iasj@rdd.edu.iq | +964 XXX XXX XXXX

العربية | English

Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

Volume: 38

Issue: 4

Publication Year: 2025

Publication Date: October 2025

Articles in This Issue

Pages 1-463

1

The First Record of Fusarium incarnatum as Wilting Agent on Tomato Plants in Iraq

Rasha Khalid Hussein Al- Masoudi, Neamat J. AL Judy

Pages: 1-9 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Fusarium wilt is one of the most significant diseases that affects tomato plants and is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum, whether in fields or greenhouses. The current research aimed to identify the Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. agent that causes Fusarium wilt on tomato plants for the first time in Iraq by morphological and molecular methods, in addition to detecting the phylogenetic distance and similarity of the Iraqi isolates to other isolates globally. In January of 2023, the wilt signs were apparent on wilted tomato plants in Al-Mahmoudiya fields in Iraq. The isolate was confirmed and molecularly diagnosed according to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The sequences of ITS region for the isolate have been presented to the database in the NCBI Gen Bank for the first time, and it obtained their accession number (OQ439282.1). F.incarantum was isolated and purified and identified by using morphological and microscopic features, the morphological features of F.incarnatum isolate were observed on PDA media and under a microscope revealed that macroconidia have curved shapes, three to five septate, and basal cells with a foot shape. The pathogenicity of the fungus F.incarnatum showed the fungus's ability to cause wilting disease in healthy tomato plants at 90.33%, this demonstrates that the Fusarium isolate can create strains that can attack the host continually. Additionally, the phylogenetic tree revealed the genetic relationship between the Iraq isolate and other global isolates and it showed the Iraq isolate (OQ439282.1) is in the same clade as the Turkey isolate, India isolates, and China isolate with similarity 100%, and this clade shares 99.60% similarity with another clade, including Thailand, Taiwan, Nigeria, South Korea, Pakistan, Japan, Egypt, USA, and Tunisia isolates. As far as we are aware, this is the first morphological and molecular recording of F.incarantum on an Iraqi tomato plants

Keywords

Fusarium incarnatum Iraqi isolate phylogenetic tree Tomato Plant Wilting agent

2

Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure

Hala Basil Abdulameer, May Khaleel Ismael

Pages: 10-17 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases known as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) has been linked to both healthy and unhealthy kidney physiology. Members of the MMP family known as gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) are essential for the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This effect plays a significant role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).and as an indicator of chronic renal failure (CRF), which is a permanent loss of kidney function that occurs when the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls below 60 ml/min/1.73 m² for more than 3 months. The presented study was established to investigate the MMP-2 and -9 concentrations in the urine and serum among Iraqi patients with CRF undergoing regular weekly dialysis at the Hamida Al-Misfaa dialysis center of Al-Kadhimiyah Educational Hospital as well as the dialysis center of AL Yarmouk Hospital in Baghdad between November 2022 and January 2023. Detection was done using the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The results indicated that MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression levels in both serum and urine were considerably higher in-patient groups compared to healthy individuals

Keywords

CRF Detection ELISA MMPs

3

Distribution of Macrolides Resistant Genes among Local Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus spp. from Root Canal and Urine Samples

Nabaa Kamil Molan, Alyaa Razooqi Hussein

Pages: 18-28 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Gram-positive enterococci are opportunistic and resistant to many antibiotics. This search investigated the prevalence of macrolide antibiotic resistance genes in local enterococcal isolates and its correlation with biofilm formation. We collected 112 clinical samples from the Medical City Hospital, dentists' clinics, and labs in Baghdad from October 2022 to March 2023, which included root canal samples from 50 patients and urine samples from 62 patients with urinary tract infections. The samples were cultured on Pfizer-specific Enterococcus media. Twenty-one isolates were identified as Enterococcus spp. by biochemical tests and confirmed using the VITEK 2 system. After that, the crystal violet staining method was used to assess enterococci isolates' ability to form biofilms in a polystyrene microtiter, and then molecular detection was done to detect the ermB gene. The results revealed that the percentage of enterococcal isolates positive for the ermB gene was 87.5% in root canal samples. In urine samples, the percentage of enterococcal isolates with the same gene was 84.6%. All isolates succeeded in forming biofilm; for urine isolates, 77% and 23% of isolates formed moderate and strong biofilm, respectively. While for root canal isolates, 12.5%, 75%, and 12.5% of isolates formed weak, moderate, and strong biofilm, respectively. We conclude in this study that the ermB gene was detected in enterococcal isolates from the tooth root canal and urine samples, with a higher prevalence percentage in urine sample isolates than tooth root canal isolates. Finally, the findings demonstrated that there is no connection between this gene's existence and the tested isolates' ability to create biofilms.

Keywords

Enterococcus spp ermB gene macrolide antibiotics root canal samples urine samples

4

Correlating Between Demographic Distribution and Hematological Parameters in Samples of Iraqi Patients with Colorectal Cancer

Rasha Abbas Azeez, Suha Abdul-Khaliq Al-Jowari, Hayder Jamal Mahmood

Pages: 29-39 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The current study found no statistically significant difference in gender or age values between the colorectal cancer (n = 41), colitis (n = 19), or control groups (n = 20), despite the fact that the incidence rate of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) increased significantly with age. In addition, the data showed that alcohol raises the risk by 60.98% in the colorectal adenocarcinoma group who drank alcohol, and the male: female ratio indicated that the majority of patients with early-onset CRC were male patients compared to females. Statistically significant (P≤0.05) differences were found between CRC patients, colitis patients, and control participants who smoked. Furthermore, no significant variations in occupational exposures linked to an elevated risk of CRC were seen between study groups. One of the most fundamental peripheral blood biochemical tests, Hemoglobin (Hb) (g/dL), Red blood cell count (RBC) (×106 cells/µL), and White blood cell count (WBC) (×103 cells/µL), were used to effectively indicate abnormalities of infection and anemia and improve the accuracy of CRC detection. There were significant differences (P≤0.05) between males and females in W.B.C. count, RBC, and Hb in all types of research groups when compared with the conventional pathological test of tumor lesions. Student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA with Hochberg GT2 and Games-Howell tests, and chi-square tests were among the statistical tests used. The diagnostic prediction for CRC early screening was constructed using a panel of commonly used hematological markers, which may serve as useful adjuncts in CRC screening.

