Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

The Buyid era was characterized by fertility and generosity, especially in the scientific and literary fields. The Buyid
princes played a major role in the flourishing of cultural life, encouraging scholars to write, translate, and conduct experiments. They supported scientific research and studies in this field, providing them with protection and care, and building
hospitals that served as centers for treating patients and universities where all types of medical and religious sciences were
taught. The presence of medical schools in the Levant, such as the Jund-e-Shapur School and the Harran School, alongside hospitals, had a significant impact on the development achieved. These schools produced well-known and respected
doctors who sparked a strong translation movement, especially after these cities became cultural centers where Greek,
Indian, and Persian cultures converged, blending in a spirit of tolerance. And the impressive understanding. The nature of
the study required that it be divided into an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, and a list of sources and references.
The first chapter was: an introduction to the Buyids and the cities that became capitals and their settlement in the East,
especially the city of Shiraz in Persia, “the first capital of the Buyids” and the seat of their glory, in addition to the other
cities that enjoyed their entry into them and became a starting point for controlling Persia as a whole, reaching Ahwaz,
which was the gateway to Baghdad and controlling it in the year (334 AH / 945 AD), and Iraq was subject to their rule
politically, administratively, and economically until the year (447 AH / 1055 AD). The second chapter was entitled “The
Nature of the Science of Medicine,” in which we addressed the definition of the science of medicine and its relationship
to man, and the connection of his profession to Islamic law. Then we addressed the ethical and professional qualities of
the doctor. The third chapter was “Doctors of the Buyid Court,” and it was divided into two sections, both of which dealt
with translations of the most prominent and important doctors who They served the Buyid princes in the cities of Shiraz,
Rayy, Isfahan, Ahwaz, and other cities and villages in the Levant. The conclusion was a summary of the most important
results we reached, and the study included a list of sources and references, as we relied on rich and diverse sources in the
subject of our research, from which we obtained our information and tried to employ it in the text as much as possible

Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani grew up during the Abbasid era ، a period marked by
the flourishing of Arab-Islamic civilization. This era was dubbed the “Golden Age ،”
due to the preeminence of intellectual and cultural aspects ، including the booming
market for singing ، female singers ، and tarab ، as well as the rise in social standing. This helped create a conducive environment for honing al-Isfahani’s talent. He
was persistent in his brilliance and love of the arts ، especially music and singing ،
and his association with singers ، musicians ، and tarab artists. The idea of writing
an encyclopedic book came to him ، and it took him approximately fifty years to
compile and compile it.

The word “Zindiq” means interpretation, which is “Zand.” This interpretation was
explained in a commentary called “Bazand.” Anyone who cited something in Zoroaster’s law was described as a “Zandiq.” Al-Mas’udi indicated that the term “Zandiq”
was applied to Mani and Mazdak. Historians later indicated that a “Zandiq” is someone who pretends to be a Muslim but conceals disbelief.
Zandiq has attempted to confront Islam, distort its image, and cast doubt on it
throughout history. Therefore, it was confronted primarily through fighting, especially after the Zandiqs relied on armed movements such as the Baha’i Farid movement and the Khurramiyya movement. The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs employed
several methods to confront this movement and refute its ideas and teachings.
Therefore, the “Diwan of Zandiq” was established to record the names and locations
of the Zandiqs in order to confront them and warn against them

Iraq was watching events in Suya closely and the Iraqi leadership under the rule
of King Faisal II and the government, which was under the influence of nationalists
and military officers, was looking forward to stability in the region, after the leader’s coup was initially more conservative because the leader was trying to impose
his authority on the country through a military coup, Baghdad was expected to
strengthen relations with Damascus as the situation stabilized, but Hosni al-Za’im
but Hosni al-Za’im did not have the full confidence of the Iraqi government.
Iraqi-Syrian relations were governed by the struggle for regional influence and
divergence in political visions, although Iraq was following events closely, but direct intervention was not an option for them, as Syrian internal politics was witnessing chaos and conflicts between military forces and political orientations

Britain and Sudan have had close relations, largely linked by their shared history, particularly during the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (1899-1956), when
Sudan was jointly administered by Britain and Egypt. This period left a lasting
impact on Sudanese society and institutions. After Sudan’s independence in 1956,
the United Kingdom maintained various forms of cooperation, including development aid, diplomacy, and humanitarian efforts. Relations between the two countries
continued to develop during the period (1979-1985), particularly as Britain focused
on supporting Sudan’s transition to democracy and addressing humanitarian crises.

