Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

This paper is entitled Pragmatics Avoidance in Second Language Learning: Kurdish language as an example. This study is concerned with the Point that when a foreign language learner learns Kurdish Language, first s/he
learns and controls the sematic aspect of the lexical items of the language. That is, in communication, they can use the vocabularies and sentences semantically.
The research questions are: Do Second language learners, when learning pragmatics, have capacity to use linguistic elements? To what extent the pragmatics avoidance results in difficulty in Kurdish Language learning?
In order to answer these tow questions, this study consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. It focuses on the importance of pragmatics of linguistic units (in addition to their semantic uses), and sheds light on the issues or difficulties that face Kurdish language learning regarding pragmatic competence.

The study of Arab tribes' movement , uprising"in Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt" in the second half of the seventh century AH in the Mamluk sheds highlight on the most important movement , uprising that occurred in these cities during the reign of the Mamluk state and touched upon their intense activities against the Mamluk state that lasted about three centuries, and the reason for these circumstances is due to the influence and values of each of these tribes, and the statement of the revolutions of the Arab tribes who refused to recognize the authority of the Mamlukes, caused by the problem of the dualistic mentalities and conflicting minds of each of them. They have the right to transcend their borders, in return for the mentality of the Arab tribes or the Arab tribes of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt, which represented their right to rule from the Mamlukes,the ascendants, the usurpers of the throne from the House of Ayub. Negative backgrounds on the country, and the most important negative consequences of those revolts is the destruction of the Mamluk Egyptian economy on the social side, and its impact on the country as well.

The issue of custody among political parties in the south of Kurdistan has started in a harsh and complicated environment after 1980. This happened due to the (Iraqi- Iranian) war, to an extend that taking someone under custody from politicians, Iraqi soldiers or foreign experts has spread into the duties and activities of political parties and organizations in the south of Kurdistan. That happened especially after establishing multi-party system. This phenomenon, as a common activity, has spread into the agenda of political parties and organizations in the south of Kurdistan. Thus each party was doing this action through many various reasons. However, the press attack reason on Kurdish Freedom System and making a barrier by Iraqi government is a general reason for this issue. This is because they thought their uprising voice can be reached to the world through taking western civilians under custody. It is worth mentioning that this phenomenon has come to an end completely by the early upcoming of Anfal processes.

The kiln is consisting of two chambers, combustion chamber and baked chamber. The pottery put in isolated baked chamber on the perforated floor which flu the hot gasses from the combustion chamber. Kiln used for baked pottery despite this has used for baked clay staffs such as the figurines, mud-bricks, dulls, toys, seals and cuneiform tablets, then used for melting the glasses and mineral substances. This paper is focusing on the early Kiln in North Mesopotamia from prehistoric periods to the Neo-Assyrian periods as well as focusing on the Architectural and cultural aspects. The northern Mesopotamia is the land of the appearance of the civilization and then let the south to build southern civilization. This paper studied and analysis Architectural material for building, fuel material and the effect of the high and low temperature on the exterior and interior ceramics colors surfaces and the core color of the pots. I hope this paper give the light on the History of the Kiln arts and its architecture development in the Northern Mesopotamai in general and Iraqi Kurdistan particulary.

Since the second half of the twentieth century, science as a kind of knowledge, as well as a social institution, became the subject of research from a sociological point of view, and especially through the sociology of knowledge. One of the main theses this field from the beginning is that knowledge is socially produced and inherited. Science in itself refers to a systematic and organized structure of knowledge in any field of inquiry by the use of the scientific method. The position and role of science in societies is constantly changing. These changes are valuable in two ways: first, in terms of how science defines knowledge; Second, how knowledge and scientific knowledge are linked to the totality of other systems and strutures of society. Delivering knowledge to the public and making it part of social awareness will be through a process called popularization of science and this will require a special method of mixing with social and cultural elements. The main purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical review of the literature produced in the field of sociology of knowledge on scientific knowledge. The research method is a descriptive-analytical method. The main result of this study is: no kind of knowledge will be created and disseminated without regarding of its social aspects. Moreover, the social realities themselves are the product of different knowledge, meaning that there is no social reality that does not have a specific knowledge.