Keywords

Colorectal Cancer Demographic Distribution Hb RBC WBC

5

Detection of Some Virulence Factors, Antibiotics Resistant and esp Gene Expression in Enterococcus faecalis bacteria

Farah Mohammed Karim, Rana Mujahid Alshwaikh

Pages: 40-50

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This study aimed to identify virulence factors in Enterococcus faecalis and investigate the
expression of the esp gene responsible for biofilm formation. Seventy isolates of E. faecalis
were collected from various clinical specimens, including urine, stool, wound swabs, and
uterine secretions, from several hospitals and laboratories in Baghdad, such as the Central
Child Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, and the National Center for
Educational Laboratories, during the period from 1 July 2022 to 1 September 2022. All
isolates were confirmed as E. faecalis through microscopic examination, biochemical tests,
and the VITEK 2 system. The virulence factors investigated were haemolysin, gelatinase, and
biofilm formation. The results showed that 53.12% of isolates exhibited β-haemolysis,
90.62% were capable of forming biofilms, and 65.62% produced the enzyme gelatinase.
Antibiotic susceptibility testing using the VITEK 2 system revealed that all isolates were
sensitive to linezolid, teicoplanin, vancomycin, and tigecycline, while they showed 100%
resistance to erythromycin. Sensitivity to other antibiotics varied among isolates. Expression
of the esp gene, associated with biofilm formation, was analysed using real-time PCR based
on the SYBR Green method, with 16S rRNA as a housekeeping control gene. When the
isolates were treated with erythromycin at concentrations of 0.8 mg/L and 1.6 mg/L, no
significant increase in esp gene expression was observed. In conclusion, E. faecalis isolates
from various clinical sources in Baghdad exhibited several virulence factors, including
haemolysin, gelatinase, and strong biofilm-forming ability. The isolates showed complete
resistance to erythromycin while remaining sensitive to several other antibiotics, and
treatment with erythromycin did not enhance esp gene expression.

Keywords

Antibiotics Enterococcus faecalis gene expression. Virulence factor

6

Influence of Type of Culture Media and Light Colors on Biomass and Harvesting Time of Green Algae (Chlorococcum humicola)

Aya A.N. Al-temimi, Thaer M. I. Al-Akailly

Pages: 51-63 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The current study aimed to determine the effect of exposure to different colors of light and culture media with different concentrations of nutrients on growth curves, growth rates, doubling times of Chlorococcum humicola and different harvest times. The studied algae were grown in two different media, Chu13 and BG11 for comparison purpose with the effect of three colors of white, blue, and red lights. White light was adopted as a control factor. The harvest was carried out after the days (7, 14, 21, 28, 35) days of development to determine the highest growth rate in the shortest time during five weeks and therefore to determine the best harvest time in producing the highest growth rates and growth curves and the lowest doubling time during the experiment period of 35 days by the effect of different treatments and at a temperature of (2±25)°C and a light intensity of 3000 lux and a light system of 8/16 hours of light / darkness by conducting daily measurements by reading the absorption values and calculating the number of cells for each culture medium in each light color. The results of the study showed that the highest growth rate and the least doubling time depending on the values of absorption and the number of cells was recorded in the medium BG11 when exposed to blue light at harvest on the seventh day of the experiment. The results recorded the highest growth rate based on absorbance values and cell numbers on the seventh day of the experiment in BG11 medium with the effect of blue light.

Keywords

BG11 media Chlorococcum humicola Chu13 media green algae growth rate Harvesting time light colors Microalgae

7

Efficiency of Nano powders of Cloves, Cinnamon, and Turmeric in Ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Penicillium polonicum

Salam Nsaif Al-Tamimi, Professor Sumaiya Naeema Hawar

Pages: 64-74 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Nano powders of Cloves, Cinnamon, and Turmeric in inhibiting fungal growth and Ochratoxin a (OTA) production by Penicillium polonicum and reducing the toxin in liquid media. The research highlights the reduction of ochratoxin toxins using environmentally friendly plant Nano powders that are safe for human and animal consumption. They are mainly used in food as flavorings and preservatives. The Nano treatments of cloves, cinnamon, and the mixture (Cloves-Cinnamon-Turmeric) achieved complete inhibition of fungal growth and OTA toxin production by 100% for concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8%). The treatment of Nano Turmeric powder did not inhibit fungal growth at all concentrations. However, it inhibited OTA toxin production by 87 and 92% for concentrations 2 and 4% and by 100% for both concentrations 6 and 8%. In reducing OTA toxin, the mixture (Cloves-Cinnamon-Turmeric) was superior, with reduction rates of 95% for concentration 2% and 100% for concentrations 4, 6, and 8%. It was followed by the treatment of Clove Nano powder with reduction rates of 78, 84, 89, 94, and 100% for concentrations 0.8, 2, 4, 6 and 8% respectively. The treatment of Turmeric Nano powder came in third place in the efficiency of reducing OTA toxin with rates of 74, 79, 83, 87, and 100% for the same concentrations, respectively. As for Cinnamon Nano powder, it showed reduction rates of 68, 71, 79, 85 and 91% for the same concentrations, respectively

Keywords

cinnamon Cloves ochratoxin A Penicillium polonicum Plant Nano powder Turmeric

8

Effect of Nano-Zinc Foliar Spraying on Anatomical Characteristics of Soybean (Glycine max) Plants

Aljaf, Mouhannad Mahmood, Susan Abdul-Raheem Hasan, Al-Hadeethi, Muazaz Azeez Hasan

Pages: 75-81 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In trendy farming, the use of Nano fertilizers is raising the productivity and strength of different crops by reducing the destructive effects of environmental changes. The current study is the first in Iraq to address anatomical characteristics and the Nanoscale effect on them.
In the current study, the effect of Nano zinc oxide on the anatomy features of soybeans was tested. Concentrations of Nano zinc oxide were 0.75 and compared with control plants without spray. after doing the sections and examination, the results showed that the effect of Nano zinc oxide on the vascular bundle in the stem and midrib of leaf, also the length and width of stomata in leaf epidermis compared with control, as the stems of plants sprayed with Nano zinc were in an primary growth stage compared to the control treatment that were in secondary growth. Also, the diameter of bundles in control reached 297.3µ compared with the diameter of bundles treated with Nano zinc, which reached 116.2µ. On the other hand, the diameter of bundles in the midrib reached 135.7µ in the control and 148.1µ in the Nano zinc treatment, so the length and width of the stomata increased in the Nano zinc treatment.

Keywords

anatomy Glycine max Nano-zinc spraying

9

The Role of Foliar Nutrition in Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties under Drought Stress

Azhar Taher Sleibi, Asaad Kadhim Abdullah

Pages: 82-96

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Drought stress resulting from the depletion of available water in the soil leads to disturbances in the plant's metabolic processes, reducing productivity due to its decreased ability to absorb water and essential nutrients. This study aimed to evaluate the interactive effects of three bread wheat varieties (Adna 99, Bohooth 22, and Wafia), three drought stress levels (25% control, 50%, and 75% depletion of available water), and foliar application of micronutrients(control) iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (mn) at 100 mg L-¹) and no spraying on agro-biochemical characteristics. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that as drought conditions got worse, from 25% to 75%, the antioxidant activity increased a lot, with superoxide dismutase (SOD) going up by 138.44%, catalase (CAT) by 81.40%, α-tocopherol by 9.88%, and glycine betaine by 11.55%. On the other hand, important factors for crop yield went down during severe drought, with the number of spikes dropping by 23%, grain yield by 20.77%, weight of a thousand grains by 9.25%, biological yield by 11.53%, and harvest index by 16.33%. Among the genotypes tested, Adna 99 performed the best under severe drought when foliar micronutrients were applied, followed by Bohooth 22, while Wafia was very sensitive to both drought and lack of micronutrients. These results suggest that using foliar micronutrients along with drought-resistant genotypes could be an effective way to improve wheat production when water is scarce. Future research should focus on the molecular validation of antioxidant-related gene expression involved in drought tolerance mechanisms.

