Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

This study was conducted to determine the total number of viable bacteria and to assess microbial contamination in shawarma sandwich samples from 10 restaurants in Dohuk city. A total of 100 shawarma samples were collected from these restaurants, with five open and five closed establishments. Results revealed that the shawarma samples, restaurant buildings, equipment, and employees were contaminated with overall viable microbial counts. E. coli, Staphylococcus, Salmonella, and fungi were present in the shawarma samples at levels above acceptable standards for human consumption, except for samples from restaurant F2, which showed no contamination. Microbial counts were at log 5.30, 0.0, 4.5, 0.0, and 0.0 CFU/g, respectively. Identification of the microbial isolates indicated that the shawarma samples contained different bacterial and yeast species; after morphological, microscopic, and biochemical characterization, these were identified as Staphylococcus sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and Pseudomonas sp.
The results concluded that the shawarma samples from the restaurants were contaminated with various microorganisms at levels not permitted for human consumption. Contamination from restaurant buildings, equipment, and employees was also found to have a significant effect on increasing contamination levels in Shawarma samples.

The creation of proteins in huge amounts and low toxicity of the residues make the fungi as the reducing agents in manufacture of silver nanoparticles.Silver nanoparticles are produced from fungi allow for the control of infections. They can use as antimicrobials in health and agriculture. Current study aimed to produce silver nanoparticles from Curvularia tuberculata fungus that was isolated from the soil. C. tuberculata mycelium filtrate had developed in glass flasks contain liquid fermentation medium for 10 days and resolved with silver nitrate salt AgNo3.The biosynthesis procedure was found by watching the color turns yellow to brown or dark brown by using Ultraviolet spectrometry (UV)that showed absorption peaks at wavelengths 420- 430 nm. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was revealed the nanoparticles in spherical shapes with dimensions 8–100 nm. The spectrum revealed the existence of amide groups and protein residues, as well as carboxyl groups. The chemical groups in charge of the biosynthesis and encapsulation of nanoparticles were also found by the infrared spectrum (IR) for both fungal filtrates and the resulting particles after converting them into powder. The C. tuberculata showed its ability of silver nanoparticles biosynthesis after 42 hours of incubation. The silver particles produced by fungi detected inhibitory action against the pathogenic bacteria including P. aeruginosa and S. typhi, they also showed scavenging activity against C. albicans yeast. In conclusion: The fungus C. tuberculata showed the capability to produce silver nanoparticles and the possibility of using particles as antibiotics against pathogenic bacterial isolates and yeasts.

ABSTRACT
Understanding the effects of prenatal bioacoustic cues (PBC) on embryogenesis and neurogenesis has an important and prominent role in bird biology. This study examined how vital acoustic signals affect the neurogenesis and the physiological development of embryos. The study was conducted at the hatcheries of the Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sulaymaniyah, using 480 fertilized eggs (Ross 308) with four treatments: CO (control without sound), HC (hen call), CH (chick call), and CWH (chick with hen call). Each treatment was divided into four replicates of 30 eggs each. The sounds, at 15 minutes per hour daily, were monitored from day 5 until the eggs hatched. The results indicate that compared to the CO, the other three groups had significantly higher embryogenesis (p<0.01) for embryonic mass, chick body weight, hatchability, and embryo index (EI). The neurological characteristics of neurons, brain mass, and brain index (BI) were similarly significantly higher (p<0.01) in the HC, CH, and CWH groups than in the CO. Compared to the CO group, corticosterone hormone levels for the other groups showed substantial improvement (p<0.01). In conclusion, PBC improves nerve signal transmission within the embryo, stimulates nerve creation, and improves embryonic growth and development. This results in enhanced biological processes and optimal embryonic development while lowering stress and corticosterone levels.

