Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

Phraseology, which was first proposed by Bally and later developed by Benvensite, deals with the actual use of language in discourse. There are three elements in a discourse: participants (i.e. speaker and listener), place, and time, apart from some other relevant factors. Recently much research has been conducted in the field of discourse linguistics with all its social, cultural, and psychological complications, including pronunciation which is essential for lexical items production. This process hinges on various ideological, social and psychological factors.
The present paper sheds light on reference which is important in understanding discourse. Referents become meaningful only in the course of discourse. Modern trends in linguistics pay a great deal of attention to the concepts of discourse and reference, hence our emphasis on this topic. The paper explores the importance of lexical items and their reference in discourse within the theoretical frame set by Benvensite. Benvensite also tackled some challenges in this area, which will also be highlighted here. Most importantly, the study draws a comparison between reference from discoursal perspective and discourse from a pragmatic perspective, and how these two fields of linguistics view this topic.

This topic is concerned with the historical study of the characteristics of the Kurdish national movement during the period between the two world wars. Addressed about those characteristics and changes that witnessed the Kurdish national movement in the political and cultural sides in Kurdistan, following the occurrence and out break of the First World War and after, which held several international political agreements that have a significant impact on the Kurdish national movement, as well as signed during That period on the territory of Kurdistan a number of revolutions and uprisings, with significant changes in the cultural field, all of this has a significant impact on the Kurdish national movement to be characterized by new characteristics as compared to the previous stages. The research consists of two main Sections, the first one dealt with the characteristics of the Kurdish national movement at the internal level, while the second section was devoted to talk and analyze the characteristics that have an external character and appearance, and their effects on the Kurdish movement, especially the division of Kurdistan by Great powers. At the end of the research was reached several results, which I referred in points.

The research aims to study and evaluate the extent of the application of measures of throughput accounting and find appropriate solutions to the problems currently experienced by the management of industrial units from the length of manufacturing time and the slow process in the production line and others, and directed to the purpose of maximizing the value of the customer and shareholders and face competition, survival, continuity, success and excellence in the changing markets. During cost reduction, quality improvement and time reduction are critical factors to determine the competitive advantage of many industrial companies in the present era. The research methodology was used by the researchers to achieve the research objectives and test their hypotheses through the application of measures (financial and non-financial) of the method of throughput accounting on the actual data of an industrial unit in the Kurdistan Region. Manage constraints and bottlenecks to increase output "achievement" through the thrpughput rate (such as a measure of sales per unit of time) and the throughput margin (by comparing the value of sales and the variable cost, which includes materials only) of high quality rather than interest in reducing costs. The research arrieved several recommendations, the most important, economic units are urged, including laboratory research sample to benefit from the information provided by the method of throughput accounting of what this tool role in providing information that will help to raise the efficiency of the economic performance of the unit and improve its profitability.

Dialectical Atlas consists of lots of language maps, which shows the spread of a language phenomenon in a specific area. This map shows the native speakers of this area through using different signs like voice, lexical, grammar and semantics.
This research entitled ”Phonological Atlas 10” is about the language form between Shaqlawa and Koya districts. The researcher has attempted to draw the phonological atlas 10 and show similarities and differences in pronunciation of language variations of the villagers belonging to both districts. Moreover, the language variations of this study are only phonemic variations.
The research is conducted based on how to identify Isogloss_hetirogloss. According to this, it has tried to identify the phonological rules of the vowels between Shaqlawa and Koya districts. The samples used for the present study have been empirically collected. The main hypothesis of this research is to show the differences noticed among the speakers based on the various geographical areas although the differences are not on the IPA system. The language variations are written according to IPA on the map. The study is made up of introduction, conclusion, references, and a summary of the study in Arabic and English language.