Human Rengineering has great role in the life and prosperity of the organization, which comes from its focus on one of the important elements of production, that is human element, the organizations operating in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region lack the awareness of the impact of human engineering on the organizational prosperity, which is a distinct entry point of development and administrative excellence adopted in the leading and prosperous organizations. This research dealt with an analysis of the role of Human Resource Rengineering in achieving Organizational Prosperity. It aims to identify the problems that result from negligence in adopting scientific rules and foundations in the fields of work, and to give a clear picture of the importance of Human Rengineering, which receives a lot of attention and support in international scientific and academic forums.
The research was tested in Al-Hayat Soft Drinks and Mineral Water Company in Iraqi Kurdistan Region-Erbil, and the research was carried out on a sample of (66) administrative and supervisory officials and workers with experience and efficiency. By using the questionnaire as the primary tool to collect data from research sample, and testing a number of relationships and impact between research variables in order to obtain answers related to the research problem and in achieving the goals of the research through a set of statistical methods based on the statistical program (SPSS). The research reached a set of conclusions, among them: There is a correlation and effect of human resource rengineering in achieving organizational prosperity. The research concluded with a set of recommendations, which are: the necessity of taking into account the continuous improvement of the various processes of human resources management and focusing mainly on human resource formation and training on the renewal of knowledge and improving their level, which gives you modern technologies and new skills that allow the management of current changes.

This research seeks to uncover the role of time management in enhancing classroom management in basic schools in the outskirts of the erbil governorate, to identify the extent to which principals and their assistants in basic schools have a clear vision of the two variables and their importance in achieving effectiveness. This research presented a theoretical framework on time management as an independent variable. It depends on five dimensions, namely: (Time Planning, Time Organizing, Setting Goals and Prioritizing Time, Time Direction, Follow- Up and censorship Time ), and strengthening classroom management as an approved variable, and the field side was also adopted to identify the nature of the relationship and the impact between the two variables, and to reach According to the objectives of this research, the research adopted the descriptive and analytical approach in dealing with its variables. A hypothetical outline of the research was designed expressing its main hypotheses. The questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data and it was distributed to (206) principals and assistants in (100) basic schools as a sample of the research of 700 principals and their assistants. Administrative experiences in (250) basic schools as a community for research, and (200) questionnaires were retrieved valid for analysis, and a set of statistical methods were used to determine the results and through The software computer spss.v.24. The research reached the group of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a moral relationship between the dimensions of the independent variable collectively and individually and the adopted variable, classroom management, that time management in schools is the most important dimension of classroom management, as well as the presence of a moral impact relationship for the dimensions of time management in strengthening classroom management. After "setting goals and priorities," time is the most influential dimension in enhancing classroom management in basic schools. The research ended with a set of proposals in line with the conclusions to strengthen the base of this sector in addition to education.

Legal institutions and organizations play a fundamental role in creating a favorable climate for economic activity and building a society that enjoys freedom and safety. The importance of this research comes from its discussion of the constitution of a federal state that suffers from problems that have their roots in the structure of the state. The research aims to analyze items related to economic aspects and compare them with similar articles of the constitutions of selected countries. The research reached a set of conclusions including, the Iraqi Constitution contains a set of articles related to the economy, but some of them suffer from lack of clarity and others from overlapping. Finally, a number of recommendations were presented, including the promulgation of some laws in order to clarify and consolidate the provisions of the constitution.

