Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

The Iraqi constitution (2005) considers private property protected, and expropriation is permissible only for the public benefit and in return for fair compensation, but there are provisions in the Iraqi Acquisition Law and the Iraqi and Kurdistan Region Municipal Administration Law, authorize certain parties to expropriation without compensation, this raises the question of whether this is in line with the provisions of the Constitution and the Civil Code. Among the research conclusions is that the expropriation without compensation under the Expropriation Law does not violate the provisions of the Constitution and the Civil Law due to the achievement of equitable compensation in it. But the expropriation without compensation under the Municipal Administration Law is contrary to the provisions of Article 23/second of the Iraqi Constitution (2005) and Article (1050) of the Iraqi Civil Code. In light of this, we proposed to the Iraqi legislator to abolish the article (53) of Iraqi Municipal Administration Law no.165 of 1964, as well as we proposed to the Kurdistan legislator to abolish the article (48/first) of Kurdistan Region Municipal Administration Law no.6 of 1993.

How to deal with the uncertainty of the Kurdish language in Kurdistan's education is the question of this research work. This study sought to discover the importance of planning the language corpus, identifying the weaknesses of corpus planning and their causes. Trying to determine who is responsible for it, the importance of language reform and how it can be done. To this end, four Kurdish education monitors completed questionnaires about the language corpus of Kurdish. The purpose of language corpus is design, grammar, spelling, wordplay and textbook punctuation. The remainder of this article is a theoretical study of the education supervisors, who assisted with this study by examining the specimens and answering the questionnaire. Written surveys were used to collect samples. After that, the table included was compiled, examined and analyzed critically. This article concludes that the development of the Kurdish language program in the Kurdistan region’s education is poor and needs to be revised. This article consists of five parts, which include an introduction, a review of the education supervisor's perspectives, and a thesis on language planning and curriculum development, a sample analysis and conclusion.

This research which entitled (Poetic departure in Dilshad Mariwanis Poetries), shows a pattern of harmony, or concord between the components of the sentence, according to the standard and grammatical rules available for that language (such as those that arise between the predicate, subject and complement), and to perform grammatical functions, and this decline of prose texts, but these harmonies and concords do not come, and do not match poetic pieces or rather it is diminishing where the phenomena of submission, delay and poetic displacement, or departure do these provisions as they please and even destroy or break down grammatical scales and affects the qualitative aspects of modern poetry, where there turn in to aesthetic foundations, in the some directions are critical steps, and trying to save critical from authority of critics. It gives ample space for readers. Thus these poetic texts allow fertile ground to him. The research falls in to two chapters; the first one contains the definition of the concept of departure and its types and patterns. Chapter two is the applications cover the contents of chapter one. We conclude the research after posing important results and layout the resources.

Iraq faces the real challenges of being affected by the consequences of climate change with the deterioration of weather and environmental degradation, as well as growing population, which is putting increasing pressure on natural resources, which have become scarcer and away from the state of environmental sustainability. In addition to the issues of reconstruction after the wars, conflicts and conflicts experienced by the country, the research seeks to monitor the relationship between climate change and the economic and social effects of this change in Iraq, and analyze the effects of climate change on the Iraqi economy. The research found that climate change will adversely affect sectors of the national economy and hence economic development plans.

This research is entitled "Composition and the types of composition in terms of form and content" which aimed to present the types and forms of composition, including writing and orally, as well as, to organize write expression, composition of the writing, methods of composition and the way of teaching. This is due to its scientific as like as other sciences, which is should depend on this subject for delivering their thought into society. Composition is considered as an important need within communication process in society, in terms of express their views, feelings, and opinions. For this reason, knowing the methods and styles of composition is an effective factor for everyone for passing his\her issue wherever. In other side, composition most important for linguistic teachers in regarding to study and research, especially in the field of Kurdish language and literature studies. In regarding to students, it is also important to them as key for learning and getting knowledge and taught of all subjects.
This study followed several parts and topics. The first part tries to define and explain the notion and concept of composition, elements, and basis of the main construction, In the second chapter the methods of teaching in relation to teach this subject and its different styles will be showed. The third chapter is about types of composition including writing and orally, which addressed in detail, and the structure and aspects of this subject indicates with showing the goals of composition types, and in conclusion the most important results were presented in the research.

