AL- Mouhaqiq Al-Hilly Journal for legal and political science

Industrial pollution is one of the most important issues raised at the local and international levels, because of the great risks it causes to the ecosystem and the health of society alike. Hence, countries have decided to present the issue in international organizations to reduce the emission of harmful gases and work to reduce waste dumped from industrial projects, while Internal legislation calls for the need to intervene to adopt punitive provisions to confront this type of environmental pollution, while preserving two important factors: preserving the safety of the environment and taking into account the preservation of industrial policy in countries, given that it represents one of the tools of economic and social policy in the country, and hence the importance of the environment. And industry alike found the idea of holding owners of industrial projects that disrupt the environment accountable In this research, we delve into the issue of the criminal responsibility of industrial project owners for crimes of environmental pollution, a “comparative study,” focusing on the adequacy of punitive texts to confront such crimes. We present this topic in the form of two sections preceded by an introduction. In the first section, we address the concept of industrial project owners. The second section studies examples of crimes that cause environmental pollution, then the research ends with a conclusion that includes the most prominent conclusions and proposals.

The Geneva Convention on Refugees of 1951 is considered a classic legal legislation, in light of the escalation of environmental hazards, and this may be explained by the fact that this Convention was concluded in a period of time, the issue of environmental refugees was not one of the issues raised in the corridors of the international community, as it provides care only for people who are persecuted. Despite this, we can say that it is possible to develop an international legal basis, through which a legislative structure can be established to recognize the environmental refugee, relying on a set of ideas for projects specific to their circumstances, whether international or regional, and in order to address the forms concerned with the lack of a legal system for the problem of environmental asylum, and in the status of recognition of this right, and it is necessary to know what are the effects of this recognition of the new legal status?, and we must recall that environmental treaties, in continuous multiplication Between global and regional, and sometimes these treaties address the deteriorating environmental conditions, as an interaction, to the deterioration of the global environmental situation.

Moral justifications have been used in the fields of human rights law in a fundamental way, and one of the most important of these justifications was the principle of caring for human dignity, dignity is a term that deals with everything that is humanitarian, and any action that contradicts the humanitarian character of the human being, is an attack on the concept of dignity, and does not empty any international agreement text on human rights, from the indication to human dignity, and granting humanitarian assistance to the afflicted country is a moral obligation based on the concept of justice or humanity, also one of the legal justifications, which a refugee can The environmental to be relied upon, which enshrines his right to international legal protection, is the principle of international synergy or solidarity in the human right to life, and the human right to a decent living environment. In the same context, the protection of the environment is a real protection of human rights, especially the right to life, which is the main pillar, which should be managed and include protection, in the midst of the occurrence and increase of natural and non-natural crises leading to environmental asylum, which has no ability to repel them, and it is not easy as well to formulate systems to confront them, at the global or regional level, or to establish measures to ensure their protection and reduce.

Personal and real rights fall under the category of financial rights, which are rights that focus on a subject that is quantifiable in terms of money. As they are of the same sect, There is compatibility between the personal and property rights in certain aspects., such as the fact that the right is obligatory to be respected by all persons, whether it is a real right or a personal right, and the right holder (personal or real) has the exclusive right to the place of the right. Despite the compatibility between personal and real rights, the distinction between them still exists, as the real right relates to a specific thing and it entitles its owner to take precedence over ordinary creditors and subsequent holders of subordinate real rights in the order, and the real right follows the subject of the right wherever it may be. On the other hand, personal rights are governed by the principle of equality among creditors in fulfilling their rights from all the debtor's assets, which serve as the general guarantee for the creditors' rights. However, when legislative enactments surrounded the rights of ordinary creditors with legal protection, they did not suffice with precautionary and preparatory measures for execution in order to preserve the debtor's assets, which serve as the general guarantee for the creditors' rights. They also placed the ordinary creditor in some cases in a distinguished legal position, enabling them to assert priority over other ordinary creditors and to trace what comes out of the debtor's assets, which are part of the general guarantee, in the hands of the administrator. Therefore, the research into the existence of priority and tracing in personal rights, and the implications of departing from the principle of equality among creditors, is essential.

A direct lawsuit is one of the means of preserving the general security of the creditor. It is a legal means that authorizes any creditor to claim in his name and not in the name of his debtor what he has of the rights owed by the debtor’s debtor. The creditor also obtains his rights without competing with the debtor’s creditors. The need for a direct lawsuit arose as a result of the failure of the indirect lawsuit to achieve adequate protection for the creditor against the actions of his debtor, and thus it is considered a departure from the principle of proportionality of the effect of the contract. Since the direct lawsuit is an exception to the principle that restricts the right to exercise the lawsuit except by the right holder, in order to practice it, it is required that there be an explicit legal text that allows the creditor to file it. Therefore, it has been mentioned in specific legal texts exclusively within the scope of sublease, subcontracting, and sub agency, which are considered the most prominent direct lawsuit applications.

In recent years, Iraq has witnessed a widespread increase in drug abuse and drug trafficking. The number of individuals trafficking in drugs and their promotion has increased, and this has been accompanied by an increase in the number of people addicted to drug use. This has prompted the administration to take preventive and controlling measures to prevent the commission of drug crimes, including the activity of individuals legitimately trafficking in drugs and psychotropic substances. By imposing restrictions on its importers, including the owners of factories, pharmacies, and drug stores, which include narcotic substances as raw materials in their industry, and remedial procedures. On the other hand, remedial measures have been taken to confront the harmful effects of drugs on society. The judge may take several decisions after sentencing the perpetrator of a drug crime, which the administration is obligated to implement for the purpose of treatment. The harmful effects of drugs to protect the interests of society and achieve the public interest.