This research elucidates the issue of criticism of the text of Hadeeth among the Muslim Scholars. The discussion of the Text of Hadeeth has been a very important field of Islamic study from the time of companions of Prophet Mohammed (May Allah showers His Blessings Upon Him) to the present time among Muslim scholars for several purposes, the most important of this work to maintain the authenticity of the speeches which attributed to the(Prophet (peace be upon him) from fabrication, distortion, deceit and lying to purity them from weak and man-made Hadeeth that is Based on the rules and regulations which are approved by the Muslim Scholars in this vast field and inspired by revelation, or guided by revelation those regulations and rules for criticism of the sciences Hadeeth. This study deals with the definition of text, the definition of Hadeeth and its relationship with Sunnah, information and its legacy. In addition, it also deals to criticize the text of Hadeeth with the clarify of the most important rules and regulations to investigate which Hadeeth is attributed to Prophet (Peace be upon him). The problem of research lies in the fact that there are those who claim that Muslim scholars did not care about the criticism of the speech as much as they are concerned with the criticism of the support and the narrators, or did not care about the criticism of the text itself, claiming that this is offend to the honorable prophetic approach (Sunnah). Through this research, both researchers try to investigate their claims and to show their false information. The two researchers used the originality method, which means to care for the details of the issue of criticism of the Hadeeth's texts, support and narration; its originality to the time of the Companions, followers, and scholars who came after them. Nonetheless, the study focus on the how this method established the criticism of Hadeeth text, its stages, its development and explain its rules and regulations. The Analytical approach is the best approach to describe the manifestation to criticize the text of Hadeeth among the Muslims Scholars and also to describe the rules and regulations and with respect of the conditions. The purpose of this study to compel the illusion of criticism of Hadeeth's text. This study reached the conclusion that the orientalists and their followers believe the Muslims scholars only worked to purify the narrators and did not investigate the text of Hadeeth or the study of critic of Hadeeth was only critic of external narrations without internal. Their speech was just baseless and tried to destroy the foundation of Hadeeth sciences. So, they could not give any support or proof for their views. The hardworking of Hadeeth scholars eradicate all the bunch of lie from the orientalists because the Muslim Scholars classified all the types of Hadeeth and this hard work continues without stopping. In addition the research draws the lines and put measures for those who work in this field professionally. The Hadeeth field is not such an easy task for whoever wants to participate and gives views to criticize or add some matters without basic knowledge. This field is very precious in Islamic studies only those who are qualified and skillfully well prepared in Hadeeth sciences and morally can express their views and give construct criticism with following the fundamental rules, regulations and conditions in dealing with Hadeeh Sciences.

This research aims to explain the concept and importance of applying strategic audit, and to determine the effect of applying its dimensions to reduce fraud cases in corporations in the Kurdistan Region / Iraq. In order for the theoretical side to address the issue of strategic audit, the primary data of the research were investigated through the main research tool (the questionnaire) that was designed based on the theoretical framework of strategic audit and its dimensions, and the number of the study sample individuals reached (85) persons, including (3) the head of the administration’s board, (12) the executive director, (25) managers of departments and branches, (14) the financial manager, (13) the director of internal audit, and (18) account auditors (external auditors) in corporations in the Kurdistan Region / Iraq. After analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses, the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the dimensions of the strategic audit affect the reduction of fraud cases in corporations in the Kurdistan Region, also the research recommends that these companies should employ strategic audits in their activities to avoid the risks of fraud, according to the indicators related to each dimension of the strategic audits of those companies

The research stands on the study of the special expressive features in the modern Arabic novel, in order to identify the cultural, cognitive, intellectual and psychological levels, and the physical and moral tendency of the characters conversation and participation, in both_ the main and secondary characters and the compatibility of these levels and trends, and their own pace, and compatibility with expressive methods of words, sentences and phrases types, and their simulated images, metaphors, and shifts, then linked to the psychology of the fictional characters in order to create abridge of communication with the receiver and the delivery of meanings to him. The research methodology consisted, according to plan based on the introduction and three levels: the level of words, sentence and phrases, the level of simile and metaphor of the images, and the level of expressive tools of the questions , and surrender and delays, and the language of classical and vernacular slang together with a conclusion.

The “open terms contract” is relatively a recent concept, recognised by some Western national legal systems. The laws that do not authorise contracting on open terms focus on the certainty and stability of financial transactions, while practical economic necessity to introduce some kind of flexibility is behind the view of the laws that authorise it. The main purpose is to enable the contract to respond to market fluctuations and other variations in the material conditions at the contract implementation phase.
This research attempts to analyse the nature of open terms contracts and to investigate its historical roots and discuss its progress and definitions in Iraqi and foreign legal systems. It reviews the identification of open terms contained in contracts, with particular emphasis on the obligation to exercise care as an open contractual term.

Since its first era, the Saudi state has been based on many internal variables, including the tribal system through which the Sauds were able to take control of other tribes voluntarily or forcibly, and the Wahhabi Salafism advocacy was the ideology through which they were able to unite tribes on the one hand, And legitimizing what they have done in order to unify the regions and then declare their desired state on the other hand, to come the economic variable dependent on oil provides them with the strength through which they have so far been able to maintain social and political cohesion internally, while the external variables contributed Their relations with the major powers are to maintain the values of survival and ensure continuity.