Keywords

Catalase Glycine betaine Peroxidase Proline Superoxide Dismutase α-tocopherol

10

Evaluation of Interaction Ciprofloxacin- Ascorbic Acid against Escherichia coli Inducing Urinary Tract Infection in Rats

Tabark F. Ahmed, Nibras Z. Yahya

Pages: 97-106 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Escherichia coli O157 urinary tract infections are quite widespread all over the world. Few clinical investigations have indicated that ascorbic acid supplementation shortens the duration and symptoms of urinary tract infections. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ascorbic acid was impacted by the antibiotic therapy indicated for urinary tract isolates of E. coli O157. Our study aimed to determine the efficacy of ciprofloxacin, ascorbic acid, or a combination of both in eliminating Escherichia coli O157 bacteria that had grown in the urethra of male Wistar albino rats. Following infection events, the animals exhibited significant increases in serum and urine biochemical markers linked to kidney damage. We infected the animals with Escherichia coli O157 and treated them with ciprofloxacin, ascorbic acid, and a combination of ciprofloxacin and ascorbic acid orally once daily for 7 days. Animals treated with the combination displayed a significant improvement and disappearance of clinical signs during the first days of treatment, as well as the return of serum urine creatinine and serum albumin concentrations to normal levels at the end of the treatment period. The histological analysis of the kidney section in the positive control group revealed multifocal tubules with necrotic findings, sloughed epithelium in dilated tubules, and widespread infiltration of different cell types. After three days of therapy, the combination group showed an intact histological structure, similar to the negative control group. However, it was determined that in vivo study against Escherichia coli O157 in the treatment of urinary tract infection, the combination of ascorbic acid and ciprofloxacin was more potent and safer than ascorbic acid and ciprofloxacin separately

Keywords

Ascorbic acid ciprofloxacin E coli O157 Urinary tract infection

11

Evaluation of the Quality of Some Water Stations on the Tigris River Using the Iraqi Water Quality Index (Iraq WQI)

Rawaa Nader Al-Saedy, Jinan S. Al-Hassany, Fouad K.Mashee Al-Ramahi

Pages: 107-116

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Water quality assessment is important for water resource management. The current study focuses on the analysis of monitoring water quality data of the Tigris River in Iraq by applying the Iraqi Water Quality Index (WQI). Twenty-one parameters Quality standards were taken along the river for three governorates and for eight stations, starting from Salah al-Din, north of Baghdad, with one station (Samarra), and Baghdad represented by three stations (Al-Mutha Bridge, Atifia, Jadriya) and south of Baghdad represented by Kut Governorate (Aziziyah, Zubaydah, Numaniyah, Al-Muftah), and included Quality standards nine standards were used for the purposes of living organisms, including (pH, T.w., PO4, NO3, Cl, NO2, TDS, Tur, DO) and eight standards for the purpose of fresh water maintenance (NO3, Cl, TDS, Tur., DO, BOD5, pH, PO4). The result showed that the application the Iraqi WQI decrease in the quality of the river water and its suitability for the neighborhoods living towards the north of Baghdad (Samarra), it reached (71.38 poor) in the dry season. While the highest value was (175.21, unsuitable) in southern Baghdad (Numaniyah) during the dry season, the water quality index for the purpose of maintaining fresh water recorded a decrease in station2 (Al-Muthanna Bridge) for the wet season, while the index value increased in station7 (Numaniyah). for the dry season. The results of the two seasons (wet and dry) coincided for the purposes of living creatures, while the index differed for the two seasons for the purposes of fresh water conservation; this is due to the increase pollution in the river as a result of human activities. Therefore, the guide used in this study could be applied to all rivers in Iraq based on the reliability of the quality index. The water in Iraq no longer requires the use of indicators designed for water in other countries

12

Effect of Cerium Ion on Microstructure and Dielectric Properties of Ni-Zn Ferrites Prepared by Solid State Reaction Method

Amna M. Hitler, Abbas K. Saadon

Pages: 117-124 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this work, the Nickel and zinc Ferrite Ni0.5Zn0.5 Fe2O4 +XCeO2 in purity and purity structure were prepared at multi–concentration X (0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15, and 0.20) using the solid state interaction method at a temperature (1000 °C) for four hours in air. The XR-diffraction shows that the prepared powder samples have a spinal structure at single cubic phase. The lattice parameters were decreasing from 8.331 to 8.3021 with increasing concentration of cerium's Ionic Ce4+, also the crystal volume for purity samples is larger than in purity samples, decreasing from (578.217 to 571.993) A°3 with increasing concentration. However, the real and imaginary dielectric constants were measured for both pure and in purity samples by Ce4+. The dielectric constant shows that up to down decreases with increasing frequency. However, the x-ray density was increasing from 6.887 g/cm3 to 6.963 g/cm3 with increasing concentration. The conductivity of alternating current for preparing the sample increased firstly with frequency and remained constant, then a constant behavior was observed at higher frequencies. The microscopic pharmaology structure using the tunneling electron microscopy, that which particles have a spherical structure.

Keywords

Dielectric constant microstructure Mixed ferrite Rare-earth doping

13

Effect of Thermal Neutron Irradiation on the Electrical Properties of Lead-Selenium Substituted S70Se30-XPbX Chalcogenide Glasses

Mahmoud Y. Hajem, Kareem A. Jasim

Pages: 125-135 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This study included the effect of thermal neutron radiation and partial replacement of selenium with lead for S70Se30-xPbx alloy samples with different lead concentrations (x = 0 and 5) prepared by the melting point technique. The samples were examined before and after thermal neutron irradiation for seven days with Am241−Be9 radioactive source, with a radiation dose of . Continuous electrical conductivity analysis revealed changes in all samples, attributed to the rearrangement of the crystal structure caused by radiation-induced disturbances. These changes led to modifications in the electrical properties of the irradiated samples compared to the non-irradiated ones. compared to the non-irradiated ones. Three different conduction mechanisms were found. At low temperatures, the electron transition occurred via electron hopping between localized states close to the Fermi energy. At intermediate temperatures, the conduction occurred via electron hopping between localized levels between the tails of the conduction and valence bands. The electrons moved through extended levels within the two bands at high temperatures. The results indicated that the calculated densities of extended, localized, and Fermi-level states underwent significant changes due to thermal neutron radiation and partial substitution

Keywords

electrical conductivity Electrical properties Electron hopping Melting point Radiation Dose Thermal neutron radiation

