Journal of Physical Education

The best teaching style if the one that include the learners\' abilities, readiness and potentials thus the researchers combined two teaching styles; inclusion and reciprocal teaching styles to teach layup in basketball for students. The research aimed at identifying the effect of combining two teaching strategies; inclusion and reciprocal style in teaching layup in basketball for second grade secondary school students. The researchers hypothesized statistical differences between pre and posttests using bothstrategies. The subjects were (20) students. The results showed great development in learning layup in basketball. Finally the researchers recommended combining inclusion and reciprocal teaching styles in teaching layup in basketball.

The importance of the research lies in identifying the level of transitional speed and agility and the correlation among the variables. The aim of the research is to identify the extant of relationship between transitional speed and agility in second class assistant referees in soccer. The researcher used the descriptive method. The subjects were (25) 2ndclass assistant referees. The researcher applied the YoYo test on a group of 10 2ndclass assistant referees. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researcher concluded that speed affect the development of agility and improve achievement. Finally he recommended making similar studies on the rest of physical abilities of assistant soccer referees.

The research consisted five chapters. In the first chapter included the introduction, importance, problem and aims of the research. The second chapter included the theoretical and similar studies concentrating on cooperative learning. The third chapter included the procedures, the method used in the research, the subjects, the pilot study, pretests, main experiment and posttests. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operation. The results showed that cooperative learning using scheduled training have a positive effect on developing basic skills in volleyball.

This study aimed to prepare special & aidtrainings using (Vertimax and Treadmill) for the purpose of identifying some Bio Mechanical variables of triple stage in the triple jump competition, while the researcher assumed that there are no differences in the results of pre and post tests in some physical abilities and achievement and some Biomechanical variables in posttests. The experiment was applied on jumpers from the national center for talented athletes in Baghdad. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were tested many tests including 5 steps from static position to measure mechanical power as well as long jump from standing position to measure mechanical power of the muscle. All attempts were videotaped to find the variables 1 and 2. The researcher applied special exercises on training assisting aids for eight weeks with three training sessions per week. The researcher concluded that there is development in variable 1 after using assisting aids in training as well as increase in momentum variance which prove the lack of development in motor alignment of performance. Finally the researchers recommended using assisting aids in training according to the event as well as increasing the period of training using assisting aids for proper conditioning and adaptation. Finally the researchers recommended the necessity of periodical motor tests to identify the athlete's weaknesses

Balance is considered one of the most important components of physical activity in individual and team sports because it allows proper motor response and performance accuracy. The problem of the research lies in the lack of model for motor balance tests in the field of sports that require different positions and movements for classifying, selecting, diagnosing, and comparing athletes. The importance of the research lies in designing a test for motor balance as a reference for specialists in the field of sports and sport sciences. The subjects were first year College of physical education and sport sciences students / Baghdad University 2016 –2017. The data was collected and treated usingproper statistical operations. The researchers concluded a motor balance test and applies it one first year students within an Iraqi environment as well as standardizing the results for evaluations, comparison, and selection. Finally they recommended using this test for regular evaluation and as a criterion for selection

The problem of the research lies in finding a training aid that incorporates coordination plyometric exercises in epee. The aim of the research was designing coordination plyometric exercises for the arms as well as identifying the effect of these exercises on some muscular strength forms, speed of response and performance accuracy in epee. The researchers hypothesized statistical differences between posttests. The researchers used the experimental method. The subjects were a group of students from physical education and sport sciences College/ Al Mostenseria University. The subjects followed a training program designed by the researchers that included a set of coordination plyometric exercises. The variables of the research were explosive power, power defined by speed, strength endurance, speed of response and touch accuracy. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researchers concluded that using coordination plyometric exercises have a positive effect on developing (explosive power, power defined by speed, strength endurance, response speed and touching in epee. Finally the researchers recommended using coordination plyometric exercises in fencing as well as selecting other exercises to develop skill performance in fencing.

