journal of kufa studies center

Most of the world's developed and developing countries have been paying increasing attention to the development of their financial markets since the past decades, as a result of the growing conviction of the importance of the role that these markets can play in the process of economic development, as financial markets are the main pillar in the development of economic life, and this interest also comes within the framework of the modern directives led by international and regional organizations regarding enhancing the role of such markets in the financial system of the country, as financial markets provide one of the most important channels for mobilizing savings towards sectors The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: it showed that the Iraqi Stock Exchange suffers from a weakness in its performance compared to the Arab financial markets.

Imam Ali (AS) used the method of sermoning because he was a preacher of a divine message, and excelled in it with distinct ingenuity, and his sermons had the greatest impact on the souls of those who heard them, and the Imam applied the sermon in all its meanings in himself first and in his educational, moral and religious texts in particular, so his educational texts in the sermon were proof that he was the best example, as he did not look at the sermon as a theoretical philosophy, but applied it to the fullest in his life and in his religious, political and social mission. He made preaching one of the things of life itself, so that man may infallible himself as much as possible from error and error. The nature of the topic required that the research be divided into three paragraphs, the first dealt with the method of simile of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) to express the sermon, the second dealt with the method of (metaphor) of Imam Ali to express the sermon, and the third dealt with the method of metonymy in Imam Ali to express the sermon.

The book (Tuhfat al-Gharib...), written by Al-Damamini (d. 827 AH), in which he explained the book (Mughni al-Labib...) by Ibn Hisham (d. 761 AH) is one of the preciousness of books, as it included between its books colors of knowledge, as it is one of the fruits of the young fruits that resulted from authorship in that era, and it represented on the work of its author the way of compiling various grammatical and morphological topics, and this is only the result of the expansion of the language lesson that participated in the emergence of new approaches in this type of writing.
The research is divided into two topics, the first dealt with the definition of the author, his book, the commentator and his method of explanation, while the second dealt with Al-Damamini's objection to the triple letters.

Our Arabic language has received a lot of care and attention, as the research dealt with monitoring and correcting mistakes since ancient times, so everyone who composed or made mistakes was monitored and corrected by scholars to preserve the eloquence and correctness of the language, so this was one of the most important of these concerns, especially after the revelation of the Qur'an in it, so it became a Sunnah that they followed after the Prophet (pbuh) ordered them to guide their owner when he made a mistake. Scholars have been able to touch the meanings and meanings of sounds, and Al-Khalil is their pioneer in this field, so they paid attention to the structure of the word, its functions, the multiplicity of morphological formulations, and the change of its connotations according to its substance and form in other derivations, as the linguistic dictionary is a pillar of the lexicography that is based on the meanings of words in their original state and in their social and usage.
The lexicographer's motive was to preserve the language from being lost after mixing with other nations other than Arabic, so the scholars maintained the correctness of the word and the soundness of its pronunciation, and monitored the meanings of the words, their knowledge of the origins of the word, identifying its roots, knowing the rare and abandoned languages, and knowing the synonyms and antonyms of words, as the dictionary has a distinctive and effective role in preserving the Arabic language.

The first Arabs in the Arab Mashreq built a building on which they walked in their literature, and this building was a house (incapacitation and chest) and one rhyme on the whole poem, so they took this building from the people of Andalusia and walked on it in their literature and arts, but a new art appeared that was new to this building and different from it, revolting against every old building and in which there was a commitment to rhyme, and the construction of the people of Andalusia was based on: After the transfer of this art to the Arab Mashreq and especially to Iraq, its poets were divided into two parts, some of them did not adhere to this structure at first appearance and spread, but remained committed to their construction, which is somewhat similar to the vertical poem, and some of them adhered to it and walked on it. They started to be the beginning, the door, then the lock and the exit, but they kept their Iraqi heritage and literature, and they did not neglect it or let it fade through the ages and oblige it.