14

Calculating Properties of Mode for Step-Index Single-Mode Optical Fibers at 1064 nm Wavelength

Ali A. Kadhim, Aqeel R. Salih

Pages: 136-143 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The development in the field of technology has led to an increased need to develop optical fibers due to their ability to transmit information and data with the least amount of attenuation over long distances between city centers. In this research, mode properties calculation for five step-index single-mode optical fibers with core radii of (1.9 - 2.9) μm where the increase in radius is 0.25μm, with core and cladding indices (n1=1.4652, n2=1.458496157), respectively and a numerical aperture of 0.14 has been done at 1064 nm wavelength using RP Fiber Calculator (free version 2025). The fundamental fiber mode properties such as effective area, power propagated in the core, propagation constant and effective refractive index were calculated. Intensity distributions for the mode were shown. It was noted that the effect of increasing the core radius led to an increase in the core power and it was also observed that the propagation constant and effective refractive index increase with the increase in the radius of the core. It was obtaining percentage power more than 50%. Results of this work will be useful in the design of optical fibers. Results from the calculator were compared with those calculated from equations and with previous study and it was concluded that all calculated properties are in good agreement

Keywords

1064 nm Wavelength RP Fiber Calculator Single-mode fibers Step-index fibers

15

The Effect of Scattering of Phonons, Surface and Grain Boundary on electrical Properties for Tungsten Nanometallic

Ammar R. Alzobaie, May A. Mohammed, Haider F. Abdul Amir

Pages: 144-150 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In the context of increasing the use of nanometals in electrical and electronic applications and improving their unique electrical properties, this research explains the effect of the mechanisms of scattering of phonons at room-temperature (293K) in addition to the scattering and reflection of electrons at the surface and at grain boundary on the electrical resistivity of Tungsten metal at different thicknesses. The electrical resistivity of Tungsten was obtained by solving the Boltzmann transport equation which the electron scattering coefficient at the surface (p) is calculated by the Fuch-Sondheimer model, and the grain boundary reflection coefficient (R) by the Mayadas-Shatzkes model were calculated as (p=0.89) and (R=0.18) for Tungsten metal based on the mean of the free path of the electrons. The results showed that there is a linear relationship between the mechanisms of scattering and resistivity, and an inverse relation between electrical resistivity (ρ) and the thickness of the nanometal (d) and extending to a large range of thicknesses. Moreover, the defects of the crystal lattice and the roughness of the surface have an evident impact on the electrical properties of Tungsten metal. In addition, we obtained an excellent consistency between experimental data and theoretical results of electrical resistivity. These results provide important predictions for the use of nano-Tungsten as an interconnection between micro integrated electronic circuits and in various electrical devices

Keywords

Mayadas Nanometals resistivity Scattering Tungsten

16

Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics of Unsaturated Polyester and Epoxy Blend

Doaa J. Abed, Shatha H. Mahdi, Demiral Akbar

Pages: 151-158 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Epoxy resin and a mixture with unsaturated polyester resin (UPE) were prepared as the matrix materials. The preparation technique included preparing circular and square molds with different weight ratios. Standard samples (40 mm diameter) were prepared for thermal conductivity tests. The results of the thermal conductivity test of the mixture showed that it decreased from (0.014) to (0.013) significantly, which helps in thermal insulation. The decrease in its thermal conductivity means that the structure of the base material is irregular. Hardness test was performed on samples made of epoxy resin with unsaturated polyester resin, and the best hardness reading was (64.5), but when replacing the unsaturated polyester resin with a higher percentage of epoxy resin, the ratio was (30.6), so the value (30.6) is the best hardness value. The test results show that the highest hardness value is (64.5), as for the results of the differential scanning calorimetry measurement. From these curves, it is clear that the value of the glass transition temperature increases from 50 to 179, and the value of the glass transition temperature decreases from 171 to 145.

Keywords

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Hardness Mechanical characteristics thermal conductivity

17

Optical and Morphology Properties of Cu2Se at Different Temperatures by Thermal Evaporation

Shaimaa M. Hadi, Bushra K.H. Al-Maiyaly

Pages: 159-168 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

A low-cost thermal evaporation deposition technique has been used for the preparation of Cu2Se thin films on glass substrates at RT with a thickness of 500 nm. Structural and optical properties of these films were investigated. Structural characterization of the films was done using X-ray diffraction XRD analyses, atomic force microscopy AFM was used for the morphological characterization of the film samples, and UV-Vis spectroscopy was also used for the characterization of the samples. The films have been treated at different temperatures (403, 453 &503) K for 1 hour. X-ray diffraction (XRD-with wavelength 1.54 A) study of these films suggests a cubic structure and has prominent (220) orientation. And AFM analysis, it is evident that Cu2se films are polycrystalline, and that crystallite size and average grain size for films after annealing were increasing. The optical absorption coefficient (α) of the films was determined from absorbance spectra in the range of wavelengths (400-1100) nm. The deposited films showed transmittance (∼18%) and a direct band gap of about 2.2 eV. The structure and the optical properties of the films may find practical applications in the field of renewable energy

Keywords

Cu2Se thin film Energy gap optical parameters Thermal evaporation technique XRD

18

Green Synthesis and characterization of the ZnO, CuO and ZnO@CuO, Nanoparticles for antibacterial activity

Alzahraa Fadhel Alzidi, Eman M.Nasir

Pages: 169-179 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this study, an extract from bamboo leaves was used to prepare ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and ZnO/CuO NPs in a safe, efficient, and eco-friendly manner to reduce the toxicity of nanomaterials and their use in medical applications. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized nanoparticles. The average crystalline size was 22 nm for ZnO, 13.8 nm for CuO, and 14.7 nm for the CuO-ZnO composite. ZnO nanoparticles were hexagonal, while CuO nanoparticles were monoclinic. FESEM demonstrated that the produced nanoparticles were formed in various configurations, combining spherical flower shapes with nanorods with sizes ranging from 30 to 60 nm, which promotes the creation of images and nanoparticles. EDX analysis verified that all samples contained the elements that were present (O, Zn, and Cu). UV-Vis was used to calculate the ZnO, CuO, and ZnO/CuO energy gaps are 4.2 eV, 3.08 eV, and (3.26, 3.72 ) eV, respectively. Additionally, the investigation found that the extract from bamboo leaves included functional groups that serve as agents that reduce and cap. Furthermore, ZnO NPs, CuO NPs, and ZnO/CuO nanocomposites showed great stability at 76.8, 57.2, and 71.6, respectively, according to zeta potential. The study revealed that the material demonstrates greater antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive ones

Keywords

Bamboo leaf extract Biomedical application Green synthesis Nanoflower ZnO/CuO nanocomposite

19

Study of the Properties of Image Formation by an Optical System Consisting of a Diffractive Lens