The aim of the research is to identify some transitional speed in 100m running. The researcher conducted the research on (25) students from Physical Education Scholl/ University of Soran. The researchers used the test as a means for collecting information. the data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The results showed no correlation relationship between body mass and 100m running achievement. In addition to that the results showed no real correlation relationship between 20m, 30m, and 100m running achievement. The results showed a correlation relationship in transitional speed tests of 50m running 4sec, 6sec with 100m running

The training of players in conditions similar tothe conditions of the games with external influences and stimuli help theplayers overcome many difficulties especially in futsal because it is a game ofchanging circumstances with multiple stimuli .The importance of research lies in using game –like conditions byexposing the player to various stimuli which helps him in the future to developconcentration, that isolates unwanted stimuli and focus on the accuracy of scoringduring the penalty shot .The problem ofresearch is the lack of attention to external distraction factors in anytraining module, especially in the penalty shot.Theaims of the research was preparing exercises that develop the accuracy of the players 'correction during penalty shots with external stimuli and distractions as wellas to recognizing the effect of theseexercises. The researcher used theexperimental method. The subjects were (20) players from the college oflanguages. They were randomly divided into two equal experimental and controlling .The exercise were applied to the experimental group for eight weeks, threeunits per week as well as the same repetitions of the controlling group withoutexposing them to any external effect. The results were presented through preand posttests of the two groups. The researchers concluded were reached andconcluded that the exercise of the effects of similar conditions of play has apositive effect on the development of the scoring performance and the accuracypenalty

The study aimed to know the effect of the proposed training program in volleyball on some physiological variables and skill,.The study was conducted on 16-09-2016 until 14-12-2016 on a sample of 22 students from the specialization of Physical Education in Palestine Technical University -Khadouri students. After statistical analysis of appropriate data studyresearcher concluded that there are significant differences in each of the weight measurement and the percentage of grease and some volleyball skills (transmitter accuracy, and scroll up and scroll down, and on this it was concluded the researcher set of recommendations including the need to take advantage of the proposed training program to change the weight and the proportion of grease.The need to take advantage of the proposed training program to make a positive change in some skills for volleyball (serving ,forearm passing , overhead passing).

Motor analysis plays an integral part in specifying biomechanical errors in performance specially movements that require speed. Leaving and grabbing using one hand is one of the basic requirements of horizontal bar thus the aim of this research is to identify the most important biomechanical variables in the last rotation before leaving, grabbing and landing in horizontal bar in men's gymnastics. The researcher videotaped the Chinese gymnast who is one of eight gymnasts in men's singles inAl Doha Championship. The camera takes 120 pix/sec. the biomechanical variables were extracted and the data were collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researcher concluded that the variables understudy during landing differs and its values reach the first and second quarters. Finally the researcher recommended paying attention to these biomechanical variables during performance on horizontal bar in men's Gymnastics

Football is considered one of the sports that require speed and endurance in performance thus this research aimed at designing a training program for developing speed endurance in Iraqi youth football players. it also aimed at identifying the effect of these exercises on physical abilities specially speed endurance. The researcher used the experimental program. The subjects were (20) football players aged (17 –19) years old from Al Kerbalaclub. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researcher concluded that the training program designed by the researcher positively affected speed endurance as shown in posttests results of the experimental group

The importance of the research lies in using exercises as standardized resistance to improve important arms and abdomen muscles that help the vaulter complete the correct technique and for better achievement. The problem of the research lies in vaulters incomplete arm extension during placing and pushing the pole before passing the bar as well as body extension before passing the bar and the early release of the pole causing the vaulter to touch and the bar. The research aimed at designing exercises as standardized resistance for improving abdomen and arm muscles according to motor pathway. In addition to that the researcher aimed at identifying the effect of these exercises as standardized resistance for improving abdomen and arm muscles according to motor pathway of young pole vaulters as well as identifying the effect of these exercises as standardized resistance on some kinematical variables and young pole vault achievement. The researcher hypothesized statistical difference between pre and posttests in arms' and abdomen special strength as well as kinematical variables of pole vaulters in favor of posttests. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were (10) pole vaulters. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researcher concluded that the exercises used by the experimental group improved strength faster than the exercises used by the controlling group. In addition to that, the researcher concluded increasing resistance increases the vaulter's strength. Finally he recommended using varied exercises to improve special strength as well as the necessity of using standard resistance to improve strength and achievement

