Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

This paper, which is an aesthetic study in Surat Al-Kahf, reflects a stylistic phenomenon that has its value in coloring the discourse with a literary feature that increases the energy of suggestion (revelation) and reduces the energy of declarations, which is the phenomenon of antithesis in its patterns and indications. Accordingly, this scientific study is divided into two parts which are preceded by an introduction and followed by the results. The introduction summarizes the role of antithesis and its effectiveness in contemporary literary and critical studies. The first part reviews the simple verbal contrast through analyzing its evidence in Surat Al-Kahf and extracting its connotations and revelations whereas the second part goes into the detail of the compound hidden contrast via coming horizontally across its models in the surah. The study arrives at the most important results at the end.

The motive that makes most of the developing countries seek foreign investment is that they lack of self-sufficiency of development; that's why most developing countries like Kurdistan Region seek attracting and increasing foreign investment on their land in order to support economic development.
As the foreign investment is one of the most effective factors in national economy, countries seek hard to attract foreign capital fund. In that aspect they improve investment environment and issuing new laws to attract investment, as well as fortifying competition between different investments sectors to widen the category of investors.
However, developing countries still lack of foreign investments pouring, due to obstacles that threaten them such as political dangers. In that aspect, host countries attempted to study the motives of foreign investor for matching them and offering legal means for protecting investments. That means is a successful one for attracting foreign investment, because it keeps investor far away from political dangers and provide him with political protection.
The factors that investor regards in choosing a host country for his investment are the provided guarantees and the stability of the country, politically, economically and legally. Chaos and crises that occurred to the country and its instability made obstacles in the way of foreign investment; it's safer for investor to avoid countries of threats and conflicts.
In this study we discuss the attempts of Kurdistan Region in coping with development of investments through declaring the law No.4 of year 2006, yet it's necessary to deal with the laws of investment by giving more trusted guarantees for investors and giving priority to strategic projects whether agricultural, industrial or touristic.
To conclude, the reasons of foreign investments decrease in Kurdistan Region, after evaluating the experiment for more than ten years. These reasons are political rather than economic. Despite widening the way for foreign investor for choosing the economic field or activity he wishes as he likes. The Kurdistan Region exerted great efforts for attracting investments by facilitating customs procedures, financial, procedural and legal steps; On the other hand, the state hasn't given so wide market that fits huge investments.
Due to the ambiguity of laws in Kurdistan Region, it's necessary that we make guarantees that are more trustworthy and accurate for protecting foreign investments on its land, in order to fulfill all required sides of investment climate and legal protection elements. To provide guarantees of investment in Kurdistan Region we need to form a clear vision about investment climate, and to provide fertile land for attracting investments to achieve economic development for host country. That contributes in making the base and structure of that country for achieving further development and prosperity for Kurdistan Region nation.
The idea of legal protection to guarantee the ownership of investors is one motive that encourages investor to choose Kurdistan Region particularly as investment destination. This idea is about giving investor protection against political dangers that may face the investor with investment prosperities by declaring legal terms for this guarantee in Kurdistan investments laws. By providing these guarantees the investor gets complete protection from political danger e.g. expropriation for common good, nationalization, seizure, imposition of custodianship or preventing the transfer of investment benefits.

In this study, the researchers took the phenomenon of the quantities of demand for electrical energy represented by a time series of monthly rates of the phenomenon for the city of (Erbil - Iraq) for the period (2010 - 2019) from (General Directorate of Electricity of the city of Erbil - the control department) and the series consisted of (111) values, Where the researchers noted when analyzing the chain, there is an increasing general trend of the phenomenon, and this indicates an increased demand for electrical energy by city residents with a few concavities and protrusions of the string values, and this indicates a case of non-stationary counting around the average and the variance, respectively, and it was also observed the presence of Seasonal compound, in other words, there are changes that repeat themselves every regular period (12 months) of the phenomenon, in other words that the need or demand increases its intensity for the mentioned period, and for the purpose of converting the chain to a state of stability around the average, the first difference was taken to remove the chain from the influence of the general trend either to convert the chain to be stable On the variance, the natural logarithm transformation of the time series was taken after the first difference was taken. Either to remove the compound or seasonal changes, the first seasonal difference was taken for the seasonal period amounting to 12 months. For the purpose of future forecasting of the phenomenon, the Box-Jenkins methodology was applied to the stable chain. For this purpose, the researchers selected the seasonal and non-seasonal ranks of the mentioned methodological models (p, q, P, Q = 0,1,2,3,4). To reach the best seasonal model, double appropriate, with data from among the significant models for the purpose of predicting the future where the three criteria were used for the purpose of diagnosing the significant models, and they are as follows: (Mean Square Error (MSE)), Akaike information criterion AIC, The standard (Akaike information criterion AICc) used in the research, and we concluded that the SARIMA (0.1,1) (1,1,2) 12 time series represented the best representation because it had the lowest values for the above criteria with a fit to pass a test. The stationary of the models, meaning that the errors of the personalized model were random, and after testing the stationary of the proposed model, we predicted the quantities of demand for electrical energy for a period of 12 months (2019-2020) in order to benefit from them in the future planning process.