Raghda Z. Khuder, Alaa B. Hasan

Pages: 180-189

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Diffractive lenses form images based on the principle of light diffraction, unlike conventional lenses that rely on the phenomenon of refraction to form images. Diffractive lenses consist of precisely aligned structures of holes or slits that act as optical gratings. They are arranged to give the lens the optical property of changing the path of incident rays, creating an image pattern similar to that of conventional lenses. This work aims to study the image characteristics formed by diffractive lenses by conducting a computer simulation in the Zemax optical design software. The analysis tools available in the software are then used to study the quality of the resulting image and evaluate the performance of the diffractive lens. The results show that the image characteristics formed by diffractive lenses are similar to those of conventional lenses. These results indicate the image-forming performance of diffractive lenses. This gives designers flexibility in lens design, in terms of the type and number of slits used without the use of spherical surfaces

Keywords

Diffractive lens Optical transfer function Point Spread Function Zemax program

20

Study of Nuclear Deformations for Some Nuclei located Near the Nuclear Island of Inversion Region

Luay F. Sultan, Ali A. Alzubadi

Pages: 190-198 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this work, we have carried out a detailed theoretical analysis of the nuclear deformations of some of the nuclei situated in the vicinity and within the nuclear Island of Inversion. The properties that were studied included the calculation of the magnetic moment and the electric quadrupole moment to gather with reduced quadrupole deformation parameter for even-even isotopes of Ne, Mg, and Si nuclei, to explain the behavior of the nuclei in question, and how much they deviate from the spherical shape in this critical region. All theoretical computations were conducted utilizing the NushellX@MSU shell model code within the sd space with the effective two-body interaction USDC. The comparative analysis with available experimental data revealed that certain theoretical parameterizations produced results in good agreement with experimental values. For instance, the theoretical magnetic moment of 29Si was found to be −0.522, closely matching the experimental value of −0.555, indicating reasonable consistency. Furthermore, noticeable variations were observed in the calculated moments and deformations of the studied nuclei. For example,31Mg exhibited a theoretical magnetic moment of 1.348 compared to the experimental value of −0.883. Additionally, some isotopes displayed very large deformations, which confirms the presence of intricate shell effects due to the increased number of neutrons and the resulting modifications in the internal structure of the nucleus

Keywords

electric Quadrupole Island of inversion magnetic moment Reduced quadrupole deformation parameter

21

Neutron Halo Structure of Unstable Exotic 14B and 18N Nuclei

Moath S. Hamad, Ahmed N. Abdullah

Pages: 199-208 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The ground-state properties like the nuclear densities and the root mean square (rms) radii for exotic neutron-rich nuclei 14B and 18N have been investigated using the Skyrme Hartree-Fock and Bear-Hodgson calculations to study the structure of these nuclei. The results of the evaluation are contrasted with the experimental data that is currently available. It found that a common feature of the neutron and matter densities for the above-selected exotic nuclei is the long tail behavior. We assumed that both 14B and 18N have a structure of the core nuclei 13B and 17N plus a valence neutron. It found that the structure of the valence one-neutron of 14B and 18N is a pure Configuration. The elastic charge form factors of the above selected exotic nuclei are evaluated using the plane wave Born approximation and compared with those of their stable isotope 10B and 14N

Keywords

Bear-Hodgson Elastic form factors exotic nuclei The Skyrme-Hartree-Fock

22

Calculation of Semi-major and Semi-minor Radii and Deformation Parameters for Molybdenum 86-10042Mo Isotopes

Reem gani abdulrazzaq mohammed, Sameera Ahmed Ebrahiem, Mustafa H. Shareef

Pages: 209-217 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This study explores the nuclear properties of even-numbered molybdenum () isotopes in the mass range 86 to 100. It focuses on the calculations of fundamental nuclear properties such as distortion coefficients ( and ), electric quadrupole moments (Q₀), root-mean-square charge radii, and reduced transition probabilities B(E2)↑. These calculations were derived using a theoretical framework based on the distorted shell model and implemented in MATLAB. The evaluation also included the identification of the two quasi-nuclear shape axes (major and minor), from which three-dimensional representations of the isotopic shapes were generated.The analysis revealed a gradual decrease in distortion coefficients and transition probabilities with increasing mass number, indicating a trend toward nuclear stability. We observed a significant decrease in distortion near the magic number of neutrons, demonstrating the enhanced stability resulting from closed shells. The results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and experimental data, providing a deeper understanding of the behavior of molybdenum isotopes and contributing to the expansion of knowledge of nuclear shape evolution, charge distribution, and nuclear transitions in intermediate-mass nuclei.

Keywords

Charge distribution Electric quadrupole moments Half-life mean-squared Possibility of electrical transition Radius ˂r2 ˃ Transition probability B (E2;0+→2+) ↑

23

Structural and Microstructural Characterization of Cu-Doped NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles Using Williamson-Hall Method

Sura K. Makki, Tagreed M. Al-Saadi

Pages: 218-229 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this study report, Cu-doped ferrite nanoparticles (CuxNi1-xFe2O4), which are normally the size of less than 100 nanometers were achieved using the sol-gel method. This method consists of using citric acid as fuel, which leads to auto combustion. In this report, the samples mentioned above will be analyzed using the following techniques (XRD, FESEM, EDX), where X-ray diffraction indicated that the specimens consist of spinel phase with face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. The results showed the lattice constant of the material increased from (8.320) Å to (8.323) Å, which indicated fact that the ionic radius of copper (72) Å has a bigger size than the ionic radius of nickel (69) Å which led to an increase in the lattice constant, the crystal size was measured using Scherrer method with the three Williamson Hall models. First, the Williamson Hall Uniform Deformation Model (UDM), second Williamson Hall Uniform Stress Model (USDM), and third Williamson Hall Uniform Deformation Energy Density Model (UDEDM). All these models adapted to define the characteristics related to stress (σ), internal tendance (ε), and deformation energy density (U). The calculated size was compared by the two methods where the crystal size ranged from (19 - 55) nm, and the phenomenon of crystal expansion due to positive stress was observed through the positive slop that appeared in the Williamson Hall models The sample taken was examined further with it morphology character using the method known field emission scanning electron microscopy This has confirmed that the particle shape to be of spherical or sub-spherical, and the size of particle to be within the nano range. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that no other new elements resulted from this compound

Keywords

CuxNi1-xFe2O4 Ferrite nanoparticles Williamson-Hall X-Ray diffraction

24

Evaluation of Some Proteins as Potential Markers in Different Durations of Diabetic Patients Type 2