The importance of the research lies inconnecting performance with training aid and training type in a trainingprogram designed scientifically. The problem of the research lies in the lackof bio –kinematical variablesmeasurement results found through analysis thatcould help coaches as a training aid. The aim of the research was designing atraining program and identifying the effect of this training program on somebio –kinematical variables and 2000m rowing race achievement. The researchershypothesized statistical differences in some bio –kinematical variablesbetween pre and posttests in both experimental and controlling groups. Theresearchers used the experimental method. They concluded that the trainingprogram developed the physical aspects of rowing that was reflected on theskill of performance. The researchers recommended giving more time forendurance training before starting simultaneous training

The importance of the research lies in using modern apparatus for teaching volleyball players. The problem of the research was the lack of apparatuses and tools for teaching volleyball skills a matter that led the researcher to design an apparatus for teaching spiking in volleyball. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were (12) novice volleyball players aged 10 –12 years old from the national center for gifted athletes in volleyball. The subjects were equally divided into the controlling group and the experimental group. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to conclude that the special exercise used with this apparatus have a positive effect on the speed of learning spike in volleyball

Basketball is one of the fastest games that needs strength, speed, endurance, agility, etc. for moving from one place to another, as well as successful defense coverage. All moves of the player depend on the explosive power, power defined by speed, motor speed, and agility in performance for all parts of the body especially the arms and legs.The importance of research lies in using rubber ropes (for the hands, arms, and legs) to improve young players' physical abilities. The problem of the research lies in the lack of teaching aids for young players that improve their physical abilities. The research aimed at designing exercises using rubber bands for hand, arm and leg to develop and improve young basketball players as well as identifying the effect of these exercises on the subjects. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were (20) young basketball players divided into three experimental and one controlling group. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to conclude that rubber band exercises have a positive effect on developing the physical abilities of young basketball players. Finally the researcher recommended using these exercises for developing the physical abilities of young basketball players

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of competitive –comparative style and peerteaching in knowledge acquisition in methods of teaching as well as finding the differences between the groups of the research. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were (151) sophomore students from physical education and sport sciences college/ Kurkok University 2016 –2017. The subjects were taken from three sections ; A, B, C in which sections A and B formed the two experimental groups the first one followed competitive –comparative style while the second followed peer teaching styles. A special teaching program was designed for some methods of teaching concepts. The program lasted for 8 weeks with one teaching session per week for each style. The program started from 15/11/2016 till 10/1/2017. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researcher concluded that both competitive -comparative style and peer teaching have a positive effect on knowledge acquisition of some methods of teaching concepts. The second group that studies peer teaching style surpassed the first group that studies competitive –comparative style of some methods of teaching concepts. The researcher recommended using peer teaching in methods of teaching in sophomore students of physical education and sport Sciences College due toits great effect on learning the concepts. Finally the necessity of making training courses for training using peer teaching style as well as the necessity of making similar studies on other theoretical sciences

When using assistant teaching that is basic necessary for help teachers in simplified Learning and development tennis skills, By using two kinds of smooth and natural Balls in Learning practice. Fourteen beginners subjects for study during summer,holidays at AL saed club. The application of basic skill tests in accuracyPerformance. The result reviled that gaur using smooth ball better than group using natural ball in accuracy for hard and Backhand also, the showed best percentage of development for two groups. The researcher recommend that using smooth bolls at Learningaccuracy skills

