Journal of Physical Education

The study of the history and development of sports is of great importance because sport is considered the first pillar of culture. Gymnastics is one of the important sports; the gymnasiums on which athletes compete today in the Olympics, World Championships, and continentals there are (6) devices from the first Olympic Games to the last 2016 Olympic Games in Brazil. There have been many changes in the gymnasiums, some of them were radical. The importance of research lies in studying Men's Artistic Gymnastics apparatuses and their development. The researcher traced the history of each apparatuses then the developments of each apparatus. The results of the research showed that the jumping vault is the oldest of the gymnastic apparatus used by the Romans before 400BC for horse riding training and military purposes. The soldiers of Alexander the Great used a large wooden horse for military training and building strength of the body. During the first Olympic Games, gymnastics participated in eightevents without floor exercises that was introduced during the thirties of the twentieth century. Finally the researcher concluded that no new apparatuswas added in Gymnastic

To study the history of any subject opensthe window of the past to appreciate the development. The importance of the research lies in scanning the history of gymnastics specially men's artistic gymnastics by using menArtistic gymnasticscode(1949)as the main reference. This code is the most important event that changedgymnastics. In 1949 the first issue of the International Federation men Artistic gymnastics codewas published. The researchers studied the changes in men Artistic gymnasticscode. The results of the study showed that the first international men Artistic gymnasticscode in 1949, after which it was updatedevery four years to suitthe development of its equipment, the degree the gymnastic playergets for artistic performance; from ten degreesto an open degree, a matter that led to great development in gymnastics' motor skills

The research aimed at comparing some kinematical variables during tennis slice using closed and open stance on a footscan. The subjects were four registered tennis players in Kurdistan. The researchers used the footscan to measure some kinematical variables of the foot during the slice with two different stances; closed and open, to identify the differences between the two positions and which one is the best. The researchers concluded that there are significant differences in maximum force, maximum time, and impulse in favor of the open foot stance

The research aimed at identifying the relationship between some kinematical variables and the accuracy of position two blocking performed by pivot volleyball players in the premier league 2016 – 2017. The researchers used the deceptive method. The subjects were pivot volleyball players from the top six clubs. The kinematical variables were selected using videography. The results showed weakness in position two blocking accuracy. Finally they recommended that pivot volleyball players should increase the approaching steps speed to gain vertical speed.

The importance of the research lies in walking event and special endurance. The importance of the research is to identify the relationship between special endurance and achievement in walking. The problem of the research was in the weakness in Iraqi walkers in world ranking compared to other countries. The aim of the research aimed at identifying special endurance coordination and its relationship with achievement in 10km walking. The researcher used the descriptive method with on group and two tests. The researcher concluded that there is weakness in strength and speed of walkers. Finally the researcher recommended designing a training program for developing speed endurance and strength during training youth walkers.

The importance of the research lies in using sponge mat with special exercises to develop the performance of sitting volleyball players. The researcher used a sponge mat to make it difficult to perform the exercises. The problem of research isthe low level of performing the basic skills in sitting volleyball, which led the researcher to develop exercises designed with sponge mat to see the impact on the skills in question. The research aimed at designing exercises using the sponge mat in sitting volleyball and identifying the effect of these exercises on the level of performance of sitting volleyball basic skills (serving, reception, setting, spiking, blocking, and defense). The research hypothesized statistical significant differences between the control and experimental research groups in pre and posttests in the variables in question and in favor of the posttests. The researchers used the experimental method. The sample of the research was Wissam Al Majd Volleyball Club, which is comprised offourteen players representing 100% of the entire research community, all of them with motor disabilities. The program consisted of (32) units of training. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to come up with the conclusions.

The importance of the research lies in using Kolb learning style in learning handball dribbling. The researcher prepared special exercises according to Kolb learning style as well as according to the traditional learning style. These exercises were applied to the research sample consisting of experimental groups (B / 22) and controlled group (D / 10). The aim of the research is to identify the differences between the pretest and posttest test in dribbling. There were significant differences between the pretest and posttest and in favor of the posttests in handball dribbling. The researcher concluded that Kolb method of learning have a positive effect on learning dribbling in handball. Finally the researchers recommended using different teaching methods.

The research aimed at identifying some physical, motor abilities, arm circle, and achievement. In addition to that, the research aimed at identifying the relationship between arm circle variables and 25m swimming achievement of Arbil League swimmers. The researchers hypothesized significant correlations between some physical and motor abilities, arm circle variables as well as 25m swimming achievement. The researchers used the descriptive method. The subjects were Arbil league freestyle swimmers. They used videography of 25m freestyle swimming to measure arm circle. Physical and motor abilities' tests were conducted including speed, strength, agility and coordination. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researchers concluded that there are correlation relationships between physical abilities and some motor abilities (agility and coordination) with all variables of arm circle in 25m freestyle swimming.