A field experiment was conducted at the fields of a farmer in west of Maysan Governorate (latitude 30.51° N and longitude 47.06° E) during the fall season of 2023. The study aimed to investigate the effect of four mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties (Local, Omrani, Parto, and Ghohar) cultivated at three different planting distances (20, 25, and 30 cm) on some growth traits and yield. The experiment was conducted using split plots in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates, occupying the planting distances for the main plots, and the varieties for the sub-plots. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences among the varieties for most studied traits. The Ghohar variety (V4) outperformed the other varieties in most parameters, producing the highest seed yield of 2.346 tons ha⁻¹. Additionally, the Omrani variety (V2) recorded the highest number of seeds per pod, while the Local (V1) and Parto (V3) varieties showed the lowest values for the studied traits.The planting distance of 25 cm significantly improved leaf number, leaf area, and leaf area index, resulting in the highest seed yield of 2.304 tons ha⁻¹. Meanwhile, the 20 cm planting distance significantly increased plant height, reaching 52.21 cm.The interaction between the Ghohar variety (V4) and the 25 cm planting distance showed superiority in growth traits, such as leaf number, leaf area, and leaf area index, which translated into the highest seed yield of 3.017 tons ha

The core portion of the wheat grain that results from the milling process is called the germ. Therefore, the study's goal was to create alcoholic, water-based extracts and oil of wheat germ and to produce cream using a major proportion of the extracts and oil. The oil was extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 a solvent. Our experiment used a GC-MS, or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, to examine and determine the WGO components. Phytochemical screening detected glycosides, alkaloids, phenols, coumarin, saponin, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids in the wheat germ extracts and oil. Additionally, the study examined the effects of various extracts on the antioxidants, free fatty acids, and organoleptic characteristics of freshly made and stored cream samples for ten days at 8°C ± 1. It was found that WGO extract exerted stronger antioxidant activity than ethanol and water extracts. This research showed that the incorporation of oil from wheat germ at a concentration of 0.4% could extend samples of cream that can be stored for up to 10 days at 8 ± 1°C. This extension in shelf life was achieved without the need for any chemical preservatives, while still maintaining acceptable taste, flavor, and texture. This study found that WGO and extracts offer a substitute for artificial preservatives in the food industry. It will also assist researchers in identifying important aspects of functional dairy products that many others could not investigate.

Due to the lack of studies that were conducted on fish populations and the impacts of the tide on fish diversity, composition, and abundance in the east Hammar marsh, to evaluate the status of the marsh from January to December 2020. Some ecological variables were measured and represented by water temperature, salinity concentrations, and hydrogen ions. A total of 4217 fish individuals were caught from the study area, epitomizing 18 families belonging to 29 genera and 37 fish species, all affiliated with Osteichthyes. Cyprinidae and Engraulidae represented the most abundant families sheared in four species each. Four species preside the East Hammar marsh, forming 62.58% of the overall fish in the investigated region: Planiliza abu, Carassius gibelio, Thrayssa whiteheadi, and Poecilia latipinna recorded 20.44, 17.76, 14.28, and 10.10% respectively. The fish fauna diversity included the native species where 14 species formed 28.05% of the total caught. Nine exotic species consisting 48.19% of the overall fish. The marine species were 14 species counting 23.76% of the total catch. The present study concluded that the marsh was subjected to deterioration in the environment due to increased salinity, which led to a change in fish assemblage composition to exotic, ornamental fish, and marine species, with a decline the native fish species.

A field experiment was conducted during winter of 2023–2024 at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Basra. The response of four triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars, namely, Admiral, Farah, Amal 7 and Almohanad, to different seeding rates (140, 160 and 180 kg ha⁻1) was evaluated with regard to physiological growth characteristics and yield performance. The experiment was designed as a randomised complete block design with a split-plot arrangement, which was replicated three times. Seeding rates were assigned to the main plots, whilst cultivars were allocated to the subplots. Results revealed significant differences amongst triticale cultivars for most of the studied traits. The Farah cultivar exhibited superior performance, with the highest plant height (126.25 cm), flag leaf area (51.69 cm2), leaf area index (4.01), leaf area duration (146.70 day⁻1), crop growth rate (23.11 g m⁻2 day⁻1), chlorophyll content in the flag leaf (83.39 mg g⁻1 fresh weight) and grain yield (5.53 t ha⁻1). Increasing the seeding rate from 140 to 180 kg ha⁻1 led to a higher tiller density, reaching 634.40 tillers m⁻2. Furthermore, a seeding rate of 160 kg ha⁻1 was found to optimise grain yield across all cultivars, achieving a maximum yield of 4.53 t ha⁻1. Based on these findings, cultivating the Farah cultivar at a seeding rate of 160 kg ha⁻1 can enhance yield performance.