The importance of the research lies in studying physical preparation and its effect on physical and skill variables of handball players as well as identifying the differences in variables among the three training periods to develop the player and the game of handball. The research aimed at identifying the leve4l of perpetration of physical and skill variables during different training periods within the sporting season of handball as well as identifying the differences in development among the training periods. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were (22) players but the goalkeeper along with other four players were excluded for participating in the pilot study. The data was collected and treated using t –test, mean, and standard deviation. The results showed that the second period (competition season) was the highest in physical and skill test levels. The percentage of development was different among the three training periods in physical and skill test levels

The research aimed at identifying the differences in functional tests results between pre and posttests for both controlling and experimental groups for advanced volleyball players as well as identifying the differences in functional posttest results in controlling and experimental groups in advance volleyball players. The researchers used the experimental method. The subjects were (12) advance volleyball players. the subjects were divided into two groups; controlling that followed the traditional program and the experimental group that followed the proposed program. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical methods. The researchers concluded that using match –like training load improves functional indicators according to volleyball. Advance players should train according to a selected training program that is match –like and according to maximal time. Finally the researchers recommended using the proposed training program according to maximal performance time to develop functional indicators of advance volleyball players

The aim of the research is to identify the anthropometrical measurements of motor chain in artistic gymnastics in third year female students. In addition to that, the researchers aimed at identifying the motor chain in the artistic gymnastics of third year female gymnastics as well as identifying the relationship between anthropometric measurements and the artistic performance of motor chain in third year female students in artistic gymnastics. The researchers used the descriptive method. The subjects were (38) third year female students; (20) from section g and (18) from section (h). The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations to come up with the conclusions. The researchers concluded that there is a significant correlation relation between height, weight and motor chain artistic performance as well as a significant correlation between width of waist, chest and hip with motor chain artistic performance. Finally the researchers recommended including teaching units to improve anthropometric and physical qualities in students that affect their performance and encouraging students to do physical exercises due to their positive effect on the body and performance

The aim of the research is to design a training program using circuit training for developing speed endurance ability and 400m running achievement. The subject were (10) young 400m runners from the national league. The training program was applied on the subject after conducting physiological and physical tests. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researcher concluded that the training program had a clear effect on young 400m running achievement as well as there is a great development in achievement in favor of the subject understudy. Finally the researcher recommended the necessity of applying the program designed by the researcher as well as making similar studies on physiological variables

The problem of the research lies in designing exercises using computer program FT4A to develop the process of understanding and comprehending passing in soccer. The aim of the research was to design compound exercises using computer program FT4A and identifying the effect of these exercises on the development of passing n youth soccer players aged 17 –18 years old. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were (24) soccer players from Al Shorta and Al Zoraa clubs divided into two groups. The researche concluded that the first experimental group was better than the second in the development of passing after using FT4A. Finally he concluded that the compound exercises designed by FT4A computer program was better that exercises not designed by this program

The importance of the study lies in designing exercises to develop the accuracy of working hand young tennis players as well as identifying this trait in forehand stoke. The problem of the research lies in weakness in forehand stoke in this age group thus he aimed at designing exercises that develop this stroke in young table tennis players. The researcher used the experimental method. The subjects were (12) young table tennis players. The data was collected and treated using proper statistical operations. The researcher concluded that the special exercises have a positive effect on developing the accuracy of the working arm. Finally he recommended using these exercises in training program for this age group

The importance of the research lies in static and dynamic balance during athletic performance. Balance is affected by external forces thus the researcher aimed at using balance training using tools on 110 m hurdlers and finding its effect on momentum and torque in the different phases of passing the 1–5–10 hurdles especially biomechanical variables.

The problem of the research lies in many individuals with physical disability suffers from lower back pain. Clinical diagnosis of this pain showed that lower back pain is due to lack of flexibility. The aim of the research is to design rehabilitation exercises to improve trunk flexibility. The subjects were 17 physically disabled individuals with amputation aged 26 –29 years old. Rehabilitation exercises were applied on the subjects for 6 weeks with 4 training sessions per week. The researchers concluded that there is an improvement in trunk flexibility that decreased low back pain for physically disabled individuals. The researcher recommended the necessity of using flexibility exercisesto avoid lower back pain for the physically disabled.