After the conclusion of writing the research, the researcher reached a set of the following results:Serial Hadith: It is the chain of its chain of transmission that the narrators follow at other times or the novel at other times.The series is intended by the jurists of the four imams: that the narrators of the hadith are of a certain doctrine: for example, the hadith narrated from Abu Hanifa, narrated by the Hanafi school, and from which Hanafi narrated it also, and so on until the end of the series.It is advisable to repent from the great one before it is too late, and if the unified person died without repentance from his greatness that you have committed, then the apparent meaning of the hadith and its general denotes that he will enter Paradise also, because the hadith mentioned in the section does not mention mentioning the condition of repentance, God willing, He will torment him, and God willing, Paradise will enter it, and major sins will not leave the Unified from faith, unlike the Kharijites and their followers. Explaining the ugliness of adultery and theft, because adultery is an attack on symptoms, and theft is an assault on money.

The current research aims at identifying "The level of Academic Stress among Graduate at Salahaddin University - Erbil (Masters - Doctorate) in general, and according to the variables, the type of study (Masters - Doctorate), and the variable of specialization (scientific - human), and study time (courses - Writing the research), and the gender variable (male - female), The Research Sample reached (176) male and female students, of which (40) were the primary research sample, and (136) male and female students for the final research sample, The Research Scale was prepared by the Researchers, and the number of paragraphs of the scale (45 paragraphs) , and after verifying the face validity of the scale, the scale became in (29) paragraphs for a the final application , and the Reliability of scale was extracted by Alfa Cronbach way, After applying the scale to the final sample for research, Processing all the statistics using the statistical bag of social sciences (SPSS), the results showed that Academic Pressures among Graduate Students (Masters - Doctorate) at Salahaddin University - Erbil are generally high, And that students of (master’s studies), (Scientific specializations) and (courses) students, and (female) students had a bigger level of academic pressure.

The research aims to find the relationship between information technology with its components (hardware, communication networks, software, and database), organizational justice of all kinds (distributive justice, procedural justice, interactive justice, evaluation justice), and determine the impact of this relationship in enhancing strategic leadership dimensions (creative capabilities), Take risks, seize opportunities, entrepreneurial culture).
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the questionnaire was designed to include (60) paragraphs. The research sample represented its community (93) managers and (93) questionnaire forms were distributed and returned. (91) Questionnaire was excluded (4) form for invalidity of the analysis and thus remain (87) form valid for analysis, and the rate of retrieval to (93.54%). In light of this, data were collected and analyzed and hypotheses were tested using SPSS. Asiacell Telecom was selected in Kurdistan Region as a field of research. Among the most important conclusions reached by the research are: the existence of a significant impact of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable, the research recommended the need to work to raise the levels of information technology for the company interviewed and work to deal with the cadres in a fair manner in terms of incentives and salaries that contribute to the promotion of strategic leadership.interviewed and work to deal with the cadres in a fair manner in terms of incentives and salaries that contribute to the promotion of strategic leadership.

The history of the Jews in the region of Kurdistan begins after the Assyrians' campaigns against the Jews country. The Jews settled in the villages and cities of Kurdistan. They had a dominant role in the economic activity. Also, the Jews adapted to the Kurdish society because of their interests in which no one differentiated between a Jew and a Kurd.
It can be noticed that some of the Orientalists believe that the Jews in the areas of Erbil faced oppression. But the Jews could work freely in diverse businesses and they improved their life conditions in the areas of Erbil rather than other part of the world. The Jews attempted to be close to the Kurds and the authoritarian members by offering them money and gifts to protect their personal interests.
Though the Jews, who lived in Kurdistan did not feel strange in Kurdistan because they concerned Kurdistan as their ancestral land. But the encouragement of the Zionist organizations, their policy of deportation and the expulsion by the Iraqi government forced the Jews to migrate to Palestine until 1951.