The Holy Qur'an wants a Muslim to follow the rules of Allah and his constitution in acquiring funds and obtaining halal livelihood. Islam as a religion relies on individuals and considers them as a center of reform and change. One of the most important aspects that have a direct impact on the lives of individuals and communities is the financial aspect and its disposition. Moreover, Islam and its book (quran) straightforward with this aspect to work and earn money and livelihood based on these criteria and controls in all parts of economy process and during the whole life. Also, Islam Calls for reform inside the economic system through financial contracts and actions, and establishing it as an integral part of the universality of its blessed invitation for the sake of achieving comprehensive justice, investment, production, consumption, distribution and other financial and economic activities.Thus, the research explains the concept of controls and the importance of them, as it explains the Quranic controls in contracts and financial transactions, also it shows the effects of Quranic controls on contracts and financial actions on the individual and society. The research includes introduction and four axes and conclusion.The first axis: the definition of controls and indicate their importance.The second axis: Quranic controls in contracts and legitimate financial transactions.Third axis: Quranic controls in contracts and illegal financial transactions.Axis IV: Quranic controls and their impact on the individual and society in contracts and financial transactions.Finally, the most important outcomes are summarized in conclusion.

This research deals with the statement of the legal ruling on how to deal with spoiled foods and foods that cause harm between human health and the environment, and these foods are not suitable for human consumption and some are not even suitable for animals, and the research deals with an issue that affects the daily life of ordinary people necessary related to eating and drinking. In Sharia It is forbidden for a person to eat what is harmful and not beneficial to him. It is obligatory for Muslim to protect himself from disease, destruction and death.
The research found that trafficking in spoiled food is prohibited by Islamic law, and everyone who harms another person’s life must bear compensation for that act to the extent that it harms others.

Naguib Mahfouz has carefully selected the names of his characters in his novel "Sons of Our Neighborhood". These names had a semiotic effect that was completely consistent with the content of the novel.
The semiotics of the names of the characters in the novel was from several aspects, including: phoneme, lexical, and morphological, in addition to the reflection of the characters' biography on their names, or on the contrary, the reflection of the significance of the names on the characters in the novel.
In my study of research, I linked theory and practice, although the applied procedural aspect prevailed over theory in much of the study.
I tried to study the names of the main characters in the novel and exclude the secondary, and sometimes I was forced to include the names of some of the non-main characters, and that came, excuse me, serving the content of the study. The main personalities to which Naguib Mahfouz himself has been classified are: Al-Jabalawi, Adham, Jabal, Refaa, Qasim, and finally Arafa.

Brain Stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. It also effects in parts of the brain not functioning properly. This situation is one of the main cause of death and a leading cause of disability in Kurdistan region and in worldwide. The aim of this paper is to predict the membership in two mutually exclusive groups (Group Died and Group Alive) after three months from brain stroke by using discriminant analysis which has used to classify the status of patient. The data of the research has been collected in Rzgari Hospital and Rojhalat Emergency Hospital of Erbil. The questionnaire form consists of 29 variables, one of them dependent and other variables are independent appendix (1). Sample size of the research contains 134 patients which faced brain stroke. In the practical part of the research we have built two models based on variable gender and model of both gender together by using stepwise method of discriminant analysis. After creating the three models we compared the results of the classification. The classification results show that the percentage of patients classified correctly for male and female separately higher than the percentage of patient classified correctly for the model of both genders together. For analysis, (SPSS V25) was used.

The present paper, entitled “Teaching strategies used in vocabulary in “Communication” module for first year students at Salahaddin University-Erbil” outlines the basic strategies for teaching vocabulary in communication module. The aim is to investigate and identify the best strategies for teaching vocabulary that can be used in EFL classrooms when teaching communication.
Researchers depend on questionnaire to collect data from teachers who teach vocabulary in English Departments at Salahaddin University. Many teaching methods and strategies can be used in teaching vocabulary, but the most effective ones should be chosen despite the challenge of the difference in the students' level. This paper demonstrates the considerable strategies needed to be taken into account in vocabulary knowledge.

This paper examines the causes and effects of ethnic conflict in Gharbi Mustafa’s When Mountains Weep. The novel was published in 2013. It relates the experience of a young man who is from the Duhok province, but is displaced with his family to the city of Mosul. As a young kid, Hamko faces discrimination by the Arabs he is to live with as an outcome of the policies adopted by the regime then. The paper falls into an introduction and two sections. The introduction shows how the act of displacing the Kurds is handled both as a cause and effect of ethnic conflict in the novel. Although this act is perpetrated by the ruling regime of the time, it creates tension and conflict between the major ethnic components in Iraq, Kurds and Arabs. Section one shows how the act of displacement in When Mountains Weep is systematically perpetrated by the regime against the Kurds in Iraq, obviously resulting in discrimination between the Kurds and Arabs; and sometimes leading to the feeling of hatred towards each other. Section two deals with the distinctive features of the Kurdish culture, namely with the Kurdish language and traditions, which shows that the Kurds cannot be forced into assimilation with the Arabic traditions despite being affected by them. The conclusion shows that despite living in the same country, there are many differences between the Kurds and Arabs. It shows that the regimes ruling Iraq have often tried to bring about a demographic change in the Kurdish-inhabited areas through the Arabization process for political reasons. It also shows how the displacement of the Kurds affected the Kurds’ socio-economic conditions.