The Holy Qur\'an includes meanings and explanations, eloquence and eloquence, sciences and arts that had a great impact on the hearts of Muslims and other people of the people of the world and bees, and there is a number of sciences that have been extracted from the heart of the Qur\'an, and deduced from the origins of its verses, which is known as the sciences of the Qur\'an, which are the researches and studies that are the basis for understanding the Qur\'anic verses, understanding the meanings of their vocabulary, and diagnosing their external features and features. In particular, the absolute and the restricted, the tight and the similar, the whole and the detailed, the ambiguous and the indicative and other researches, and some of these sciences are considered to be transfers, such as the causes of revelation, the abrogator, the abrogated and the readings, and some of them are taken by way of consideration, inference, deduction and extraction from words, such as looking at the similar, and bringing the absolute to the restricted and the general over the particular. He accepted his invitation and the Muslims listened to his brilliant verses, and the scholars shared their efforts in writing down the Qur\'anic sciences, and classified many books in them until they varied and interpreted them, and the books and commentaries were numerous and exceeded hundreds.
The explanation of the Qur\'anic sciences, the interpretation of the Qur\'an, the clarification of its words, and the explanation of its meanings is not limited to the Holy Qur\'an only, but we have been able to interpret the Qur\'an and explain the Qur\'anic investigations in the noble Sunnah that was narrated from al-Husayn ibn Saeed al-Ahwazi.  The Noble Qur\'aan: general and specific, absolute and restricted, arbitrary and similar, and the summative and detailed narrations of al-Husayn ibn Sa\'eed al-Ahwazi.

The Holy Qur'an is the basis of the civilization and culture of Muslims and in all fields, whether religious or worldly, it is the eternal miracle of the Prophet (PBUH), so the researcher must explain the topics of Qur'anic sciences in the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and that the topic of the revelation of the Qur'an is one of the most important topics that we deal with from an analytical perspective.
In this research, the researcher will address an important topic, which is the revelation of the Holy Qur'an to the faithful Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), how it was revealed and the gradual revelation of it, the first and last of what was revealed, and the narrations received from the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) in this regard.

The obligatory Shari'a ruling is divided into five sections: obligatory, desirable, permissible, hateful, and haraam, the jurist has an opinion on each of these five issues of jurisprudence, but sometimes he stops and has no opinion – so he says that there is a problem, or there is room for contemplation, or there is hesitation, caution and such and such expressions – and in fact he has no opinion on this issue, and there are several reasons and sources that make the jurist stop and hesitate in the Shari'a ruling It is not definitive, while the natural state of the jurist is to issue a fatwa in one of the five obligatory rulings, and that the state of suspension is an exceptional case that the jurist resorts to when there is a justification for stopping, either in the absence of evidence, or in its lack of clarity, or for fear of violating the famous and the like.

The phenomenon of gender and religious, ethnic and cultural differentiation have had an impact on international security in parallel with threats to human security and economic resources, and these demographic changes are affecting international security.
The research is based on the hypothesis that demographic challenges associated with conflict have a significant impact on international security, and that the greater these challenges, the more negative they are on international security. A number of approaches, including the historical method, the systems analysis method, and the comparative method, were relied upon to clarify the impact of demographic shifts on security by comparing certain models. It was divided into three demands: the first demand: demography and political and economic conflicts, the second demand: demography and religious and ethnic conflicts, and the third demand: demography and social and cultural conflicts.

The crisis between Iraq and Kuwait constitutes one of the most important crises in Iraq's modern history, and its roots go back to the days of the Ottoman rule of the country, as Kuwait was affiliated to the province of Basra at the time, which was affiliated to the Turkish governor, and in 1870, Kuwait refused to do so and demanded sovereignty over its lands overlooking the Arabian Gulf, and in 1899, Kuwait was able to sign a secret treaty with Britain, which included Kuwait obtaining concessions in exchange for Britain's pledge to defend it.
This study dealt with five axes, the first of which was the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the second: the position of the opposition on the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the third: the Iraqi opposition conference in Damascus in 1990 and the formation of the Joint Action Committee, the fourth: the second Gulf War, and the fifth: the position of the opposition on the second Gulf War.

The COVID-19 crisis has caused shock and pressure on cities, as they tested resilience and revealed important issues and opportunities for improvement. In response, many community members have worked in solidarity to help with recovery and provide a support base. This research examines how we can strengthen our resilience during COVID-19 and beyond. A resilient city refers to the ability of individuals, organizations, businesses, and systems to transform, adapt to, and withstand shocks and stressors.
The city is prone to natural and human disturbances. Analyzing potential pandemic-related problems will allow you to identify strengths, look for opportunities for improvement, and prepare for future challenges. The more our society understands the key components of building a resilient city, the easier it will be for us to recover, adapt, and grow together through ongoing challenges and changes.
In the face of many outbreaks we observe how cities and communities can become more vulnerable, this is told through a broader understanding of theories, a review of current literature and practices, and an overview of three points in urban resilience practice, namely reflections, preparedness, and responses. This research contributes to the discussion of the resilient city and its understanding in theory and practice.

