The subject is of great importance as it is directly related to people’s lives, as it is a vital subject. Despite this, many citizens are ignorant of the punitive texts related to the subject of incitement to spread infection and epidemics. This may be due to the absence of a special law to regulate the provisions of this subject, despite the inclusion of some texts in the Iraqi Penal Code. In addition to the Public Health Law, it was necessary to research the regulation of this subject in addition to the need to determine the appropriate penalty.

The legislator has criminalized every intentional act that may spread a dangerous disease that harms the lives of individuals, so this crime is a serious crime, as it does not necessitate the occurrence of harm, rather his act is likely to cause harm. If the damage occurred and that act resulted without the intent of death or permanent disability, the offender shall be punished with the penalty prescribed for the crime of beating leading to death or the crime of permanent disability, as the case may be, provided that the act does not intend death or harm, because in this case the provisions of premeditated murder or intentional harm apply according to the circumstances. Adverbs.

Similarly, the crime of accidentally causing the spread of a dangerous disease is stipulated in Article 369 of the Penal Code, and here the legislator requires the occurrence of the consequence represented in the spread of the disease.

The human brain is the center that drives all body organs and controls all the body's functions. Therefore, since the beginning of studying science, scientists have sought to research and understand the brain and its associated effects on human behaviors. Also, they strived to explore the mysterious secrets of various mental diseases and whether these diseases make people lose consciousness and awareness.

In this regard, law philosophers have diverse opinions about the impact of mental diseases and disorders on human free will and behavior—moreover, the effect of that on penal responsibility for mentally ill criminals.

Most legal jurisprudence has considered awareness as an essential element of criminal responsibility based on the infliction of punishment. Accordingly, the Iraqi legislator proceeded. Mind...).

A person may be born with one or more disabilities, in which case they should receive special treatment commensurate with their disability. Therefore, legislators in countries took notice and enacted laws to regulate the treatment of people with disabilities. On the international side, efforts resulted in the signing of a Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006, to which most countries have acceded. The legislation dealt with the definition of disability, how to diagnose it, the body responsible for diagnosis, and the rights acquired by people with disabilities due to their disability. However, we will limit ourselves to the definition of disability, the statement of the person responsible for diagnosing it, the procedures required for that diagnosis, and finally the standard used to grant people with disabilities their rights. Where we will address the definition of disability in language and terminology, and we will find that there are two criteria for disability: the first is medical that focuses on the defect that affects a particular organ, and the second is comprehensive that adds social and environmental factors to the medical factor; and we will see the position of the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which adopted the comprehensive criterion, and was followed by the Iraqi legislator in the Law on the Care of People with Disabilities and Special Needs No. (38) of (2013). Then we move on to discuss the international and domestic legal aspect of the concept of the aforementioned term, and then we turn to the types of disabilities. Then we come to the statement of procedures for diagnosing disability, first talking about the competent authority for diagnosis, and then the procedures to be followed for this purpose. Finally, we talk about the criterion by which the disabled are entitled to the rights stipulated in the relevant laws, as there are two criteria followed by the Iraqi legislator in this field: the first is medical and the second is economic. Note that we will only shed light on Iraqi legislation and the International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities because the research pages are limited to a certain number. We will address the draft first amendment to the Disability Care Law in some pages of the research to indicate the extent of the planned changes.

Interest in plastic surgeries has increased in the last two decades, as plastic surgery centers and doctors’ clinics have witnessed a great turnout for hair transplantation, liposuction, enlarging or reducing a part of the body, and other ameliorative rather than curative 9surgeries. This is due to the spread of reality shows and social networking sites, which have established specific concepts about beauty and made their followers feel dissatisfied with their bodies and shapes. With the increase in the demand for such operations, we are constantly witnessing news about the death or disability of many people, including celebrities, due to some plastic surgeries. This raises the problem of the criminal responsibility of the plastic surgeon. Is there a special text regulating such surgeries and the accountability arising from them? Or is they are governed by the general rules only? This is what this research paper is seeking to answer.