Since 1980s, corpora have been used in learning and teaching second Language. This has started when first corpora is introduced in language learning materials by Tim Johns. However the use of corpora in the early years was restricted until linguistics has introduced the use of corpora in various areas in language learning materials. Additionally, they begin to interest in reaching linguistic, analyse the facilities that corpus offer in language learning and how it can instruct learners.
Furthermore, the importance of technology in advancing corpora is investigated with its direct and indirect influence in the language classroom. Furthermore, the attention has been drawn to the most frequent Academic Word List and its acquisition through the corpus.
Accordingly, the aim of this paper is to indicate how L2 learners can learn academic vocabulary by using corpora and what are these data based activities that can be used to help an L2 learner.
The evidences clearly suggest the corpus has a variety of uses which can facilitate the L2 learners to acquire AWL easily based on these activities without the need of an instructor.

In the enunciation, it is through ethos that the speaker gives a psychological and sociological image to his audience. The elocutionary and oratorical signs are therefore to be analyzed in the light of the study conducted by Patrick Charaudeau in his book “Discours politiques. Masques de pouvoir” (2005), which distinguishes in the political ethos, the ethos of credibility and the ethos of identification. Between 2014 and 2017, Massoud Barzani's speeches and press releases have marked Kurdistan's history, lending the President the voice of leader, Peshmerga, father and even friend, as many images within the ethos but which we propose in this article to highlight the evidence.

This study aimed to find out whether watching subtitled videos influences incidental vocabulary learning. The subjects of the study were 40 students from English departments at college of Education and Basic Education University of Salahaddin in the Academic year 2017-2018. The students were divided into two groups, control and experimental. The control group watched the video without subtitle twice while the experimental group watched the same video twice within subtitle. To collect the data, a 5-point vocabulary knowledge scale was used. After conducting the pilot study, 10 words were selected. To achieve the purpose of the study, pre-test post-test were utilized.
The results of the study indicate that the latter outperformed the since there were differences between the groups according to t-test results. It's worth mentioning that there was a significant improvement in both of the groups from pre-test to post-test scores. This progress was attributed to the presentation of target words in videos. Thus, the target words were contextualized and it became easy for participants to elicit the meanings of the words.

The notion of transportation network refers to a network of roads, streets, railways or nearly any structure which permits either vehicular movement or flow of some commodity (Ahuja et al. 1995). It is quite broadly known that transit systems can impact cities in many different aspects, from their economy and land-use activity to their liveability. Network analysis remains one of the most important and persistent type of research and application areas in the area of geography of transportation (Curtin 2007). Network analysis has a strong theoretical basis in the mathematical disciplines of graph theory and topology. The application of graph theory to road transportation systems emerged in the late 1950s and lasted through the 1970s (Rodrigue, Comtois, and Slack 2017). Measures such as the Beta, Alpha, and Gamma indices (Karl Kansky and Danscoine 1989) are used to measure the relative connectivity of a network by comparing the number of edges to the number of vertices (in the case of the Beta Index). In addition, the accessibility of the GIS network system is another new significant approach developed in recent research studies which has been applied in the discipline of transportation geography. This paper addresses the geographic characteristics of the network system in Erbil governorate in Kurdistan-Iraq based on new approaches which involve quantitative measures and GIS techniques such as the ArcGIS extension network analysis.

Traditionally, English classes tend to focus on grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing, speaking or listening skills. However, there is little space to talk about the students’ preferred learning styles. This paper focuses on learners’ learning styles favourites and their possible effect on the teaching and learning as well as design and selection of the text books for adults. A group of about 45 adult students, taking a course called 'English Proficiency Course' at the Language Centre/ Salahaddin University, participated in this study. The students, later, might need English language certificate for their educational studies such as MA, MSc, PhD in various areas. The participants were asked to select the styles from the VARK questionnaire. Then the data was collected before it is been analysed. The outcomes of which were analysed into some of the major Learning Styles such as 'visual, audio, read/write and kneithetic/tactile' preferences. The results indicated that the most dominant style is Aural (14.72%) and Visual (13.71%), followed by Read/Write (13.24%). The least preferred style by adults was Kinesthetic which is (10.97%) only. Based on the available research results, it is proposed that the teaching styles need to be matched to students’ learning style and that the materials which are taught. Moreover, curriculum designers should design teaching books that suits students’ learning preferences. The pedagogical implications of these findings are discussed, and the suggestions for future research.