Sarah Sameer Sami, Ekhlass M. Taha

Pages: 230-236 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) is growing rapidly around the world, due in large part to significant changes in the modern human lifestyle. T2DM and its complications are affected by a complex interplay of genetic, life course, ecological, cultural, socioeconomic, cognitive-psychological-behavioral, and access to care factors that influence regional variations in disease burden and care quality by gender. This study aims to investigate the role of laminin subunit alpha 2 (LAMA2), mixed lineage leukemia 4 (MLL4), plexin domain containing 2 (PLXDC2), and Protein Z (PORZ) as potential biomarkers for T2DM at different durations of the disease. These biomarkers were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. While biochemical parameters (FSG) and lipid profiles were measured spectrophotometrically. HbA1C using HPLC. The volunteer individuals were subdivided into five groups: group I: DM with duration of disease less than 1 year, group II: DM with duration of disease from 1-5 years, group III: DM with duration of disease from 5-10 years, group IV: DM with duration of disease more than 10 years, group V: healthy control. Results showed a significant difference among the studied groups in LAMA2 and PLXDC2. In contrast, no significant difference was observed in MLL4 and POR Z. It has been concluded that LAMA2 and PLXDC2 are involved in the duration of the disease

Keywords

Laminin Subunit Alpha 2 Mixed Lineage Leukemia 4 Plexin domain containing 2 Protein Z Type 2 diabetes

25

Synthesis and Characterization of a Magnetically Functionalized Silver-Curcumin-Chitosan Nanocomposite using Super Magnetite

Hiba Ali Alzand, Entisar E. Al-Abodi

Pages: 237-247 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has gained attention as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods, reducing toxicity to the environment and living organisms. This study aims to synthesize a novel nanocomposite (Mag-Chi-Cur-AgNPs) composed of silver NPs (AgNPs) prepared using curcumin (Cur) as a reducing and stabilizing agent, along with chitosan (Chit) and magnetic iron oxide (Mag). Cur-AgNPs were synthesized by dissolving Cur in dimethyl sulfoxide and deionized water, followed by the controlled addition of AgNO3. The solution was stirred, pH-adjusted, ultrasonicated, and incubated. Chit-Cur-Ag nanocomposite was formed by dissolving nanochitosan in acetic acid, mixing it with Cur-AgNPs, then stirring, washing, centrifuging, and drying. Finally, Mag-Chit-Cur-AgNPs were obtained by coating Chit-Cur-AgNPs with magnetic iron oxide. Characterization techniques confirmed the formation of the nanocomposite. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum is used to track synthesis stages and successful formation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to identify bond peaks, verifying molecular changes, in the field. Emission scanning electron microscope analysis measured the nanocomposite size, with particles below 100 nm. X-ray diffraction is used to determine the crystalline structure and dimensions of each component. Magnetic properties were analyzed using a vibrating sample magnetometer, demonstrating high magnetic saturation. This study successfully synthesized and characterized Mag-Chi-Cur-AgNPs using green chemistry. The results confirmed the formation and stability of the nanocomposite, showcasing its potential for future biomedical and technological applications

Keywords

chitosan Green chemistry Magnetite nanoparticles Silver-curcumin

26

Commercial Graphite Flakes as an Adsorbent of Janus Green Dye from Aqueous Solution: Adsorption Kinetics and Isotherms Study

Nagham H. Abood, Sundus H. Merza

Pages: 248-262 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Commercial graphite (CGT) powder was used as an adsorbent surface for cationic dye, Janus green (JG), from aqueous solutions. This study aims to highlight the practical significance of using inexpensive CGT as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of JG dye from industrial wastewater. CGT was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The adsorption process was investigated by examining parameters like the weight of the adsorbent, contact time, and temperature. Pseudo-second-order kinetic (PSO), pseudo-first-order, and intraparticle diffusion were used for analyzing the kinetic data. JG dye's adsorption kinetics fit the PSO kinetic model well (R2= 0.999). Furthermore, the thermodynamic functions such as entropy (ΔS*), enthalpy (ΔH*), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG*) were evaluated. The positive value of (ΔH*) confirms that the adsorption process is endothermic. Also, the positive value of ΔS* suggests an increase in randomness at the solid-liquid interface during dye adsorption, and non-spontaneous as evidenced by positive ΔG* values of 76.686, 76.130, 75.574, and 75.018 kJ/mol at different temperatures. Two segment-linear plots have been used to describe the intraparticle diffusion analysis of JG adsorption onto CGT, and the plot does not meet the origin point, indicating that the intraparticle diffusion was not the only controlling step. Based on the calculated value of ΔH*= 92.701 kJ/mol, which means that the adsorption is a chemical type. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were studied for their isothermal behavior. Also, the equilibrium state is attained in 45 minutes. At 318.15 K, the maximum removal percentage of JG achieved is 99.96%, indicating that the graphite surface is suitable as an adsorbent surface for removing JG dye in the temperature range studied

Keywords

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Graphite Temkin isotherm Thermodinamics X-Ray diffraction

27

A New Green CFIA/MZT System for Spectrophotometric Determination of Anthranilic Acid

Jehan Sh. Hussien, Bushra B. Qassim

Pages: 263-275 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Anthranilic acid (AA) was determined in pure material via a new system of the CFIA method that involves less chemical consumption (μL), is rapid, semiautomated, simple, and accurate. Two reactions of the AA were conducted; the first, with 4-amino antipyrine and potassium periodate as the oxidizing agent, yielded a pinkish-violet colored product, which was measured at λmax 550 nm. The second reaction, using 2,2`-bipyridine with FeCl3, produced a Pinkish-red product, which was measured at λmax 521 nm. Other chemical and physical factors that affect the stability of the complex products in the suggested process include flow rate, reagent concentration, sample volume, dispersion, and reaction coil. The linearity ranges were (10-400) and (5-150) µg.mL-1, the average recovery percentages were 100.995 and 100.974, while the error percentages were 0.995 and 0.974, respectively. The detection limit values were 1.63 and 0.69 μg.mL-1, respectively. A relative standard deviation of 0.28% and 0.65% was observed, and the sample throughput was 80 and 90 samples/hour, respectively. The devised approach was tested against the conventional method and was shown to be more sensitive. Moreover, a t-test was used to contrast "true value" with "practical value". At the 95% confidence level, it was found that the values were not significantly different.

Keywords

2 2`-Bipyridine 4-amino antipyrine anthranilic acid Continuous flow-injection analysis merging zones technique Potassium periodate

28

Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of ZrO2 Nanoparticles using Mint Extract

Noor Mohammed Jasam, Lekaa K. Abdul Karem, Ahmed M. Khalil

Pages: 276-286 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This work describes a green synthesis route for zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) by using Zr sulfate and mint extract. This method is distinguished from other processes (physical and chemical) by its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and low potential risks during preparation. Multiple techniques have been used to characterize and analyze ZrO2 NPs, including Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet visible spectra, crystal size calculation by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and atomic force microscopes, energy-dispersive X-ray, and Zeta potential. Kinetic stability of the ZrO2 NPs system, as indicated by the Zeta potential of -25.8 mV, suggests a long-term persistence and high surface charge. Finally, photo-catalytic activities of zirconium oxide NPs were examined using methylene blue dye. The results showed that the dye's degradation efficiency under light irradiation was 96.88%, demonstrating its significant photo-catalytic potential. The x-ray diffraction analysis of the crystal size of ZrO2 NPs, using Debye Scherrer's equation, yielded a value of 18.78 nm. The prepared ZrO2 NPs were tetragonal