The growth and development of rice are significantly impacted by high temperatures, which also increases the sterility percentage. The consequences of extreme heat can be mitigated by selecting appropriate sowing dates for rice genotypes, particularly during flowering. In a pot experiment conducted from April to November 2024, three genotypes of japonica rice and one indica genotype were cultivated using three sowing dates: April 21, May 11, and June 11. Phenology and sterility percentage were ascertained in addition to the accumulation of Growing Degree Days, calculated for every stage from seedling to physiological maturity (PM). The effect of the three different sowing dates and the response of rice genotypes were found to differ significantly. The longest growing period (143.500 days) was for the first date with a maximum amount of GDD (3262.400) needed to reach PM, whereas the third sowing date had the shortest period (114.417 days) and the lowest GDD (2595.338). High temperatures caused differences in sterility among rice genotypes, depending on the environmental conditions provided by three sowing dates; the highest and lowest sterility percentages of V1, V2, and V3 were obtained in SD1 and SD3. The Banikhellan genotype had a far higher grain production (56.001g) than the others, whilst the Indica type produced the least (29.619g). As a result, the Indica genotype Sadry had 40% sterility, whereas the Japonica rice genotypes Banikhellan, Akre1, and Akre2 displayed more tolerance, so any rice genotype's appropriate sowing date greatly depends on the timing of the flowering and pollination.

This study aims to assess the impact of incorporating hot aqueous extracts derived from the safflower plant Carthamus tinctorius L. at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, compared to a control treatment. The evaluation focuses on the chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of laboratory-produced croissants stored for over 10 days at room temperature. Four components of the hot aqueous safflower extract were identified using HPLC. Quercetin and Kaempferol achieved the highest concentrations, reaching 97.4 and 88.6 ppm, respectively. Rutin decreased to 49.8 ppm. Peroxides were estimated in the laboratory-produced croissants, with treatment T2 showing the greatest decrease in peroxides, reaching 5.365 on the tenth day of storage, compared to the control treatment C, whose values increased from 3.08 to 12.466. There was a significant decrease in the TBA values of treatments A2 and A3, reaching 0.663 and 0.0816, respectively. The identified chemically active compounds played a key role in the development of microbial growth in laboratory-produced croissants at varying doses. The concentration of 300 mg/kg in the manufactured croissants achieved the highest inhibition of bacteria until the sixth day of storage, reaching 2 × 105 CFU, which is considered one of the most effective concentrations. This indicates the effect of the active compounds and phenolic compounds present in the safflower extract in inhibiting bacterial colonies. The extract did not show any inhibitory activity against bacteria at a concentration of 100 mg/kg. The bacterial counts were recorded from the beginning of storage, reaching 1× 105 CFU. The product was evaluated sensorily. The results showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between treatment A2 and the other treatments in terms of appearance. Treatment A2 at a concentration of (200 mg/kg) recorded the highest value of 7.0, followed by treatment A3 (300 mg/kg), which reached 6.8. As for the properties of texture and softness, treatment A3 recorded the highest values of 7 for both, respectively. While the control treatment had the lowest values of 5.4 and 5.0, respectively, for both characteristics, treatment A2 outperformed the control in terms of flavour, flaky texture, and colour, with values of 6.8, 7, and 7, respectively.

In the current study, 60 samples of different cheeses were examined to determine the extent of fungal contamination. The results showed the presence of mold in 24 samples (40%) and yeast in 16 samples (26.6%). The results of the local white cheese showed that this type of cheese had the highest percentage of mold contamination, reaching 33.3%, and the presence of yeast in it was 2.3%. Aspergillus fumigatus recorded the highest percentage of contamination, representing 62.5% of the total mold contamination in the cheese in the current study. Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger were the most contaminating mold species in the studied cheese, representing 25% of the total mold. Aspergillus flavus and Mucor circinelloides accounted for 12.5%. The study showed the presence of Pencillium roqueforti and Rhizopus stolonifer in approximately 8.33% of the examined samples. Acremonium falciforme and Pencilium commune were less common, with an average prevalence of 4.16% across all cheeses. The most prevalent yeast in cheese was Debaryomyces hansenii, accounting for 43.75% of the cheeses studied, followed by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, at approximately 25%, and Candida lipolytica, at 18.75%. Candida albicans was less common, accounting for 12.5% of all samples. This study confirmed the identity of the two fungal species using BLAST analysis, achieving 100% accuracy for Aspergillus fumigatus and 99% accuracy for Mucor circinelloides, with one gene mutation observed. These results confirm the importance of genome sequencing in fungal classification and evolutionary relationships.