The study of the Prophet’s biography has received great attention from researchers, historians, and leading orientalists in the Western world, including the British, the
French, and others. They have devoted significant scholarly effort to studying the Prophet’s biography. We rarely find fairness among some Western scholars and historians who
have abandoned religious authority and have been fair to Islam and the personality of
the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him). Most of them have been skeptical. In
the past, they falsify some of its facts and stick distorted images on it, relying on some
Islamic sources and their fabricated ideas and opinions against Islam and Muslims in
general and the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in particular.

This research examines the role played by Jews in the Arabian Peninsula before
Islam by tracing their historical presence and areas of influence in economic, social,
and cultural life. It reveals that Jewish migrations to the Arabian Peninsula were linked
to religious, security, and economic factors, and that they settled in specific areas such
as Yathrib, Khayyar, Fadak, and Najran, where they established fortified communities
based on agriculture and trade. The study also highlights the nature of their relationship
with Arab tribes, which was characterized by cooperation at times and conflict at others. The research concludes that the Jewish role in the Arabian Peninsula before Islam
was not marginal, but rather formed part of the general structure that helped shape the
social, economic, and cultural reality that preceded the emergence of the Islamic call

The neighborhoods, schools, bridges, and river landings on both the eastern
and western banks of the Tigris occupied a significant place in the scholarly heritage of Dr. Mustafa Jawad. In his work, he uncovered aspects that had remained
obscure in the historical planning of old Baghdad. He skillfully blended ancient and contemporary history in terms of architectural and urban development,
while also recounting notable literary and moral episodes involving scholars,
ascetics, and some kings and sultans.

The Iraqi Communist Party is one of the faces of progressive socialist thought in Iraq that has managed to find a place for itself on the intellectual scene.The first signs of the emergence of communism،
the ideology advocated by the party، in an organized manner go back to the 1920s with the emergence
of Hussein al-Rahhal’s group in 1922, which was considered the basic nucleus from which the party
emerged. The Communist Party, representing communism، was able to exert a clear influence on the
intellectual scene in Iraq. It also succeeded, at various periods in the history of intellectual life، in becoming the dominant ideology on the scene without any harassment to which it was exposed. Perhaps
this was due to the idealistic and perhaps imaginary ideas put forward by communism, which captivated the minds of the Iraqi people who were suffering from poverty and destitution. This made them
follow every voice calling for the end of what they were suffering، especially during the period in which
Abdul karim Qasim ruled (1958-1963). This activity almost ended after the fall of the coup government
and the arrival of Abdul Salam Arif، s government، and almost until the American occupation of Iraq in
2003. Here in this research we will focus on the party’s activities and positions in the Kurdish regions،
starting with the rebellion movement in the 1970, the events of the Iran-Iraq War، and the American
blockade of Iraq from 1990 until 2003.

This research examines the lives and public roles of the sons of Nabatiyat women during the Umayyad period (41 AH – 132 AH / 661 AM – 750 AM), focusing
on their social, cultural, and political contributions. It highlights the impact left by
Nabatiyat women and their sons on Umayyad society by tracing their origins, social status, and levels of participation in public life—particularly in administration,
literature, and commerce.

Iranian-Syrian relations are considered among the strongest and most resilient both regionally
and internationally in the Middle East during the period of study. These relations have often been described as eternal ، having reached the level of a strong alliance despite the ideological differences in
the governing systems of the two countries. Nevertheless ، the relationship at that time maintained its
strength and authenticity on one hand ، and with the Arab states on the other. The growing harmony
between Iran and Syria led to a robust and distinctive alliance that encompassed economic ، political
، and cultural dimensions.
When the Middle East ، particularly in the second half of the 20th century ، witnessed significant
developments that affected the political and economic landscape ، these changes had a direct impact
on Iranian-Syrian relations at all levels. The relationship managed to transcend ideological differences in governance ، relying instead on political and regional foundations with considerable international and political weight. Chief among these was the Palestinian cause ، which continues to occupy
a central place in the policies of both countries ، as well as the Syrian crisis and the threat it posed to
the Syrian leadership. Iran played a crucial role in supporting the Syrian government in confronting
and overcoming this crisis—especially since the crisis had deep-rooted origins and ongoing implications that continue to this day. These impacts significantly contributed to the weakening of the Syrian
government ، which was allied with the Islamic Republic and other Western powers such as Russia.