The subject of hate speech has become a huge issue nowadays, and it is a discourse that cultivates hatred between religions, the incompatibility between the peoples of the world and the cultures of nations. Hence, the research sought to clarify the Islamic methodology to combat hate speech. The research made clear the reasons leading to the emergence of hate speech, the most prominent are: ignorance of the Islamic sciences, exaggeration and extremism. Likewise, the research demonstrated the approach of Islam to address hate speech by stimulating the moderate approach and adherence to Islamic ethics in the field of words and deeds. The research concluded that Islam forbade hate speech, and directed Muslims to present the good speech and the best one to all people. It is recommended that religious institutions, in the world, to strive to deepen the better discourse and accept the other.

Because of its various functions, the city of Soran has become a significant urban center in the mountainous territory of the Governorate of Erbil, and has become populated by a lot of people, particularly in the commercial center that grows up day by day, and gave this place independently personal separately from the other parts of the city in terms of characteristics. One of these attributes is the environmental problems that may not occur at the same rate in the rest of the city, such as pollution. The study aims to determine the types of pollution such as noise, visual and solid waste in the commercial center of the city of Soran. The hypothesis is that these environmental pollutions concentrates in the commercial center and the main reason for that is the commercial function besides lack of planning process. The study divided into three sections, study area, methods, and results and discussion, and ended with conclusions and recommendations.

It is important to study the texts of the 2006 investment law No. 4 in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq because the investor's capital as a natural or legal person plays an important role in economic activity in both public and private sectors. The Law has an important role in advancing economic development and expanding the investment foundation in the region. This law reflects a fundamental shift that transfers these investments from the area of doubt and caution to the area of encouragement and welcome. The privileges and guarantees mentioned in the investment law contribute to creating a stable and encouraging investment climate. However, it should be noted that the incentives, benefits and exemptions prescribed in the law are supposed to agree with a long-term economic plan. The law should also take into consideration the balance between the long-term interest of the national economy and the interest of the investor and not the preference of the interests of the latter at the expense of the national economy. Moreover, the general wording and lack of accuracy in some issues has made the foreign investor to hesitate whether to invest his capital in the region. This is because he has only received modest rates of foreign investment. Despite providing concessions, guarantees and incentives, the law will not be able to achieve its goals if the security conditions do not improve in the region and Iraq. Having said that recently security conditions has improved and investments has enhanced gradually. However. The law required the proposed amendment as the current law does not contain scientific and practical problems and deficiencies that could reflect negatively on the future of foreign investment in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
The legal texts related to the investment and the investor’s capital have been studied and analyzed to identify the position of the legislator in the Kurdistan region. Then, the law has been compared with the comparative legislation in order to clarify our monetary observations on it. The law requires a serious revision and amendments. It is hoped that the suggestions outlined in this research in order to regulate the law for the for the later stage so it could be clear and accurate to protect the interests of the national economy and future investors.
In conclusion, the research has reached several important results and recommendations. We have found that there is a shortage in the legal texts and an inaccuracy in the legal foundations for organizing investments in the region and legal guarantees related to the protection of foreign investments. In order to address this issue, this research have presented several proposals and recommendations to address the gaps that exists in this law. This is done in order to develop them and keep abreast of developments in the field of movement of funds and the protection of foreign and domestic investment projects. In addition, to support, enhance and raise the level of competition for companies.