One of the basic tasks in agricultural mechanization technology is to reduce energy consumption in agricultural operations, especially in tillage. Experiment was conducted in fields of Al- Bada in Iraq season 2024. This research studied, soil disturbed volum, practical productivity, and tractive efficiency. Best indicator involved three levels of tractor speeds (2.70, 3.40 ,3.78 km. hr-1) and three levels of tilt depths (18, 22, 27) cm. Factorial experiments under (RCPD) with three replications was used in this study. It was verified superiority tractor velocity 3.78 km.h-1 gets highest value soil disturbed volume which amounted 100.9m3.hr-1and higher practical productivity 0.813 ha.hr -1, while velocity 2 .70 km.hr-1 gets less tractive efficiency 63.23 %, tillage depth 18 cm gets lowest percentage of tractive efficiency 62.11%, depth tilled 27 cm by using moldboard plow gets highest value in soil disturbed volume 98.19m3.hr-1 and practical productivity 0.843 ha.hr-1. Interaction between tractor speed 3.78km.hr-1 with tillage depth 27 cm was superior in getting the highest (S. D. V)100.9m3.hr-1. practical productivity 0.907 ha.hr-1 and higher tractive efficiency 72.00%.

This study aimed to detect pregnancy by ultrasonography, progesterone and PAG in local Iraqi ewes. This experiment was conducted in the breeding season and region at Saqlawiya/ Al-Anbar province, period from 1/9/2023 until 1/3/2024. Thirty-seven polyparous nonpregnant ewes aged 2-4 years and twelve matur rams were with used, their weight ranged between 45.3±3 kg. The animals were examined with Trans-Rectal Ultrasonography (TRU) and trans-abdominal (TAU) to ensure that thay were non pregnant. Estrus synchronization was achieved by applied intra vaginal sponges for 14 days. Twelve breeding rams used to estrus detection and breeding. Ewes underwent ultrasonic examination at day 34 post-mating (PM) by TAU. Hormonal assay were conducted at day (34) PM, Ovine Pregnancy Associated Glycoprotein (PAG) from day 34 PM estemal. All ewes showed Estrus. Moreover, the diagnosis of pregnancy by ultrasound examination was better at days 34 of pregnancy followed by the PAG and then the progesterone hormone. Additionlly, ultrasonography method recorded higher accuracy for pregnancy detection in days 34 PM comparison PAG assay and progesterone assay. In conclusion the ultrasonography is regarded as one of the most precise and up-to-date techniques for diagnosing pregnancy followed by progesterone assay and PAG and pregnancy could be accurately detected by ultrasound on the 34th day of pregnancy in ewes.

The research was conducted in one of the fields of the Department of Plant Production in the desert region (tomato development project) affiliated with the Directorate of Agriculture of the Holy Karbala Governorate for the purpose of studying the effect of spraying the shoots of the Kohlrabi plant (hybrid) with the Nano biopolymer (Chitosan) and the Azotobacter bio inoculum on the roots of the plant seedlings in terms of growth indicators and yield for the autumn agricultural season. 2023-2024 ,The means were compared according to the Duncan multiple ranges test at significant to level of 0.05.with R.C.B.D . The first factor was spraying the shoots with Nano-Chitosan at a concentration of (0, 1, and 2) g L-1, two weeks after transplanting, and two sprays every 14 days. The second factor has three levels, the first is planting without a vaccine, the second is inoculating the seedling roots with Azotobacter at a level of 5 g , and the third level is inoculating with 10 grams of the biological factor. The results showed a significant superiority of the interaction treatment between the bio-addition of Azotobacter at a level of 5 g .and a concentration of 2 g of Nano-chitosan in the characteristics of each of the plant length 60 cm, the number of leaves 21.67 leaves. plant-1the leaf content of chlorophyll 77.59 mg 100 g -1, The Weight of the knobs cm plant-1 278.9 g , the total yield 14.87 ton . h -1, content of nitrogen 3.43% and the knobs content of protein 21.48% compared to the control treatment, which gave the lowest value.