After the end of the Cold War, the American political scientist Samuel Huntington presented his famous thesis on the clash of civilizations, which provoked a number of contradictory emotions from the beginning, yet the work has been very popular not only among ordinary people, but also among academics in practice so far, this study aims to explain the so-called "paradox of the clash of civilizations", when more than one empirical test of its truth was carried out, and the result was realistic that other political researchers do not seem to be in the Her further investigations illustrate this study, through the theoretical description and of the precise concepts after the end of the Cold War, his thesis The Clash of Civilizations, which raised many mysterious questions, however, as this study explains the "paradox of the clash of civilizations" despite many empirical tests of the thesis with negative and positive results for it, many political and media scientists do not seem to be disappointed with this result, and they have not stopped using this thesis in their interpretation of world politics, the goal of this study It is to show that the value of the thesis consists of other factors, including its theoretical and methodological purity.

This research sheds light on "Satan in Christian Theology" to show us that Satan in Christian theology and the attitude of Jesus Christ (peace be upon him) towards Satan and his helpers, surely God tests all human beings, so Jesus Christ was faithful in the trial, and Satan wished in his arrogance in the rebellion of Jesus Christ against God, that Christ would deviate from his mission, and gain his worship of Him. Before Satan and his helpers, who is the slanderer, any personal entity and not just a power or influence, the leader of the enemies of God and the leader of the hosts of darkness, he is the one who seduces with evil.

The current research dealt with a study (Analysis of the Outputs of the Students of the Department of Art Education in the Project Subject according to the Theory of Organized Cognitive Orientation D.B.A.E.) and is located in four chapters, the first chapter is devoted to explaining the methodological framework of the research, which is represented by the research problem that sheds light on subjecting the products of the project material to the determinants of the Organized Cognitive Orientation Theory (DBAE). Analyzing the outputs of the students of the Art Education Department in the project subject according to the theory of organized cognitive orientation (DBAE).
The second chapter included (a reading of the concept of the theory of organized cognitive orientation D.B.A.E.). The third chapter included the research procedures, the research community, its sample, the nature of the methodology in it, and the tool adopted in the analysis, and then the analysis of the sample of (33) models, artworks from the drawings of the students of the fourth stage at the Faculty of Education – Department of Art Education.
The fourth chapter included and discussed the results and conclusions of the research, as well as recommendations and suggestions, including the following results:
1. The existence of significant differences in the indicators of the main axes according to the indicators of (artistic production, art history "modern trends", realistic standards in aesthetics, art criticism), the first rank achieved the standard of aesthetics while the index (art history and modern trends) was in the last ranking, and the percentage of similarity between the values of the indicators is (0.65) which is significant at the level of (0.05).
2. The existence of significant differences in the elements of composition according to the indicators (line, color, shape, texture, space) achieved the first rank while the index (line) was in the last order, and the percentage of similarity between the values of the indicators is (0.78) which is significant at the level of (0.05).

This research dealt with the subject of the policy followed by Britain to expel Jews from Libya during the period of occupation (1943-1952), which is a very important topic because it was linked to the prelude to the establishment of the Zionist entity in Palestine, as Jews have lived in Libya since ancient times and played important roles in its political and economic fields, especially in the modern era, so there were a good number of Jews in Libya, which made the British government plan during the period of occupation to persuade Jews to emigrate to Palestine by provoking problems and disturbances between them and Muslim Arabs and the support of Zionist organizations to achieve this.

Ahmed Daouk is an independent Lebanese politician, who grew up since 1892 in the social center of a Beiruti family known as the Daouk family, which was displaced from the Maghreb after the fall of Andalusia to the Franks, so they settled in Beirut in an area known as "Ras Beirut", so he grew up and learned there from a young age, so he was diligent and persevering, he completed his studies in engineering from the University of Aix-d'Auprovence in France. He worked abroad and inside his country, becoming a technical advisor to Sharif Hussein bin Ali in the Hejaz, holding many administrative and political positions in Lebanon, so he was elected Prime Minister during the reign of President Alfred Al-Naqash (December 1, 1941-July 27, 1942), and he also became consul of his country in Spain and France for the period 1944-1952 and 1952-1958 respectively, and then became Prime Minister for the second time during the period (May 14-August 1, 1960) during the era of President Fouad Chehab. He retired from politics and went to manage the position of advisor to the Lebanese Endowments until his death in 1979.