The social vision is one of the visions in the poetic dialogue and literary production. We seek this vision in this research in the poem (A girl who is my homeland now) by Sherko Bekas, the contemporary Kurdish poet, discussing social vision in the literary approach and the impact between the social environment of the writer and his literary production in order to show the signs of the social source and its embodiment. This investigation, according to the Genetic structural theory (Lucien Goldman), discusses the poem of a girl who is now my homeland in terms of the social critical domain according to Goldman that any action of a person is a meaningful attempt to answer in a special case and he wants to make a balance between the doer of the action and the reaction of the action. Sherko Bekas is one of these poets and writers who tried to produce this balance and was particularly interested in the literary production of the text and its meaning, as well as Aesthetic features in addition to social phenomena and public awareness. As in Genetic structural criticism. In addition to the text, It is particularly interested in installing literary production. In this paper, the content of the topic is analyzed by trying to benefit from Goldman's formative vision.
The result of the research tells us that the poem (a girl is my homeland now) is a carrier of social research, including two ways of representing reality and ideology from the outcome of this investigation is that the vision of many critics and social science experts confirm that Sherko Bekas’s literature is not from these literatures that embodies only social reality, but rather that his literature has an impact on society. For this reason, the social vision of the poet in this poem helps us in training and actual thinking to analyze the social problems by taking benefit from it and work with it.

The Pahlavi Kurdish language that nowadays has known as the Feyli Kurdish, is one of the oldest dialects of the Kurdish language, which has been changed and evolved from the official language of the state to a dialect of a region. This change has its roots in the fate of the Sassanid Empire. The language used in the Sassanid period as the official language of religion and government, also it was the language of the Sassanid dynasty and is the same ancient dialect that was prevalent in the Pahla or Fahl regions and was chosen as the official language of religion and government during the reign of this dynasty.
Pahlavi refers to areas of Kurdistan where the dialect and dialects were close to the native language of the people. In this research, based on the analytical method of data, ancient religious, literary, and political sources that were compiled in Pahlavi language during the Sassanid period and in the Islamic period by Feyli dialect, have been researched. The aim is to show the changes and evolve dimensions of Pahlavi Kurdish language that converse it to Feyli dialect and the dialects close to it.

Modernism is a general and wide concept, as well as it is a complex concept at the same time, in a far extending writer and analysts are busy with it. The attempts of them are not only for identifying the history of modernism appearance, but for discovering outbreak environment of this concept, it means that they don’t aim only to investigate in historical aspect, but in geography outbreak aspect. As well defining the launch time, in order to provide a more clear forms and features of it. It is not mysterious thing if an analysts working on it, he or she will come across to many different idea. In the middle of twenty century the concept of post modernism appeared beside modernism concept, which makes the assignment of the analysts more tricky, this in a manner the former concept cannot be argued without paying attention to the later in the same time, by appearance of post modernism concept, the significance of modern concept has been greater than before, because they have strong relation in one side, and there limitation is not quite clear on the other side, both of them have crucial involvement to all the fields of philosophy, sociology, psychology, literature, art and more. It is not exaggeration if stating that other concept is not influenced by (modernism and post modernism) in the same amount and became more controversial matter for the ideology world.
In the view of sociology, the modernism is always has a huge consideration for the sociologist, the interaction between these is dual. It means they assisted and took each other. In general the phenomena’s have social aspects, which sociologists concern it and they investigate them in a sociological view this make a sociologist has prominent participation in the modern world. These concepts cannot be studied in sociology view without identifying the importance of them, which is provided by the philosophy field.
Therefore, there is a philosophy frame for this research, in order to discuss these two concepts including their dimensions within this frame in the view of philosophy and sociology. Moreover, it deserve to mention that sociology had essential taking part for making the philosophy insight for studying the modernism concept, then after the post modernism concept. This understanding can be obviously seen when these two concepts are studied in sociological view. This research includes for chapters. Firstly, dimensions of the research and the modernism concept are mentioned. Secondly, the chapter is for explaining the modernism evolving and sociology. Next, the interaction between the modernism concept and sociology is discussed. Then, the fourth chapter specified for the outcomes and suggestions.