The rise of the Salafists in the political scene imposed great questions, not only on the path of intellectual transformations within the movement, but also on the level of the new political scene and the relationship between the different Islamic players, including the Brotherhood, the center and the Salafis, and the relationship with other political currents such as secularism, which raised the rise of the Salafists and their involvement in the political scene of great concern. It has, as the Salafis found themselves facing a new reality that is completely different from the previous stage. They have a real crossroads ahead of them. Either they maintain their previous aversion to politics and accept to be on the sidelines of new historical transformations, or they turn against their previous position on political action, reconsider their proposals and try to reconcile the changes. The new and pre-revolutionary ideology, as the Salafis of Egypt did, to be the inspiration that the partisan and parliamentary Salafi experience can leave on their Salafist brothers in other parts of the Arab world, whether revolutions such as Egypt, Libya, Tunisia and Yemen have taken place, or not such as Jordan, Morocco and the Gulf.

Since 2003, Iraq has witnessed a major political change represented by changing the political system from a political system that relies on one party to a pluralistic political system based on multi-partisanship. Political alliances in Iraq have been and still are the axis upon which any political process in the country is based, since the first elections held in the country after the end of the former regime. However, the importance of these alliances has increased recently - prior to the formation of Al-Sudani's government - with the unprecedented political impasse, and each of the allied parties clinging to each other's position, amid questions about the fate of the political process in Iraq in light of the continuation of these alliances, or even their disintegration in the event Failure to reach a conclusion removes the crisis situation. And if we accept that the principle of consensual democracy adopted by Iraq, and proportional representation in its electoral system, is a government composed of coalitions that are more capable of making policies in a manner that is stable and moderate. and that policies backed by broad consensus are more successfully implemented and proven to be more effective than policies imposed by "decisive" government against the wishes of significant sectors of society.

The restructuring of some official institutions or the occurrence of qualitative developments in the phenomena adopted by these institutions within the democratic transformations in Iraq after 2003, as democracy became the method of governance, and perhaps the most important outcome of this democracy is to give women’s issues and rights a major priority, as it represents the most important part of the issue of respecting human rights. So national executive mechanisms were formed to achieve a basic goal, which is to highlight the rights and issues of Iraqi women. Our research aimed to examine the reality of those national mechanisms as well as the efforts that resulted in clear and rewarding results. Or did they fail to achieve their desired outcome? With the creation of future scenes of national mechanisms that address the issues faced by Iraqi women.

The arrival of the Justice and Development Party in 2002 constituted a new case in Turkish foreign policy, as it gave a fundamental shift in the way Turkey deals with the issues that are the focus of its attention. It moved towards pragmatic policies based on zeroing problems and maximising the gains that can be obtained. Turkey's position and importance helped in giving it a new role, and accordingly it is also aware of the strengths in its foreign policy, and one of the most important factors that helped is the presence of political elites such as Ahmed Daoud Davutoglu, who held several positions and who was able through his vision known as neo-Ottomanism to enhance Turkey’s position in Europe, Asia and Africa and to take Turkish political behavior to participation and effectiveness in a way that was not entrusted to him before. Ahmed Davutoglu wanted to take advantage of Turkey’s advantages as much as possible and that He stays away from the factors that would weaken Turkey's regional role.

Populism represents one of the controversial concepts that does not have a specific conceptual structure, as it differs according to time and place. There are those who consider it an ideology and others describe it as a political current, but in general it is an act of mobilization based on action and reaction with the presence of a charismatic leader and a marginalized group, and it is one of the phenomena that have accompanied human societies since The past was represented by the emergence of demagogues and with the development of societies and political systems, contemporary populism emerged, which was embodied by many political leaders, but the most prominent of them is President Donald Trump, as his accession to power in the United States of America coincided with many political, economic and cultural crises and accumulations that affected the American depth, using harsh speeches that reflect intentions and actions Unprecedented populism, based on support for white conservative Christians, with an emphasis on nationalism and attracting the less fortunate sectors, and this was reflected in the political system in the United States of America and the entire international system.