This research, tagged with (conversational commitment in the poem The title of wisdomes by the poet Al-Busti) seeks to shed light on the conversational commitment in the well-known poem entitled Wisdom, and to monitor its concurrent, constructive connotations, and to explore its structure and dialogue in light of the concept of conversational commitment, and the research relied on a special approach and a plan drawn for it a preliminary and four Principal Investigations, distributed accordingly:
The preliminary(pave) : conversational comprehension, its concept, foundations and concepts in the deliberative approach, and the definition of the poem and its text.
The first topic: the pattern of structural compositions and their compulsory connotations denoted in the poem
The second topic: The patterns of the conditional and informative structure and their compulsory, denotational connotations, in the poem
The third topic: the evident indications emanating from the graphic methods in the poem
The fourth topic: The deliberative principles related to the concept of conversational commitment in the structure of the poem
The research ends his career with a conclusion and a list of sources and references.

There is no doubt that consistency is one of the aspects of linking between the textual components and the textual interconnection is only through it, and with regard to our subject matter, which is the emotional consistency in Surat Al-Ahqaf, we have divided a surah into verses and what we have mentioned in the sympathies which clearly contributed to the consistency between them, which led to coherence The result between its verses and upon it, the verses in the surah came with a coherent text that integrates the parts so that every other verse calls without increasing or decreasing, and this thus achieved consistency and harmony, and the issue that addresses it is the doctrine such as: the issue of believing in the oneness of God and his absolute Godhead for this existence and in it and what is in it, and that it is The book was revealed to his servant and Messenger Muhammad ﷺ, and described himself as pride, wisdom in words and deeds.

This paper entitled “The Pedagogical Use of Animated Themes in Teaching English Fiction at University Level” attempts to investigate the use of Animated Themes as an effective teaching tool in Kurdistan Regional Universities.
The study examines that; Animated Themes can be an effective pedagogical tool in selected EFL Kurdistan Regional Universities. The essential educational for our youth for the 21st century sets of special skills in order to succeed and thrive to have the ability and courage to question, assess and evaluate curiosity. Educational systems must transform their objectives, curriculum, pedagogies, and assessments to help all students achieve the outcomes required for a prosperous, attractive study. Therefore, to accomplish this, today’s generation must transform students learning processes and engage student’s interest in gaining 21st century skills and knowledge which aims to develop all subject areas such as educational, career, wise and civic settings throughout a student’s life routes. Also it guides the use of Animated Themes as an innovative pedagogical tool that affects (Kurdish EFL Kurdistan Regional Universities) students’ possessions for learning to state the facts that both instructors and students are aware of the advantages and disadvantages of the use of animated movies and cartoons in class.

This paper is entitled ‘‘The Impact of the Kurdish Language on the Components of Nation Building and the Impact of the Components of the Nation Building on the Kurdish Language’’. This study aims to explain how much the Kurdish language has an impact on the components of the nation building and how much the components of the nation building have an impact on the Kurdish language. A questionnaire has been used to get new data so as to know how much the Kurdish language has an impact on the components of the nation building and how much the components of the nation building have an impact on the Kurdish language. Moreover, senior students, in the English, Kurdish, Arabic, Political Science, Economics, Media and Religion departments at the University of Salahaddin, have participated in the questionnaire. The researcher has used quantitative and qualitative research methods to analyze the obtained data. The findings of the current research show that the Kurdish language, like other languages, has enough impact on the components of the nation building and the components of the nation building have an impact on the Kurdish language by introducing a lot of economic, religious, military and foreign words to the Kurdish language. However, those Kurds, who use different Kurdish dialects for communication, face some problems when they speak to each other because they face misunderstanding when they speak and there is not enough mutual intelligibility among all different dialects in the Kurdish language.