Whiskey Rebellion is a peaceful uprising took place in the western counties of Pennsylvania during 1791-1794, as a result of mal governmental policy
concerning whiskey tax.
Western farmers of Pennsylvania showed their opposition by holding local
meetings to make public opinion to force government to cancel this hateful
tax. but their tactics had been changed when they released prisoners using
violent measures .as a result, president Washington led a federal army that
quelled this rebellion by October 1794.
the most important outcomes of the rebellion are: suspension of this tax
till 1812, making economic political reforms concerning navigation in Mississippi, stopping Indian raids against border towns through signing peace
agreement with Iroquois confederation.

Prince Timurtash ibn Juban stands out as one of the most prominent political and military figures in the history of the Ilkhanate Despite his young age
at the time he assumed governance over Anatolia, he demonstrated remarkable
leadership and military competence, He succeeded in suppressing rebellious
movements and consolidating his authority, while also managing to expand
the borders of his realm, His effective governance and just treatment of his
subjects earned him widespread loyalty and stability across the land, Known
for his sound policies and commitment to justice, he came to be referred to
as “the Just Sultan”, a title that reflected the admiration of the people for his
equitable administrative and judicial system and his successful rule.

If the value and importance of every civilization are measured by the
greatness of its material and literary influence, and the continuity of this
influence within the framework of general history, then it is possible to
say: The Arab civilization in Andalusia was a bright page in human civilization, despite all the weaknesses and disagreements that the Arab Islamic
rule in Andalusia witnessed for more than eight centuries. And this page
was made by the Muslims of Andalusia from Arabs, Berbers and indigenous people, and the Christians of the country and other people of the
covenant contributed to it.

The wives of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) embodied
a distinguished role in Islamic society through the various roles entrusted
to them as the wives of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him)
and the Mothers of the Believers. Among them was Juwayriyah bint alHarith (may Allah be pleased with her), who narrated hadiths and learned
knowledge in compliance with the Almighty’s words: “And remember what
is recited in your houses of the verses of Allah and wisdom” (Al-Ahzab, 34).
The diverse roles entrusted to them were to preserve the pillars of Islam
and present them correctly, in accordance with the approach of the Chosen Messenger (peace and blessings be upon him). When browsing history books, we find these diverse roles, and the role of the noble Juwayriyah
bint al-Harith (may Allah be pleased with her) is embodied. She possessed
the wisdom to support Islam in word and deed.

Most Arab cities and owners in the 5th and 6th centuries have been transformed into
commercial caravan stations and markets for sale, purchase and exchange of goods In particular, cities on commercial routes, as a result of the Arabian Peninsula’s enjoyment of a different climate, agricultural crops varied from Kingdom to Kingdom Many markets have emerged
and been diverse, including what is permanent and is within cities and owners. s Republic of
Korea “, including at specific times and in different locations in the Arabian Peninsula.
It’s interesting that these markets were not just on the commercial side. Some of them
were literary forums and poets and writers. and a place to exchange ideas and consult on matters, resolve disputes and disputes and release prisoners and, as a result of the importance of
these markets, I have returned to places of sanctum whether they exist in the months where
the assault is prohibited or elsewhere, People were safe in it for their money and blood as long
as they were in the hospitality and inviolability of markets. In every market, there were people
who maintained security and protected lives and money.
This research was divided into three investigators: the first of them came to demonstrate
the importance of markets and their purposes. The second researcher in Akaz market was
concerned with the importance of commercial and cultural matters. The third researcher
dealt with other markets that come after Akaz market in terms of importance. The conclusion of the research came to summarize the most important results, and finally the list of
sources and references.

This concept developed with the development of time and the expansion of Islamic
countries, so the caliphs took a role and made it a prison. The concept of imprisonment
at the beginning of Islam was not known as it is now. Rather, it was merely the arrest and
prevention of the accused or someone who committed a forbidden act. He was usually
imprisoned in homes, mosques, tents, and the like. Then the caliphs and princes were
forced to build special places to place criminals and punished people. They were few in
the beginning, but with the passage of time, prisons spread, and every country had a
prison. Then he established its own laws, appointed an office and guards for it, and separated the prisoners according to their crimes.

This study deals with the pictorial representation of the development of
funerary construction in the late Abbasid era from the perspective of Mustafa Jawad, who shed light on this village, which is considered one of the immortal Islamic monuments, as it was built to be the resting place of the wife
of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mustadi’ bi-Amr Allah (567-575/1171-1180 AD), and
the mother of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Nasir li-Din Allah (575-622/1180-1225 AD
) Zumrud Khatun. Following a solid analytical-planning-historical method in
his study, he showed the truth of its affiliation to Zumurd Khatun and not
to Zubaydah bint Ja’far, as this was highlighted, in addition to highlighting
its artistic and religious value as one of the traditional symbols of Abbasid
architecture.