Al-Shalmaghani occupied a distinguished position in the Imami Shiite circles at the time of his rectitude, and he had a close relationship with Hussein bin Ruh al-Nobakhti, the third ambassador of the absent Imam, so his works have a distinct presence among the members of the sect, as they were present in every Shiite house, but the issue of his Bábí claim and his competition with the third ambassador for the position of prosecutor and his adoption of ideas that are considered deviant from the line of the sect led to a change in the position of the Imamiyya and its scholars towards him, and from here the study sought to identify several problems in The issue of the deviation of Muhammad bin Ali al-Shalmaghani, the position on the narratives that he quoted in his writings, the fate of some of those works about which information was available in the stomachs of books, some of which were attributed to others, as we observed in this study, and his relationship with the political authority in Baghdad and the changes that occurred in that relationship following the prosecution's claim and its consequences.
The subject was dealt with according to several axes, the first of which was the introduction of Shalmaghani and the identification of the historical features of the era that witnessed his deviation from the line of Imami Shiism, the second dealt with the most important beliefs that historical sources said he adopted with those who followed him, and the third dealt with his most important works and the position on them by the followers of the sect and its scholars, while addressing some of his works attributed to others based on the evidence that was adopted.

The scholar of Sbeit al-Nili claims to be the author of a theory that interprets language and solves its problems that linguists themselves were unable to solve, so he put forward titles (intentionality, system, intentional solution, or unified system) which he attributes to himself as its discoverer, founder, and applicator, and gives titles to the statements of the interpreters, describing them as (arbitrary, random, irregular, or unintentional in the Qur'an).
The research will address the definition of the intentional theory, the issue of distortion of the Qur'an, and Qur'anic readings, and the research will address some questions and some reflections on the theory, and the most important results of the research.

The present study aims to test the effect of proficient leadership on the strategic risks of a sample of the leaders of the (21) Popular Mobilization Brigade, and in order to achieve this, a one-dimensional scale was adopted for the strategic risk variable, and the masterful leadership scale, which consists of dimensions (vision, self, belonging, altruism), and the study problem focused on whether the proficient leadership of the security leaders in the 21st Brigade of the Popular Mobilization has a role in avoiding strategic risks?
The study gains its importance by highlighting two variables of great importance at the level of the research sample, as well as its academic importance, as the study of these variables (masterful leadership and strategic risks) is one of the urgent necessities at the beginning of the twenty-first century after the state of uncertainty became the inherent characteristic of the external environment and the accelerated changes of the situation, and to achieve the goal of the study in the applied aspect of it, the researchers relied on the questionnaire as the main tool of the study through data collection, which included 19 questions were distributed between 13 questions related to masterful leadership and 6 questions related to strategic risks.
The study targeted the Mosul Operations Command, Brigade (21) of the Popular Mobilization Forces, one of the formations of the Ministry of Defense as a whole, and the sample reached (42) commanders by the method of deliberate sample (brigade commander, assistant commander of the brigade, company commanders, assistant commander) with a response rate of (85%), and was analyzed by the statistical program (SPSS). The researchers have the opportunity to intensify research efforts in the above variables and apply them in other security institutions.

The dialogical implication is one of the modern terms that appeared at the hands of one of the Western scholars (Grace), as this term studies the meaning of the sentence through two perspectives, one of which is apparent and the other implicit, and this is what we will study in the praises of the princes of Abu al-Hassan al-Tuhami, where the poet sought to imbue the poetic verses with great meanings that are full of praise and describe him in high ranks of virtues and noble values. In addition to the introductions of these praises, which came with enigmatic codes that carry hidden symbols whose keys are linked to the praise of princes such as (Mu'tamid al-Dawla, Haydara bin Yamlul, and Nasr al-Dawla Abu Nasr Ahmed bin Marwan bin Dostak), this led to a major violation of the rules of the principle of cooperation, which in turn works to define speech, and the fact is that the poetic purpose (praise) in particular cannot be determined by a set of rules that govern it, because praise by its nature requires the poet to exaggerate and exaggerate in drawing the image of the praised and what this requires In order to persuade him, whether to give or not, and to raise his status among his peers and the general public, praise poems serve as means of propaganda for the person in question, which is above his value in society.