The importance of the research lies in identifying the effect of special exercises using teaching aids for learning the basic phases of hurdles; clearance and rhythmic triple steps. The problem of the research lies in the lack of interest in training these two phases. The researchers came up with some conclusions and recommendations.

The importance of the research lies in using Mass Suit training aid for developing special endurance in walkers. Mass suit depends on rubber ropes for training resistance strength developing the working muscles of walking specially the arms, legs, abs and lower back. The researchers concluded that the designed training program have a significant effect on special endurance for arms, legs, abs and lower back as well as there is a development in achievement time in the first and second tens of 20Km walking race.The researchers recommend using mass suit as a training aid at the end of the main part of training especially during special endurance training or altitude training

The problem of the research lies in not taking individual differences into consideration during physical education lesson as well as the lack of studies that tackle biorhythmic cycles and their relationship with learning. The importance of the research lies in designing a teaching program based on biorhythmic cycles for learning motor skills. The research aimed at deigning a teaching program for learning underarm pass, receive and serve according to the students' mental and physical cycles. In addition to that, the researcher aimed at identifying the effect of this teaching program on learning these skills. The researcher hypothesized significant statistical differences between pre and posttests.The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were (6) students with mental and physical biorhythms close to each other. After the application of the teaching program the researcher concluded that taking biorhythmiccycles into consideration during teaching have a positive effect on learning motor skills and avoiding injuries. Finally she recommended identifying the biorhythm of students before designing teaching programs to avoid fatigue, injuries and for better benefitting from biorhythm in teaching

The importance of the research lies in standardizing compound skill tests (physical –motor) of some artistic volleyball skills as well as concluding standards and criteria for the final tests. The research aimed at standardizing these tests. The researchers used the descriptive method. The subjects were (69) elite volleyball players and compound tests were conducted on them. The results showed that the tests were simple and suitable for the final tests. the researchers concluded criteria and standards forthe compound tests. They recommended using these standards and criteria for evaluating volleyball players as well as updating these standards according the players' abilities

The importance of the research lies in constructing tests (skill – motor) of some
artistic volleyball skills. To achieve this aim, the researcher used the descriptive method. The
subjects were (60) elite volleyball players who represent six volleyball clubs. Experts and
specialists in the field of volleyball specified six tests. A pilot study was conducted to
achieve reliability, validity and objectivity of the test. The data was collected and treated
using proper statistical operations. The researchers concluded that the test has very good
levels of reliability, validity and objectivity because it is based on scientific methods. Finally
they recommended using these tests for player's evaluation and selection as well as
constructing other compound tests on other age groups

The importance of the research lies in the effect of VTS. Sport on coordination and volleyball serve in forth year female college students 2015 – 2016. The problem of the research lies in not using modern updated means for testing and measuring like this system. The research aimed at identifying the relationship between left – right hand coordination using VTS. Sport and the accuracy of volleyball serving. The researcher used the descriptive method. The subjects were forth year female college students. The data was collected using proper statistical methods. The researcher concluded that there are significant differences between coordination tests and serving tests of forth year college students 2015 - 2016. In addition to that, they concluded that there is a correlation relationship between coordination test and serving tests for forth year college students 2015 – 2016. Finally the researchers recommended using cognitive tests using TMT-L and WAFR in other researchers and studies about sport psychology.

The problem of research lies in most of Iraqi players has a good performance during the exercise while not performing the same during the game. The research aimed at preparing special exercise for fast play to develop the cognitive side and behavior of tactics in soccer players aged 14-16 years old as well as identifying the effect of exercise in fast tactics on the development of knowledge and tactics behavior of the players. The hypothesis of the research was there are statistical significance differences between pre and posttests of the experimental and control groups in favor of posttests. In addition to that there are statistically significant differences in posttests between experimental and control groups. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were 20 players. The researchers concluded that the cognitive side has played a majorrole in the success of offensive style in selecting appropriate solutions in offensive game situations as well as quick play exercises have a positive effect in the development of the players. Finally the researcher recommended designing exercises for quick play to develop the cognitive and behavior of the players in different age groups. In addition to that, he emphasized the importance of fast play exercises during the period of special preparation because of the importance in developing the knowledge ofthe players