The information of cost and economic analysis is consider the key of formulating policies, decision-making and the adoption of investment programs, as a result of the high rates of pollutants and the variety of forms which different types lead to increasing concentrations, especially in recent years, prevention and treatment of its effects have become the concern of various countries and companies, took the environmental costs resulting from those pollutants constitute high rates As a result of the costs incurred by the company, information on these costs can no longer be ignored in line with the polluter pays principle. These costs affect the company's profitability and investment returns. In this sense, the decisions that were traditionally taken to ignore the environmental costs as hidden costs tainted by some inaccuracy, from this point of view environmental cost information is taking over the new visions of economists, businessmen and banks granting credit when making their decisions, so that they are not inattentive to the requirements Environmental legislation that may oblige the company to incur additional costs was not taken into account as a result of neglect of the environmental side at the time, turning it from profitable to losing companies, especially since bank credit is the main source of operating profit, but it is fraught with Failure to identify and measure costs related to protecting the environment, reducing pollution or controlling it, eliminating its past effects and not disclosing it as hidden costs makes decision-making regarding the granting of credits improper and threatened by unexpected and sudden risks that may lead to the closure of borrowing companies and the transfer of loans granted or Credits to bad debts are deducted from the operating profit of the granting bank because of lack of information on environmental costs or ignoring them. In this research, the researchers sought to demonstrate the importance of environmental cost information in rationalizing credit decisions and its impact on reducing the degree of risk.

This research is devoted to the hadith pioneer and founder of the science of urbanism, and on the religious dimension in the thought of Ibn Khaldun, and the role of religion in human urbanization when he spoke about the emergence and development of the history of nations and peoples, in his book Introduction. Ibn Khaldun spoke about the human being as the primary engine of urbanization, and he also spoke about religion on the basis that he was educated in a religious way, and that the sciences he studied did not come out of the religious framework, such as jurisprudence, law and history. Because of the nature of this scientific upbringing and the firmness of these sciences in his convictions, and his firm belief in the vital role of religion in the life of the individual and society, he considered religion the correct and most important means to which a person uses in achieving urbanization, and that there is no existence of the emergence of construction except through religion and work in the light of its principles. He tries to prove that the reason for the progress of peoples is to resort to a combination of the religious and the worldly, and that the world is a mount for the afterlife. And that the delay and demise of urbanization, but the reason for it is the distance from religion. In order to find out his views and theory in this area, we have divided this research into three sections. In the first topic we talked about Ibn Khaldun and his introduction to history and his role in human development. In the second topic, we dealt with the search for religion and man in the thought of Ibn Khaldun and the opinions of scholars regarding his religious inclinations. In the third topic, we shed light on the religious dimension in human urbanization according to Ibn Khaldun.

Abstract
Mental health and illness have been tackled and theorized over centuries in various cultures. Mental health possesses a complex history in being used for various causes and perceptions due to the needs of a certain group of people. Characters who develop mental illness, in classic novels, usually go crazy, or they are neglected, they die and things turn to be well for the other sane characters, or even they commit suicide. The trope of dismissing characters with mental health issues is unnerving in classic literature. Thereby, it was not possible for characters suffering from mental illness to be any type of hero since they were frequently killed off or called villainous.
The depiction of mental health experiences in recent literature is realistic. People with mental illness can be the main characters or even the heroes of the story. They are aware of their mental illnesses and they upraise an admirable struggle against them. Though some characters die at the end of the stories, most of them find some happiness and become hopeful by the story’s conclusion. Mentally ill characters make progress and overcome their anxiety since they are accepted by their families, friends or societies. It is unnecessary for the characters to be cured or live without struggles, or even survive the tale.
John Michael Green (1977, Indianapolis), is an American author and YouTube content creator, whose rapid rise to fame is due to ushering in a new era for contemporary, realistic, literary teen fiction. He sketched human health intelligently in his novels. The publication of Green’s Turtles All the Way Down (2017) demonstrates the degree of the evolvement in literature. The young adult novel is one of the books that depict characters with mental health issues in a realistic and hopeful way. The significance of the book is due to its celebration of real-life arguments concerning a previously overlooked matter. The researchers attempt to prove that the mentally ill hero of the story is open about her illness and she puts up a fight against it instead of escaping from it. They show how the hero is portrayed in a realistic and cheerful way through depicting certain scenes in which the character tries to treat her illness and overcome it.