The research discusses the idea of the role of constitutions in determining the identity of individuals, especially in countries with multiple demographic compositions, where there is a need for the constitutional legislator to adopt, through constitutional law, what ensures the formation of a unified national identity for all segments of the people that transcends sub-identities, given that the formation of the identity of individuals in... The state has a sense of patriotism and unity that has a positive impact on the stability of the state.
Therefore, the issue of determining the identity of individuals and explaining the role of the constitution in it was one of the priorities of this research.

This research deals with government oversight in tourism and hotel management under Iraqi and Emirati public law. Today, the tourism and hotel sector is considered one of the important sectors because of its impact on various economic, social and cultural aspects of life, perhaps the most important of which is the economic aspect, as the tourism and hotel sector has a significant impact on development. The economic development of the state, hotel projects are distinguished by their rapid productivity and flexibility. Every expenditure by a tourist in exchange for a hotel service he receives represents the transfer of money from tourists to the hotel sector. This means that increased demand for hotels leads to an increase in the money spent by tourists and thus to economic recovery and attracting Foreign capital to invest in this important sector. In view of this great importance of the hotel sector, it was necessary for the state to intervene and regulate this sector with its various components using the means and tools it possesses of the public authority through issuing legislation and instructions. Within the framework of this importance, hotel legislation tended to grant administrative authorities two types of powers. The first is a regulatory specialty based on organizing... The administrative structure of these authorities, while the second is supervisory (preventive) is based on organizing this sector with the aim of protecting public order with its various elements. Despite the importance of both specializations, as one is complementary to the other, the supervisory specialization is more effective because itA preventive jurisdiction is based on organizing and protecting tourism activity and thus protecting public order with its various elements in the tourism sector facilities. In the supervisory jurisdiction, the administrative authorities play a very important role due to the powers and authorities they enjoy to direct the activity of individuals, control their behavior, and set limits to the exercise of rights as the holder of public authority, including It is compatible with organizing the hotel sector and protecting it from the dangers that threaten it, and achieving a balance between various interests and rights. This research, which deals with government oversight of tourism and hotel management, comes within the framework of confirming the importance of this specialty in regulating the two sectors.

If a juvenile is delinquent or at risk of delinquency or homelessness, he faces extreme danger that calls for attention and protection. Therefore, the Iraqi legislator designated him in Juvenile Welfare Law No. (76) of 1983, as amended, with procedural guarantees during the investigation or trial stage, including the right to defend him, through someone who takes care of him. Such as a guardian, custodian, or custodian, or by a lawyer or a person defending him, or by a lawyer assigned by the trial court to defend the juvenile when a lawyer is not appointed to defend him.

Private international law has witnessed a remarkable development in terms of its rules in terms of solutions, adoptions, and sources. The matter was not limited to traditional sources; rather, it has gone beyond it to the emergence of actors with the authority to issue binding legal rules. Some of these actors are superior to the state and others are inferior to it. This multiplicity makes the authority to enact law not limited to the state. Hence, the research aims to analyze how the transnational system can allow for a move away from the image of law being produced exclusively by the state. If the issue is possible, what is the source of these rules, and what is the framework under which they fall, as an idea aimed at by the research? Therefore, we will begin by presenting viewpoints on the sources of private international law, and the extent of the credibility of their pluralism. Is it a real plurality or only an apparent pluralism? The topic being addressed is rooted in the pluralism that results in legal rules; it envisions a separation from the exclusive production model represented by the production of law by the state and the role of the transnational system to confirm the complex pluralism that constitutes the multiple legal reality.

Investment represents a point of aspiration and a priority devoid of all monotonous turns and ideologies. Countries seek to delve into its depths and keep up with its currents, seeking to keep pace with economic thought. Contemporary, to improve the economic and social reality and achieve sustainable development methods that elevate the individual and society to better development and service levels than the prevailing situation.
In order to find out the causes of this crisis and develop quick solutions to address it, the Iraqi government sought to encourage investment in the field of building residential complexes, especially those with vertical construction, in order to develop an urgent solution to the problem of housing and the unusual rise in real estate prices, and in order to enrich our research with everything related to investment in complexes.

There is no doubt that renewable energy contracts are among the most prominent new contracts. Due to the contribution it contributes to alleviating environmental damage, filling the shortfall in energy production, securing its sources, and providing new worker opportunities, which opens room for the private sector and individual activity in financing and managing major projects, especially in the field of infrastructure, services, and public facilities. Therefore, the countries of the world have tended to pay attention to the issue of diversification. Energy sources and their renewal, especially renewable energy, due to its ability to be exploited continuously without affecting the depletion of renewable energy sources. The conclusion of these contracts for the purpose of investing in them goes through several stages, the first of which is negotiation so that all technical, economic and legal matters are discussed, and then the issue of granting a license and license. Until the contract is completed and implemented.

When there is more than one language in one state, the state is keen to define and protect its national and official language by stipulating this in the constitution, which is binding on all state authorities and adhering to its provisions. This is necessary when there is competition between more than one language within the state, so the legislator was keen The Iraqi constitution in the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005 stipulated that the Arabic and Kurdish languages be designated as official languages. Thus, Iraq adopted a bilingual system after 2003, and this had several effects, including the use of the Arabic and Kurdish languages in the Official Gazette, stamps, and banknotes.
And others. In addition to the constitutional texts related to the language, several laws were legislated to regulate the linguistic aspect and penalties were established for anyone who violates its provisions, including the Official Languages Law No. (7) of 2014, the Official Languages Law in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq No. (6) of 2014, and the Iraqi Scientific Academy Law No. (22). ) for the year 2015.