The problem of the research lies in developing the artistic and physical levels during preparation phase (skill, tactic, physical, psychological) and the development of Al Nahrain Football league. The researchers noticed great weaknesses in some physical traits and skills. The aim of the research was to design a special program of compound exercises that develops some physical, functional and fundamental skills in soccer as well as identifying the effect of these exercise on the development of some physical and functional abilities in addition to that, the researchers aimed at identifying the effect of these compound exercises on the development of fundamental skills in Al Nehrain football league. The researchers used the experimental method. The subjects were (20) students divided into two equal groups. Pretests were conducted followed by the experimental program for two months and a half. The data was collected and treated to conclude that the proposed exercises have a positive effect on the development of physical fitness components, maximum speed, agility and flexibility. Finally the research recommended using these exercises on all university football teams.

The aim of the study is to find the effect of using two styles of learning; blended and comparative –competitive learning on learning and retaining the skills of underarm and overhead passing in volleyball by fifth grade preparatory students from Tigris Preparatory School for Boys in Maysan Governorate. The experimental method was applied to suit the nature of the problem. The study consisted of (85) students 64 of whom were selected as random selected samples (six players were selected for the pilot experiment and four were excluded as trainees and practitioners). The rest of the sample were distributed into three groups (two experimental groups and one controlling group) with (18) students per group.The teaching program took eight weeks, two teaching units per week for each group, and 45 minutes per unit. The researcher used (SPSS) to conclude that the application of blended learning and comparative competitive learning has proved effective in learning and acquiring passing skills in volleyball for the two experimental groups when compared to the traditional method of controlling group. The researcher recommended by necessity of using the two methods of learning to learn and retain other skills of volleyball

Agility is considered an important motor ability for assistant referees and it is vital for passing modern tests issued in September 2016. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were (10) referees; four of them for pilot study. The experimental group followed the exercises designed by the while the controlling group used the traditional exercises followed by the refereeing committee. All referees were tested the standardized agility test issued by the FIFA. The researchers concluded that agility plays a vital role in developing some refereeing skill. Finally they recommend developing agility for improving refereeing skills.

Referees need psychological skills through psychological counseling sessions that aimed at developing the referees' performance levels. The researchers used the experimental method. The subjects were (10) referee for the experiment and (4) forpilot study. The experimental group took counseling sessions for eight weeks with one session per week while the controlling group continued their traditional program. The researchers concluded that psychological counseling plays a great role in developing referees' psychological skills. Finally they recommended that all referees should be included in psychological counseling session to develop their performance during matches

The importance of the research lies in identifying the relationship between testosterone hormone and some bio –kinematical indicators (ability, work, motor energy) during weightlifters' special perpetration phase. The aim of the test is to give a clear picture about the weightlifter to the trainer's about physical readiness (internal) and motor readiness (external) preparation period. Thus, the research society was the young quartiles in the AL_Gaesh alreade Club and their number was(5) and they were (0.62) of the original society (8). The researcher measured the variables at the beginning of the preparation period of 8/4/2017 and the hall of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sciences at 10:30 a.m. In the presence of the work team (field) as the researcher photographed the samples in the performance of the regular doses also drew blood to measure the hormones in the laboratory of the University ofBaghdad, and the results indicated no significant correlation between testosterone and biochemical parameters used in the research

The attention to the referees of football comesfrom their basic importance in the game and the extent of their contribution to the enjoyment and safety of players and the achievement of justice as the attention of the concerned football and the process of follow-up analysis and study the behavior of the referees in order to qualify them according to scientific curricula accurate and comprehensive and prepare correctly true to their position in the leadership of the game and access To safety as few mistakes as possible, to control and overcome stress aswell as to control the emotional emotions that affect his decisions and his mental and physical responses fast.The referees come under difficult tasks that require referees to have individual characteristics. The referees face a large number of differentgame situations and many interceptions in games. These situations are renewed from one game to the next, so they must not be influenced by them and make the right decisions. Attitudes, and The level of referee performance is affected by individual differences and the ability to use memory and previous experiences, which can be useful in finding the most appropriate solution in situations and get rid of the problem and find the best solutions.It is important that the referees are subjected to great pressure and difficult positions, both in the same game as a result of objections by the players or the technical area or the masses present in the game so researchers have studied the rigidity mental mental rigidity of the rulers of the Premier League football and its contribution to the level of performance of the rulers to be A step in achieving the evolution of rulers and raise their levels in the future.

The importance of the research lies in placing great pressure and difficult conditions on referees and assistant referees during a match or several matches. These difficulties can be objections from players, technical area objections or from the spectators at the match.