This research concentrates on the condition of in the land of Kurds between (6-9 Hi|12-15 AC). In other words, this research demonstrates the role of scientists and scientific institutions in the development of mental sciences. The significance of this research is in displaying the position of the land of Kurds within the mentioned historical period. That is because this field has somehow been ignored and the researchers have mostly focused on the political and military developments. We have found it is necessary to open a gate for conducting researchs on this subject. in order to determine the role of the scientists in the paties sciences. This research consists of three parts. In the first part, we discuss the Christian religion; its institutions, and impacts on the Kurds. In the second part, we discuss the role of scientists in the land of Kurds and their publications about history and philosophy. In the third part, we discuss the the role of the scientists in the of Kurds about the sciences such as accountancy, chemistry, astronomy, medicine.

This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of the Ottoman Kurdistan history. As, during this period some key political, military and transtions have taken place, they became a main stream of occurring some influential events in the area as a result the situation of the area turned out to be more sinsetive and unstable. Hence, these transtions encouraged the European explores who had already attempted searching in the area with the aim of protecting. Consequently, this period has beign choosen in order to depict that development explored by European travellers accurately. This research is used some relevant useful references.
This study is beign divided into an introduction, overviewm four sections and an inclusion. In its introduction, the study attempts to shed light on the importance, objectives, problem statement, method and references of it. Afterwards, its overview shows the ignorance travellers and re-conducting of explors between 1821 and 1831; furthermore, in its endeavours, this research in its first section clears up the golden age of European explors from 1832 to 1834, the second section of this study relevantly depicts the military and missionaries exploring, this section examines re-taking of the Ottoman Kurdistan from 1834 to 1835 carefully and deeply.Moreover, in its fourth sections, this study demonstrates the initiative attacks on Kurds in 1834 and the limities of Diyarbakir's mirs powers . Its conclusion shows these outcomes that its author has discovered.

Murder is a major crime in Islam, and it has an eschatological and worldly punishment. In the West, in recent times, the so-called mercy killing is emerged. The aim of this, is to rid the patient of his or her pain and suffering, in incurable diseases such as cancer. Hence, the research sought to shed light on this contemporary issue, by reviewing the emergence of this type of killing, clarifying the legal conditioning for it, and clarifying the position of Islamic law on it. The research also highlighted the most prominent individual and group fatwas regarding this modern issue. Eventually, the research reached some results, the most prominent of which are: that Mercy killing is not permissible under Islamic law because preserving the human soul is one of the purposes of Sharia.

This study is an attempt to highlight the importance of the Technical description in the novels of Husam Barzanji. As the description is one of the essential components of narrative art, it is related to the characters, location and time of the narrative event. Classical and modern literary criticism dealt with the description differently with different narrative texts and multiple narrative critical visions , while Description together with the Dialogue form the backbone of the narrations.
This research consists of two sections. First section is about the structure of the description according to the types of narration. It consists of two axis . The first deals with external description, and the second with the internal description.
Second section is devoted to the analysis of the description, it specifies its functions and aesthetics in the narratives studied according to the two types of narration, Description and Dialogue.
The research ends with some conclusions and a list of the references used.