The use of molecular marker technologies has significantly advanced biological sciences and plant genetic analysis, particularly in revealing individual variations in DNA sequence. Molecular markers are useful tools in plants, particularly in marker-assisted selection, genome-wide association studies and QTL identification that impacts complicated hereditary traits. As the development of genomic tools in plant breeding and our knowledge of plant genomes increases, rapid and high-throughput phenotyping methods continue to be discussed as significant improvement applications in plant breeding programs. Since quantitative traits such as yield traits, quality traits, and resistance to abiotic/biotic stress factors in plants are an element that determines the indirect effects of both genetic and environmental factors and their interactions, phenotyping is a critical element in crop development. High-throughput phenotyping methods capture changes in environmental factors more sensitively compared to traditional applications, and thus selection efficiency is successfully increased. Correct and ethical use of genomic technologies with high-throughput phenotyping techniques is critical for long-term success and sustainability in the agricultural sector. In this review, the use of molecular marker technologies developed in integration with plant breeding in mapping studies and studies on the use of high-throughput phenotyping technologies in plant breeding are discussed.

The current study was carried out at AL-Anbar University's College of Agriculture. Quail field to study the following traits: growth hormone, T3, T4, and T.S.H. 180 female Japanese quail, aged 90 days and raised in cages, were randomly distributed across 4 nutritional treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment included 45 females, with three replicates per treatment, and each replicate contained 15 females, which were raised separately. The (females) quail were fed four types of diets representing the experimental treatments as follows: T1: the basal diet without added zinc, T2: the basal diet with the addition of 25 mg/ kg of zinc, T3: the basal diet with the addition of 50 mg/ kg of zinc, and T4: the basal diet with the addition of 75 mg/ kg of zinc. The results indicated a significant increase at the (P≤0.01) level in the concentration of Growth Hormone (GH) in the blood serum at the 25 and 50 mg/ kg zinc levels At 25 and 50 mg/kg levels, a significant increase (P≤0.0002) in triiodothyronine (T3) concentration was observed. Additionally, the results showed a significant increase at the (P≤0.0025) level in the concentration of Tetraiodothyronine (T4) at the 25 mg/ kg zinc level. There was also a significant increase at the (P≤0.0001) level in the concentration of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) at the 25 and 50 mg/ kg zinc levels compared to the control group.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of concave clearance and rotational speed on hammer-mill performance when grinding chickpeas. A response surface methodology (RSM) design approach was used to determine its suitability as a predictive approach for optimize chickpea flour production. The evaluation was performed using two parameters, concave clearance (6 mm, and 9 mm for the manufactured screen) and rotation speeds of (2154 rpm, 4339 rpm) as test factors, while Power Consumption (PC), Productivity (P), Specific Capacity (SC), Specific Energy (SE), Average Granules diameter (AG) and Grinding Fineness (GF) were used as test indicators. A quadratic regression combination test was designed and a mathematical model between the test indicators and the test factors was constructed. All models were statistically significant and were validated with two independent variables. The model R2 for the responses was 0.87, 0.87, 0.71, 0.72, 0.91, and 0.93 for PC, P, SC, SE, AG, and GF, respectively. The results showed that the effect of concave clearance was significant for P, SC, SE, and AG; while PC, and GF were not significant. Furthermore, rotational speeds was significant for all indicators. The 9 mm concave clearance and the rotational speed of 4339 rpm were the most acceptable, so the new 9 mm concave clearance screen has a high productivity of 248.63 kg.h-1 and reasonable power consumption of 1.82 kW, which is aprpperate in feed quality and preservation. After optimization the hammer mill showed the best operating performance meeting the requirements of precision grinding of chickpeas

This study was conducted to identify the grapevine leafworm, both phenotypically using morphological characteristics of the larvae and molecularly using PCR techniques on larvae isolated from grape orchards in Al-Alam District, Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq. The study revealed that the collected larvae were Hippotion celerio, based on morphological characteristics observed by the researcher in the laboratory. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COX I) gene was used for molecular identification.. The resulting amplification base pairs identified the insect as Hippotion celerio, with a 99.81% similarity to the sample identified in the United States. The record is registered under the global number KP720072.1. While collecting larvae from orchards, the researcher noticed that some larvae had been preyed upon by the red wasp Vespa orientalis L. Predation of the insect larvae by adult red wasps Vespa orientalis L. was observed with remarkable intensity. To date, no scientific sources have reported any association between these species, making this a new record of predation on grapevine leafworm larvae.