Keywords

Microscopy Photo-catalytic activities Transmission electron X-Ray diffraction Zirconium Oxide nanoparticles

29

Perturbation of Weyl’s Theorems for Unbounded Upper Triangular Operator Matrices

Dalia S. Ali, Buthainah A.A. Ahmed

Pages: 287-294

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Let be an upper triangular operator matrix which is unbounded and defined on , where is infinite dimensional Hilbert space. This paper is concerned with new spectral properties which defined to other bounded operators. Some sufficient and necessary conditions are given in which these properties are equivalent. We further investigate the relations among Weyl’s type theorems and Brodwe’s theorems for this type of operator under some conditions. As an application the paper define the plate pending problem equation with henge end, fixed end and free end, after transform it to Hamitonian matrix then calculate the spectrum sets for this matrix which leads to if A has eigenvalues of finite multiplicity, so is M. Inaddition if has finite ascent this implies that the Hamiltonian operator M has finite ascent

Keywords

Browder’s Spectrum Spectral properties Upper Triangular Operator Matrices Weyl’s Spectrum Weyl’s theorems

30

Enhanced OCR Techniques for Recognizing Mathematical Expressions in Scanned Documents

Yahya Baher Al-Askary, Saad Al-Momen

Pages: 295-306

Full Text Issues

Abstract

When OCR systems are utilized to recognize mathematical expressions in scanned documents, they encounter numerous challenges. These challenges arise because the mathematical expressions use an extensive array of symbols, variables, numbers, and operations, each with its distinct writing style. Moreover, mathematical expressions have a hierarchical relationship and adhere to logical rules governing the grouping of their components. This paper presents a three-step approach segmentation, symbol recognition, and interpretation to overcome these issues. The segmentation process aims to identify and separate each symbol based on its spatial location. Then, various features are extracted to describe the horizontal and vertical projections of the symbol, enabling effective recognition. Two neural network-based classification methods were proposed for the recognition of the symbols. The first one achieved 96.6% recognition rates, while the second achieved 97.7%. Lastly, the paper introduces three guidelines for interpreting the mathematical meaning of the expression and accurately converting it into textual form. The study demonstrates the potential of these methods in enhancing the capabilities of OCR systems for recognizing mathematical expressions.

Keywords

Character Recognition classification image processing Mathematical Expression Neural Network

31

Autoregressive Models Estimation Selection with Known Marginal Distribution

Israa Amer Flayyih, Basad Al-sarray

Pages: 307-331

Full Text Issues

Abstract

A time series is a sequence of observations recorded at regular intervals. Time series analysis has applications in diverse fields such as finance, stock prices, economics, environmental science, and social network data analysis. The recorded series is used to represent a measurable quantity or attribute, such as temperature readings, economic indicators, or other variables, depending on the context of the analysis. The idea of time series analysis is to identify patterns, trends, or underlying structures within the data, as well as to make predictions or forecasts about future values based on previous observations. Autoregressive (AR) models are widely used in modeling and forecasting data from time series. This work focuses on AR model parameter estimation, emphasizing the significance of the likelihood function by defining the marginal distribution of the AR process, which is getting by representing the AR process with random shocks and assuming the error terms in a time series have a normal distribution with a zero mean and variance . Some of the simulated experiments are designed to fit the model for different model orders and sample size to find model parameter estimation by likelihood function with marginal distribution. The results of Mean Squares Errors (MSE) and Mean Percentage Errors (MPE) indicate the significance and robust estimation of the AR –models parameters estimators that are computed theoretically.

Keywords

Autoregressive Time series Models Marginal distribution of AR time series Maximum Likelihood estimation

32

On R1- Separation Axioms

Asmaa Rheem Kadhim, Rana Bahjat Esmaeel, Abdelaziz E. Radwan

Pages: 332-339 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to present the new set that is named open set, where the set was defined and the general properties And the basic concepts and properties of the set were explained, such as the open set, the intersection, and the union. also In this paper the separation axioms were defined and studied in ideal topological spaces in a new way. and discuss some properties. Also discuss the relationship of our definition with other definitions and prove some results in the context of separation axioms in ideal topological space on this set, where the axioms of the type - space, -space and – space were defined and the basic concepts and generalizations of these axioms on the set were studied. In addition the relationships between these concepts and their converses on this set under study were discussed, and illustrative examples and proofs of those properties were provided for that. Additionally, a diagram illustrating these concepts is presented

Keywords

Ideal topological space R - open set R_I-T0- space R_I-T1- space 〖 R〗_I-T2 – Space.

33

New Exponentiated Exponential- Rayleigh Distribution: Structure and Properties

Dorgham Ali Hamza, Maysaa Jalil Mohammed, Umar Yusuf Madaki

Pages: 340-351 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this research, we will introduce a new distribution, which is called the new exponentiated exponential-Rayleigh distribution, which is built by adding the shape parameter to the cumulative function of the exponential-Rayleigh distribution resulting from merging the cdf function of three parameters continuous distribution. Two of these parameters are scale parameters, and another is the shape parameter and this is to make this new continuous statistical distribution more flexible than other continuous statistical distributions. Besides, discuss the mathematical and statistical properties of this new distribution, including (the mode, the median, the moments about the origin, the coefficients of skewness and kurtosis, the characteristic function, the moment-generating function, the factorial moments-generating function, and the mean time to failure). The shape property of each of the pdf, cdf, and hazard functions was also studied. Multiple shapes were drawn with different parameter values for each of the PDF, CDF, survival, and hazard functions. An organisational table was also created for some of these properties

Keywords

exponential distribution Exponential Rayleigh distribution Rayleigh distribution

34

New Lifetime Alpha Power Rayleigh Weibull Distribution: Structure and Properties

Zainab Ali Ahmed, Ali Talib Mohammed, Aytekin Enver

Pages: 352-362 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Alpha power transformation family distributions (APT) are considered one of the modern transformations that have received the attention of researchers in the past decade and are concerned with adding a shape parameter. Based on APT, this paper proposes a new distribution by adding a new parameter to the two-parameter Rayleigh Weibull distribution, a new continuous distribution called alpha power Rayleigh Weibull distribution (APRWD) including three parameters where ρ is known as shape parameter and ɑ, δ as scale parameters. This paper also includes a presentation of the mathematical construction of the basic statistical functions: cumulative, probability density, survival, and hazard functions. We also include an expansion of the cumulative and probability density functions to use them in investigating and finding several mathematical statistical properties of (APRWD) such as moments, skewness, Kurtosis, moment generating, characteristics, mode, quantile, and factorial moments generating functions

Keywords

alpha-power family Moment generating function moments about the origin Rayleigh Weibull distribution survival function

35

s̃βs- Open Sets and s̃βs- Continuous in Soft Topological Spaces

Nehmat K. Ahmed, Shaymaa M. Mohammed

Pages: 363-375 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Our work introduces the notion of -open set. This class of - open sets is not directly comparable to the categories of soft open, -closed. We demonstrate that the category of -open sets lies strictly between the class of -open sets and -open sets. Additionally, we investigate the connections that exist between -open sets along with other kinds of soft sets. Moreover, we provide several criteria that are sufficient for determining the equivalence between -open sets and every one of -open sets and -open sets. Also, according to our findings, the family of -open sets is a supra soft topology. Furthermore, we make it clear the correlation that exists between the respective categories of -open sets in a soft topological space and in its soft topological subspace. Finally, the class of -continuous function is introduced, it is main properties are studied and derive some of the properties of these soft functions under the soft composition of soft functions.