The purpose of the research is to know the reasons that led young people to listen to Sport song that became popular in Algeria. Although Algerian youth are interested in Rai's songs, most of them listen to these songs for their social topics. Sport songs are classified into two types, patriotic songs and popular songs. Some songs tackled the social problems that face youth in Algeria like immigration and unemployment.The researchers concluded that Algerian youth enjoys listening to sport songs for their contents that touch their reality hoping for a better future.

The research aimed at identifying the effect of using teaching aids for forehand spring on floor exercises in Men's artistic Gymnastics. The researcher hypothesized using teaching aids positively affect forehand spring on floor exercises. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were 40 male students. The researcher used a sponge cylinder roll and a spring mat. Two pilot studies were conducted followed by 24 training session for three months for two experimental groups and one controlling group. The results showed that experimental group students have fun using the teaching aids compared to the controlling group. The teaching aid made the center of gravity higher and helped students in performing correctly. The researcher recommended making cylinder roll with sizes to suit the students' heights and weights and providing coaches in youth clubs as well as physical education teachers for their positive effect on learning.

Modern Olympic Games were revived by the French Baron (Pierre de Coubertin), he created a monthly newspaper devoted to publishing sports news, containing important articles on the Games in general and the revival of the Olympic Games in particular. A conference was held in 1894 at the University of Spoon as a result the first Olympic Games were held in 1896, where Greece offered to host the first Olympics as the home of the ancient Olympic Gamesthe research also tackles the emergence of swimming in the world as it was practiced by Man for hunting and escape from animals and the transition from one bank to another. The researchers analyzed the reasons for the different indices of free swimming events in the Olympic Games, including the analysis of each Olympic Games for the first three centers and find out the reasons for the development and decline of the figures of players either the conclusion has included the most important findings of the researcher

The importance of the research lies in developing young soccer players both physiologically and skillfully. The problem of the research lies in the players' weaknesses in special physical abilities and fundamental skills. Thus, the researcher aimed at designing compound exercises for developing anaerobic lactic abilities and fundamental soccer skills as well as identifying the effects of these exercises on the development of anaerobic lactic abilities and fundamental soccer skills. The researcher hypothesized statistical differences in anaerobic lactic abilities in posttests between the experimental and controlling groups. In addition to that he hypothesized statistical differences in some fundamental skill in posttest between the experimental and controlling groups. The research was conducted on (20) air force soccer players aged 14 –16 years old. The data was collected and treated using suitable statistical operations to come up with the conclusions

Despite the extraordinary interest of researchers in the championship of soccerworld cup, which tempted them to conduct many studies about it, however, it is noticed that the best teams, the winners, are studied without advantages. This tendency has triggered the researcher to shed light on one of these distinctive teams that is namely Uruguay soccerteam that harvested the first cup of this world championship in 1930.This researchaims at highlighting the participation of this team then besides analyzing and evaluating it using statistical means in line with the objectives of the study like the average and the percentage.The results showedthat the Uruguayan victory was not a by-chance-incident and this is proved by the statistic data resulted from the championship then. In the conclusion, the researcher recommended making similarstudies on other winners in the history of this championship to make use from such successful experiences.

The importance of the research lies in the athletes' level of performing fundamental soccer skill. The researcher used the descriptive method. The subjects were (30) soccer players aged 15 years old from the national soccer center in Baghdad. The variables were selected and the main experiment was applied followed by data collection, display and discussion. The researcher concluded that fundamental skills have a great effect on soccer players' skill performance level. Finally the researcher recommended payingattention to soccer fundamental skills due to their great effect on skill performance level.

The importance of the research lies in special physical traits of soccer players and finding the appropriate tests and measurements for them. The researcher used the descriptive method. The subjects were 30 soccer players aged 13 years old who represent the national soccer center. The researcher selected a set of variables, applied the main experiment, collected the data and then displayed and analyzed the data using proper statistical operations. The researcher concluded that physical abilities have a great effect on the level of performance during matches. Finally he recommended paying attention to the physical aspects of soccer due to its great effect on performance level.

The problem of the research lies in the weakness in the physical aspect that negatively affects physical performance of youth players in soccer. The importance of the research lies in designing an apparatus for developing lower extremities\' muscular strength as well as designing exercises to be performed on this apparatus. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were youth soccer players (2016 – 2017). The data was collected using SPSS to come up with the conclusions. The researchers concluded that there are significant statistical differences in muscular strength and endurance in youth soccer players understudy after using the apparatus and exercises. Finally they recommended using the apparatus for developing endurance, speed and strength in youth soccer players.