Moldboard is one of the most important working parts of a plough; it is the most vulnerable to stress due to working through the soil. Thus, the study aimed to determine the extent of the moldboard's ability to withstand stress and bending torque. The stresses affecting the structure of the moldboards were examined and analyzed under conditions similar to the field conditions in which the flip-flop moldboard plough operates, using the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the ANSYS software. The principal stresses, principal strains, and displacement ratio were adopted in the first stage. In the second stage of the study, the results were tested in the field to investigate the performance of two shapes of moldboards (standard - conventional and slatted moldboard) at two soil moisture contents (SMC) (10.23% and 16%) utilizing two forward speeds (4.96 and 6.20 km.h-1) to determine the impact of these factors on stress and bending moment. Theoretically, the slatted moldboard outperformed the conventional moldboard by 7% and 13% recording lower principal stress and lower principal strain, respectively. However, the conventional moldboard’s continuous surface offered greater structural stability, showing 45% less displacement. Practically, the results indicated that the stress increased when SMC decreased, and respond positively with speed. Meanwhile, the manufactured slatted moldboard recorded the lowest bending moment under all tested factors.

The study was conducted to identify heavy and light sand minerals and to determine their morphological properties and distribution within the soils of some sites in Iraq (north, center, and south) And the extent of its impact on the structural composition of these soils to identify the appropriate methods for managing them and raising their production efficiency. The studied soil samples were obtained from depths of (0-30) cm and (30-60) cm. According to the mineral analyses of the sand particles, the analysis results showed that light minerals with a specific gravity of less than 2.89 largest part of the sand fraction. The carbonate rock minerals, which fall within the rock fragments, are dominated by Quartz, Feldspars, and the group of coated grains by clay. Results revealed clear differences in the proportions of light and heavy minerals and their morphological characteristics between the study areas, reflecting these regions' diverse geological and environmental characteristics. Study showed that the percentage of light minerals in the studied samples was much higher than that of heavy minerals in all the study soils. This shows the effect of different factors, such as weathering, transport, and sedimentation. Results showed that when studying the Weathering Index for light minerals, there was a slight variation between its values for all regions. it was also noted that the Weathering Index increased in the surface soil layer of the Tikrit site and the Qal'at Saleh and Al-Kahlaa sites, which indicates that these soils were exposed to and affected by weathering factors

The study was conducted to identify heavy and light sand minerals and to determine their morphological properties and distribution within the soils of some sites in Iraq (north, center, and south) And the extent of its impact on the structural composition of these soils to identify the appropriate methods for managing them and raising their production efficiency. The studied soil samples were obtained from depths of (0-30) cm and (30-60) cm. According to the mineral analyses of the sand particles, the analysis results showed that light minerals with a specific gravity of less than 2.89 largest part of the sand fraction. The carbonate rock minerals, which fall within the rock fragments, are dominated by Quartz, Feldspars, and the group of coated grains by clay. Results revealed clear differences in the proportions of light and heavy minerals and their morphological characteristics between the study areas, reflecting these regions' diverse geological and environmental characteristics. Study showed that the percentage of light minerals in the studied samples was much higher than that of heavy minerals in all the study soils. This shows the effect of different factors, such as weathering, transport, and sedimentation. Results showed that when studying the Weathering Index for light minerals, there was a slight variation between its values for all regions. it was also noted that the Weathering Index increased in the surface soil layer of the Tikrit site and the Qal'at Saleh and Al-Kahlaa sites, which indicates that these soils were exposed to and affected by weathering factors

A field experiment was conducted in a sandy clay loam soil during the spring season (2023) in the Habbaniyah District, specifically in the Khalidiya District of Anbar Governorate, located on the right side of the Nazim Habbaniyah project. The objective was to investigate the effect of irrigation management and Different levels of polymer addition on the properties of gypsum soil. Irrigation was applied when 40%, 50%, and 60% of the available water was depleted, while polymer was incorporated at rates of 0, 0.001, and 0.002 by soil weight. The experimental parameters were organized using a factorial design based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Potato tubers of the Burin variety were planted, and Class A evaporation pans were utilized for irrigation scheduling.The results indicated a reduction in the infiltration rate following the conclusion of the season across all treatments when compared to the before planting values. The peak rate recorded was 9.25 cm h-1 under the 40% depletion treatment with an addition of 0.002, while the lowest rate was 5.81 cm h-1 observed in the 60% depletion treatment without any addition. Additionally, the very best coefficient of determination (R2) between cumulative infiltration and time turned into 0.9982 for the forty% depletion remedy with the 0.002 addition, while the lowest coefficient was 0.9938 for the 60% depletion treatment with none addition.