Keywords

soft semi-closed soft β-open soƒt β_s- open soƒt β_s-continuous function

36

A Numerical Study of Initial and Boundary Conditions Problem for Wave Equation Using the Operational Matrices

Myasar Obaid Enadi, Majeed A. AL-Jawary

Pages: 376-397 English

Full Text Issues

Keywords

approximate solutions orthogonal polynomials Wave problem; Operational matrices

Abstract

In this paper, orthogonal polynomials and their operational matrices will be utilized to address the initial and boundary value problems of the one-dimensional wave problem, where the domain of the space variable is bounded, which covers a variety of scientific and engineering operations. Six types of orthogonal polynomials, Include instead of such as the Genocchi, Bernoulli, Legendre, Boubaker, Chebyshev and Standard polynomials. The linear problem with its initial and boundary conditions are transformed to a linear algebraic equations, which can then be solved by utilizing to get an approximate solution for this problem. Some test problems related to the one-dimensional wave equation with different conditions are discussed and solved to show how reliable and efficient the proposed methods. The error norm and the mean square error , were computed; these are presented through analytical tables and graphics showing the rapid convergence for these methods.

37

The Radical of an Endo-Restricted Bounded Submodule Related to Prime Submodules

Mohammed Salman Murad, Buthyna Najad Shihab

Pages: 398-407 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

In this paper, we present the concept of the radical of an Endo-Restricted Bounded submodule and establish its characterization, which is regarded as a new notion. In addition, we study the relationship between the radical of submodules and the radical of an Endo-Restricted Bounded submodules and this connection will give us important results in terms of their radical. Furthermore, this article will demonstrate numerous properties and corollaries that elucidate the concept of the Endo-Restricted Bounded submodule's radical. This work includes a new class of T-module as well as a T-submodule called the Endo-Restricted Bounded Module (submodule), written briefly as the Endo-R.B. module (submodule), provided with some examples that illustrate and clarify in a nice way this type of module (submodule). However, our focus will be on the radicals of the endo-R.B. submodule. Prime submodule and scalar module both play a crucial role in many properties that show the relationship between prime submodules and Endo-R.B submodules. Furthermore, some generalizations of prime submodules, such as S-prime submodules, are involved in this research.

Keywords

Bounded module Endo-R.B submodule prime submodule Scalar module

38

Nonlinear Dynamics and Stability of a Stage-Structured Predator–Prey System with Fear Factors

Bushra E. Kashem, Hassan F. Al-Husseiny, Anwar Zeb

Pages: 408-423 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

This paper presents the formulation and investigation for a stage-structured prey-predator system. We consider the stage- structure in both prey and predator populations, specifically dividing the population of prey into two distinct groups: immature prey and mature prey. We also divide the predator population into immature and mature groups. We assume that only immature predators are capable of attack, so they consume each immature and mature prey. Additionally, the rate of growth for immature prey based on the amount of mature prey, as immature prey does not have reproductive capability. We applied Holling Type I and Holling Type IV response functions to describe the consumption of immature and mature prey by immature predators, respectively. We conducted a mathematical analysis: boundedness of the solution, the presence of equilibrium points, and both local and global stability of the proposed system with respect to these equilibrium points. We also performed numerical simulations to verify the theoretical results

Keywords

fear effect Harvesting Holling type Prey - Predator System Stage structure

39

Development of the Hash Function Using Modified Skew Tent Map to Improve Blockchain Technology

Raghad Kadhim Salih, Ali A. Aubad, Mohammed Yasin, Hadi Hamad

Pages: 424-439 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Using SHA256 in the Blockchain system for security purposes, as it is important in linking blocks and preventing tampering efficiently and securely. In order to further confirm the security of SHA256 and protect it and increase its susceptibility to resist threats that it is exposed to in one way or another, its algorithm was developed by utilizing the modified skew tent map (MSTM). The developed SHA256 algorithm (D-SHA256) is distinguished by two essential features: less time and more enhanced security than its predecessor SHA256. This distinction arises from the strongly chaotic behavior and the highly randomness properties of the MSTM. Moreover, the proposed D-SHA256 algorithm consist of 32 rounds while preserving the randomness properties of the compression function by combining 48 hash constants and 48 words with the MSTM to obtain high randomness with less rounds. D-SHA256 guarantees that in the event of small changes that may occur in the input message leading to large changes in the output hash digest, while confirming the preservation of the properties of the cryptographic hash, containing collision resistance and ideal confusion and diffusion. The proposed algorithm was compared with SHA256 and other current hash algorithms, the results showed that D-SHA256 has increased collision resistance, higher output randomness, better cryptographic hashing properties, and lower execution time

Keywords

Blockchain Compression function NIST randomness tests SHA256 Skew tent chaotic map

40

Enhanced Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Community Detection Using a Community Strength-Based Mutation Strategy

Asal Jameel Khudhair, Amenah D. Abbood

Pages: 440-463 English

Full Text Issues

Abstract

Community structures are fundamental in understanding the structure and functionality of complex networks. Different optimization algorithms, including both single-objective and multi-objective approaches, have been employed to address the challenge of community detection. Recently, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) have attracted many researchers to identify communities in static networks. Many algorithms have been proposed to find a solution that achieves a trade-off between exploring new areas of the solution space and improving the quality of existing solutions. In this trade-off is crucial; whereas exploitation improves existing solutions, it may fail to find better solutions from insufficiently explored regions of the solution space. Therefore, mutation in evolutionary algorithms greatly impacts community detection within social networks. Conventional mutation methods usually tend to apply too much randomness, which results in convergence being less precise about finding a suitable optimum solution. This paper introduces a new mutation called community strength enhancement (CSE) to enhance the search efficiency of the Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm with Decomposition (MOEA/D) and speed up the convergence of the suggested algorithm. Moreover, the proposed algorithm overcomes the limitations of traditional MOEA/D by accurately and effectively identifying communities across a wide range of social networks. The enhanced algorithm was evaluated on two groups of datasets (twenty synthetic and four real-world) using normalized mutual information (NMI) and modularity (Q) across five baseline models. Integrating the CSE mutation strategy led to significant improvements in performance, particularly under high mixing parameters and in large-scale networks, as evidenced by increased NMI and modularity scores

Keywords

Community Detection Evolutionary Algorithms Hybrid metaheuristic multi-objective optimization Social network