The paper sheds light on the status of wh-elements in Central Kurdish (CK) with respect to the framework of the Minimalist Program (MP). From across the globe, there exist various types of languages whose wh-elements behave according to wh-parameter. There are languages whose wh-elements move, some others have in-situ wh-elements, and there are others in which the movement is optional. This paper aims to observe CK wh-elements in an empirical way to indicate their parametric features and their conformance to the universal principles. The notion of movement in MP is included within merge, which falls into two types: Internal merge (I-merge) and External merge (E-merge). Another important term in connection with overt movement is the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) according to which the subject position should be occupied by a phonologically expressed constituent. A fact to be known is that not all languages, among them CK, conform to this principle. The violation of certain CK wh-elements to this principle varies because they do not function in the same way. The paper presents several results revealed in the conclusion section which can be regarded as the contribution of the paper to the field of the generative syntax. One of the conclusions arrived at in the paper is that CK wh-elements are not considered as one inseparable set since they behave differently.

This paper is concerned with the “Impact of English Club Activities on EFL Students’ Communicative Skills “. It aimed at finding out the extent to which English club has an effect on students’ competence and to modify students' attitudes towards the effect of English club activities. To achieve these aims, a set of questionnaire was designed for (63) students at the different stages at English Department, College of Basic Education-Salahaddin University in the academic year (2019-2020). After analyzing the results of the questionnaire, students' attitudes were greatly enhanced and have become more positive toward the effects of English club activities and they were interested in joining the English club very much.
This paper focuses on some important issues like the importance of English club activities and its objectives. It also sheds light on some problems that face students in performing activities in the English club.

Language is a fact that links various cultures and a way of describing feelings and ideas that people try to convey. Literary Translation can act as a very useful approach to innovate our culture to the world and to decide an adequate place for ourselves inside the global multicultural relatedness. Translation is an attempt of transferring equivalent meaning of a text from source language into target language. The study aims to identify types of deixis and identify the similarities and differences in the play “Glass Menagerie” written by Tennesser Williams and its Kurdish translation “Giyanlebere Şuşeyyekan *(see appendix) that is translated by Dr. Azad Hama Sharif. The study uses a descriptive and qualitative method, for identifying and analyzing types of deixis which are person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. The study is based on Levinson's theory on deixis (1983). To analyze the play, the first step was reading the play, then finding the types of deixis, and lastly describing the equivalence of deictic words in target text. To conclude that the researcher will point out the pragmatic functions of person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis of English and Kurdish, and also pointing out similarities and differences. Thus the usage of deixis in daily life is very important, because it avoids the misinterpretations of the speakers and the addressees.

Using ICT (information and communication technology) in French as a foreign language means teaching differently than the traditional classroom. In fact, it seems important to research the role of the integration of information and communication technologies in teaching-learning French as a foreign language. In this perspective, the work we plan to undertake, would touch on an area that we think it would be useful to explore: that of the didactics of the FLE using the new technologies of communication and information in the classroom. We will take in this research the case of Kurdish students at the French Department at the Salahaddin University in Erbil.

Financial laws have set objective principles that must to be taken into consideration in the course of the imposition of the public burdens, including fees, according to these rules, the public burdens are anchored in justice and the improvement of the national economy, they are also obligations that have to be fulfilled by citizens, on the other hand, they ought not to be imposed unless they are necessary and fairly executed, and when they are imposed the considerations pertinent to the interest of society, accomplishing social justice, and equality among citizens have to be taken into account, and the imposition of fees, levies, or any other impediments the hinder the free flow of goods, services and financial resources should be disallowed , and that fees cannot be calculated on the similar basis as taxes.
The assessment of state imposed fees are also governed by some of the rules laid down by financial data scientists, therefore, it is essential that the imposition and assessment of fees be based on prior studies, and that there is a proportionality between the fee and the benefit or the service subject of the fee, In this respect, the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 unambiguously lays down that the levy is imposed according to a statute enacted by Parliament. However, the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government's blundering procedures with regard to imposing and modifying fees are injudicious, and lack a valid legal basis, as they are inconsistent with the principle of legality instantiated in the constitution, as the financial reform policy in the region must be based on sound constitutional grounds, and that through the enactment of a law by the competent authority, which is the legislature.