This research is named: (The migration of the Prophet Muhammad (may God bless him and grant him peace) between good tiding of Waraqa Ibn Nawfal and the Bible) searchs for a relationship between forecast of Waraqa Ibn Nawfal with prophetic migration and what is mentioned in the Bible about the evangelization of the Prophet Isaiah (peace be upon him) with a revelation that comes from The side of the Arabs, and The bearer of revelation comes out from the oppression and tyranny. The good tiding is not a condition of the prophecy, but it creates a kind of reassurance, and paves the way towards knowing the truth and believing in it. The story of Waraqah Ibn Nawfal is consistent with Muslims and Christians, although their attitudes and interpretations differed tward it, and they relied on it. This good tiding was not confined to the prophecy of Muhammad bin Abdullah, but rather exceeded scenes from his emigration (may God bless him and grant him peace), and he foretold it as a result of his identification with the Bible, so Waraqah Ibn Nawfal took his good tiding from the Bible, and this is a confirmation of the unity of the message, and the continuation of the previous appendix And that the prophets are brothers, they have one belief, even if their laws differ. Their followers must search for knowledge of the truth, minimize discomfort and negative disagreements, cut the road from propagators of discord among thereligions,s followers, work to strengthen dialogue through the method of evidence, and create a scientific space for comparison, away from killing, hitting, sarcasm, insult, and belittling the other.

This research deals with the topic (The Ajarda Kharijites’ Principles and their most important groups), which is one of the Kharijite groups that appeared in the Islamic East in the regions of Sijistan, Khorasan, Kerman, Makran, and Quhistan during the Umayyad era and maintained its activity until the emergence of the Saffarid state in the middle of the third AH / ninth century AD.
The Al-Ajardah sect was established by Abdul Karim bin Ajard who took over the Kharijites in the Islamic East region after Attia bin Al-Aswad Al-Hanafi who, in turn, was on the doctrine of the Najdat. Further, this sect group had arisen as a result of disagreement with the rest of the mainstream Kharijites on some doctrinal issues and, therefore, a considerable number of followers embraced their opinions despite being dissimilar to the orthodox Islam. However, this sect was incapable of maintaining their unity and principles owing to inconsistency between the followers which, in turn, resulted in branching into seventeen groups, each of which adopted particular principles and rules and also contradicted with and disbelieved all the rest as well as the Islamic nation.
In addition, some reached the stage of blasphemy where they contended Surat Yousif as being a Surat of mere love story and cannot be a part of the Holy Quran according to their Jurisprudence. They also Likened God to some of His creatures and allowed the elderly to marry children and their strict accusation of others for heresy because they wouldn’t follow their doctrine and other matters which don’t seem reasonable.

Learning French is to know grammar, this is demonstrated by DELF exams, but it’s also being familiar with act of writing. If so, what about learners whose culture of learning emphasis oral communication and oral learning? Writing was not seen as an end in itself but as a contextualized activity. In this way, written production becomes a cross- cutting course where learners reinvest their knowledge in order to produce texts in accordance with the needs of the present.

The current research paper examined the impacts of Glogster on learning vocabulary among Iraqi intermediate EFL learners. To do so, a sample of 90 students from CIS College was selected and homogenized through "Interchange passages placement and evaluation package". The students compared divided into two groups: The experimental group (Glogster group) and the control group (traditional group). A teacher-made test, a 30-item vocabulary test, was used as the pre-test and post-test respectively. At the end of treatment, a survey which was based on outstanding and Likert-Kind of questions which usually termed as open-ended questions, which they have been applied to extent some data about using technology in class. Analyzing data through an Independent sample T-test, it revealed remarkable progress of the experimental group, compared to the control group, that did not use it. Glogster had played a positive part in helping Iraqi EFL learners improve their vocabulary knowledge; also, there was a statistically significant difference in post-test scores for the experimental group and control group. The EG learners could significantly outperform their CG counterparts. The results have some implications for teachers to teach vocabularies through technology to raise students' level of motivation and interest.