The Abbasid Caliphate nurtured intellectual activity from the beginning of the second century AH. As a result, it created an intellectual heritage unmatched by any other
civilization. Hence, the importance of this research: The Role of the Abbasid Caliphate in
the Development of the Intellectual Movement during the period (132-232 AH / 749-846
AD). This research aims to demonstrate the role of the Abbasid Caliphs in developing
the intellectual movement by attracting scholars from all over the Caliphate, in addition
to the spread of schools, libraries, and booksellers’ shops, which were brimming with
valuable books. These libraries were also stocked with books by authors, translators, and
travel writers, until Baghdad became a beacon of knowledge and scholars during this
period

Yassin Al-Omari came from a family renowned for its knowledge and
literature. A number of distinguished scholars and virtuous men contributed significantly to the scientific movement. His father, Khairallah, was
one of the scholars of his time, and his brother, Muhammad Amin, was
one of the greatest scholars of his time, if not the greatest. He authored
numerous works on various sciences and arts. His book, Al-Durr Al-Maknun, is considered one of the most important historical manuscripts in
Islamic history. He employed the arts of language, poetry, and rhetoric in
his writings, giving them a beautiful literary elegance.

Muslims conquered Cordoba at the hands of the commander Tariq Ibn Ziyad and his massive army, who were able to seize control of this vital city after a long Goths. After this conquest, many Muslim jurists moved to Cordoba, which was home to an abundance of scholars
who excelled in various fields of knowledge, especially religion and jurisprudence.
The Umayyad emirate in Andalusia (138 AH - 316 AH) was one of the most sensitive periods
in the history of Andalusian Islam, particularly in terms of political establishment and legitimacy. Cordoba, the emirate’s capital, was a center of power: both political and religious. At
the heart of this scene, Cordoba’s Jurists emerged as a cognitive and moral force that played
a dual role: preserving Islamic identity in a diverse geographical context, on the one hand, and
interacting—or clashing—with the ruling authority, on the other point.
This study views the jurists of Cordoba not merely as religious actors, but also as political actors who participated in producing a legal discourse that conferred legitimacy on
or delegitimized rule according to historical circumstances. The relationship between jurisprudence and authority in the era of the emirate was neither one of absolute submission
nor permanent rebellion, but rather a dialectical one characterized by symbolic negotiation
around central concepts such as legitimacy, allegiance, consultation, enjoining good, and legal silence

The study of the Vietnamese issue and the position of countries towards it is one
of the important studies that show the extent of countries’ interest in supporting
the oppressed, especially Egypt’s position on the Vietnamese issue that occupied
the entire world, as the destruction and devastation that resulted from the American-Vietnamese war that broke out in the early sixties, and the Vietnamese issue is
one of the important issues that occurred in the world, which reflects the image of
the foreign policy of the United States of America towards developing countries, especially after World War II, and that war received the attention of all the peoples of
the world, especially the peoples of the Arab and Islamic world, which left a great impact on some countries in Asia and Africa from the political and economic aspects.

This study examines the impact of the Hajj pilgrimage on the political and economic
life of Al-Andalus، through three main axes.
The first axis highlights the internal role of Hajj in consolidating the legitimacy of
Andalusian rulers, strengthening their political authority، fostering ties with religious and
social elites, and contributing to the development of local legislation.
The second axis addresses the external dimension,showing how Hajj served as a strategic means of political and military communication with the Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates، and how it expanded Al-Andalus's influence within the Islamic world.
The third axis focuses on the economic impact, including the stimulation of trade،
development of infrastructure، increase in tax revenues، and the flourishing of markets
and religious tourism.
The study concludes that Hajj was not merely a religious ritual، but a powerful tool
that shaped both political and economic dynamics in Al-Andalus، internally and externally

The economic system is one of the main pillars upon which civilization, in
all its aspects and branches, is built. No country can progress without a strong
economy, nor can its infrastructure flourish or its sciences develop. Similarly,
an economy cannot thrive if its foundations are not strong Weights, measures,
and taxes are the basic pillars of any economy. Once they are stable and established, the economy flourishes, which in turn helps the country to prosper and
develop.