This article is concerned with the study of the concept of death in general and the major causes of death in particular. Death can be explained as an action or fact of dying or ending the life of a human being or a living organism. It focuses on the concept of death in some religions. Also, it highlights the theme of death in The Jilting of Granny Weatherall. The story is one of Katherine Anne Porter's short story collections titled Flowering Judas, which is published in 1930. Katherine Anne Porter was a celebrated American reporter; she is a person who was writing for newspapers and magazines. She wrote dissertations and long short stories. The writer describes the most recent dreams such as emotions and memories of an aged woman whose name is Granny Weatherall, the main character, and the descriptive personality in the tale is mostly standing on Porter’s grandmother's life. The author uses her grandmother's surname Granny Weatherall for the title of the story. Granny was eighty years old, being around all of her relatives. Granny dies on her deathbed. Throughout her sickness, she remembers periods from her childhood to death. She suffers from a dangerous illness. Thus, Granny realizes that everything ends up, even the long-lasting relationship with her husband. She has been jilted first by her married man and the second husband by death. The story also deals with spiritual confidence and risky sickness. Finally, the story is semi-autobiographical, including events for Porter's own life and the main character Granny Weatherall because both had several unsuccessful marriages and they had intensely annoyed with bad health. The present research aims at reducing the impact of death in the community, especially among elders and adults who would be affected by the terror of one of their relative's death. The paper compares three religious thoughts about death which are Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism.

The lexical presupposition is one of the primary concepts of pragmatics, and it is used to include a general class of pragmatic and semantic phenomena that have a fundamental impact on the apprehension of utterances. The study aims at presenting a Pragmatic analysis of the former leader’s speech Mr. Masoud Barzani about the event of referendum by detecting the lexical presuppositions and presupposition triggers and detecting the most frequent type usage. A mixed approach is used to analyze the speech where the speech is analyzed qualitatively according to Yule’s (2010) and Levinsons’ (1983) classification of presupposition and triggers. Besides, quantitative method is used to detect the most frequent use of the presupposition type. The findings of the study show that factive presupposition has been used most frequently (64%) throughout the excerpt utilized in this study with Counterfactual and non-Factive presupposition being used the least (4% ). Using factive presupposition as the most frequently shows the speaker’s intention for being direct in conveying messages and presenting facts to avoid any kind of misunderstanding or misinterpretation of his intentions in such an important event such as Referendum .

The present study aims at exploring Kurdish-Arabic code-switching in selected poems of Nali. Nali was a famous Kurdish classical poet. In his poems, Nali frequently swapped from Kurdish to Arabic. The researcher analyzes his poems from a sociolinguistic perspective. Therefore, the thrust of this paper is to clarify the role of this phenomenon in sociolinguistic, functional and structural aspects. The researcher has hypothesized that the sociolinguistic model of code-switching proposed by the American Linguist, Gumperz (1982) is applicable for the analysis of the phenomenon of code-switching in Nali’s poems. The study concluded that code-switching happens in multilingual society in conversation even in poems. The verses in which code-switching occurs are described as macaronic in literature. Another achievement is that macaronic poems of Nali were not the outcome of illiteracy or poor linguistic competence, on the contrary, they reflect his powerfulness in the use of his bilingualism and linguistic competence. Thus, code-switching is a positive point in his poems and adds to his rhetoric.

This study entitled "Animal Metaphors in English and Kurdish" focuses on animal metaphors .The researcher ,here, brings a number of definitions of the word metaphor . The foremost objective of this research is to know the culture of the two societies as far as the understanding of different types of animals is concerned. The aim is to show what similarities and differences represent cultural connotations in both languages. The significance of the research lies in the fact that learners will be able to comprehend and give the translation of those sentences that contain animal metaphors. It is also important for those who have willingness in understanding the cultures of two different societies as far as animals are concerned. Kurdish students face some problems and difficulties in learning metaphors especially animal metaphors. So, this research could be of a great help for this purpose. The study makes a comparison between English and Kurdish languages as concerned with animal metaphors. Examples from both languages are given to reach the aim .The conclusion of the research shows that there is cultural correspondence between the two languages concerning some animals despite some differences .At the end ,the researcher shows a list of references that are benefited in writing this research.