This paper is entitled ‘‘The Influence of the Components of Nation Building on language, with the reference to the Kurdish Language’’. The main purpose of the study is to shed light on how much the components of nation building have influence on language, with the reference to the Kurdish language. For the data selected, a questionnaire has been used in order to know how much the components of nation building have effect on language, with the reference of Kurdish. Furthermore, 60 university instructors have participated in the questionnaire in the departments of Kurdish, Arabic, English, Religion, Media and Economics at the University of Salahaddin. For analysing the obtained data, both quantitative and qualitative research methods have been used. The findings of this research indicate that the components of nation building, which are media, education, economy, military and religion have enough influences on the Kurdish language because each of the components of the nation building has introduced a lot of economic, religious, military and foreign words to the Kurdish language. Therefore, it can be said that all the components of nation building have had enough influences on promoting the Kurdish language. Moreover, all components of the nation building have increased the number of the Kurdish vocabulary because they have introduced a lot of the words to the Kurdish language.

This paper which is entitled "The Assessment of Writing - from Paragraph to Essay for undergraduate students at Salahaddin university- Erbil." is an attempt made so as to point out the importance and the uses of the paragraph and the essay in the writing process. This research aims to help students to learn more effectively about how to write paragraphs appropriately. It also assists in assessing writing paragraphs and essays academically. Researcher depends on a test about writing as an instrument to collect data from 62 third year students in the department of English College of Education at Salahaddin University in Erbil.

This theoretical study lies at the intersection of sociology, political science, and democratic theory. The study attempts to assess the validity of the resurgence of interest in the pluralist theories of the state, especially the contemporary English pluralist theory. In doing so, the study will be focusing on the critical account and assessing the main theoretical debates of the British sociologist and political scientist Paul Hirst (1946-2003). It should be emphasised that this study has been done according to a historical and explanatory approach method, which applied in both fields of political theory and Political Sociology. Therefore, the study offers a socio-political interpretation and exploration of Professor Paul Hirst’s main themes and debates on Associative Democracy in a descriptive way. The study consists of ten sections. Section one is devoted to the introduction. The second section is explaining the objectives of the study and the method in which used in the study. The third section explores the vital questions of the study. The fourth section deals with a short biography on Paul Hirst. Section five is exploring the idea of Associationalism. Section six is exploring Paul Hirst’s arguments on Pluralism, the English pluralist theory and the state. Section seven deals democracy, the welfare state and the "Third Way”, from Paul Hirst’s point of view. Section eight presents a critical assessment of representative democracy, by the exploration of Paul Hirst's associative democracy, governance and the free market economy. Section nine is dealing with the crisis of existing democracy. The last section is devoted to the conclusion of the study.

This paper aims to build mathematical models for the effectiveness and interesting of listening to the Quran's Voice or music on people. Quran is the religious text of Islam, which Muslims considered to be a revelation from God Lord of the worlds by the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him). The Quran contains 30 chapters, 114 Surah, 6236 verses. The sound waves of voice of the Quran has a specific frequency and a specific wavelength, and these waves propagate vibrating fields that affect the brain cells and achieve a rebalancing of them, which gives them great immunity in fighting diseases, malfunction in the work the cells, and the effect of hearing the Qur’an on these cells, re-program them again. Music is the work of a person and it is an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions. The experiments were conducted on a random sample that includes large numbers of people of both genders, as it included the opinions of people from (4) years to (48) years old at all academic levels from kindergarten to doctorate, and from all levels of non-academic society and various Muslim nationalities in Kurdistan. For this purpose, the Interpolation Method that is used is one of the important concepts in applied mathematics, especially in Numerical Analysis, it is the process of deriving a simple function from a set of discrete data points, Interpolation Method has several types. Two types are used here, the first type used is Newton Forward Interpolation Formula; when the domain points are equally spaced, and the second type is Lagrange Interpolation Formulas; when the domain points are not equally spaced.
Results of both types of analyses of interpolations show that people’s interest to listening Quran's Voice is more effective than people’s interest to listening to music because the Quran's Voice model is a quadratic model, but the music model is a linear model.

Teaching vocabulary poses a major question that researchers and teachers always think about. From this perspective, the work we plan to undertake would touch on an area that would be worth exploring: how to teach active vocabulary? To learn a language well, it is imperative that the vocabulary of learners is carefully and frequently acquired and monitored. Our work therefore aims to encourage teachers to consider the most popular theoretical descriptions of vocabulary and vocabulary teaching / learning. This study also examines the methods and strategies that promote the use of active vocabulary among Kurdish learners. We will discuss the case of Kurdish students through a survey of French department teachers and an analysis of course observations focused on learning active vocabulary.