Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

Talking about media and the Internet and their relationship to social problems and the making of violent images on social networking sites has become a concern of many professionals and users, and you find many of these people in their research and topics deal with violence and sympathetic dealing in which modern media and social networking sites are a means by which perpetrators of violent acts against society, especially against women, are pleaded with, Women in most societies are exposed to many problems, such as marginalization and violence, especially in backward societies that deal inferiorly with women, which may be the basis and origins of this unfair deal, which is the low awareness and control of old customs and traditions and religious directives that do not find women equal to men, and the existence of this conviction has led Until this conviction transcends the limits of thought and is now being practiced against women in various ways and means, The existence of this conviction has led to this conviction that transcends the boundaries of thought and is now being practiced against women in various ways and means, and the matter came to invoking modern communication technology to practice violence against women, and women suffered as a result of this violent deal by men and women great losses such as avoiding the use of these means and not to benefit from the advantages of technology for fear of exposing women to grief and violence, especially in societies where the percentage of ignorance, unemployment and social freedoms is at low levels,
Because fabricated news, an unreal image, sound or video may cause great social problems if the woman is the subject of this news or that image, and technology has facilitated the methods of committing crimes, especially after the proliferation of tablets and mobiles, cheap prices and the spread of applications that make The user is able to re-edit and create events easily and at the lowest costs, and publish it on the widest scale in the shortest possible period of time, and social networking sites have become one of these means sometimes used inappropriately, and thus it becomes facilitated to commit crimes and violence against others, especially against women.
In this research, we try to focus on this problem in which women are exposed to electronic violence through modern media, especially through social media, and we try to find mechanisms and ways to commit these methods against women by using the descriptive, survey and analytical approach of a large number of women journalists and civic activists in political fields And social and social crimes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, as cyber crimes in the region have crossed borders, and not a day may pass without the occurrence of many of these crimes against citizens. We have focused in our research on violence directed against women.

‘1920 Iraqi Revolt’ is one of the most important political events in the contemporary history of Iraq, as it shocked the British presence and paved a new stage in Iraq. This topic has received great attention from historians, researchers and those who are interested in the history of Iraq. Many academic studies have been devoted to address it from various aspects. Each researcher looked at it from a certain perspective. They relied on the scientific sources and material available in documents, personal notes, press, and others.
The press is an important source for the study of modern and contemporary history. Al-Mosul newspaper is one of the important newspapers issued by the British occupation authorities in the city of Mosul, and it expressed British policy in this region. The British occupation authorities used this newspaper to transfer their ideas and news to the people in Mosul and its outskirts. The newspaper's policy was clear about the events of the 1920 Iraqi Revolt, and it contained a lot of important information that served British policy in Iraq.

This research tries to demonstrate the pragmatics differences between the four imperative forms: the imperative verb, the present tense associated with the demand tool, the imperative verb noun, and the infinitive representing the imperative verb, in the examples of Sibawayh’s book, by investing in semantic ancient and Modernists Grammarians’s elicitations, and the opinions of the researcher, and then linking them to the basic pragmatics dimensions, as: speech acts, Intentionality, conversational implicature, Speech principles, Presupposition and Deixis; In order to be familiar with the features of the command speech structures and the situations in which they are used, and that is through reveal the precise expression mechanisms that separate these formulas in expressing the meaning of the command, and thus reaching the path that achieves the optimal communication in every form in its contexts.

Abstract
Adel Salim, who was one of the well-known Erbil figures, had a prominent and significant political role in the rank of the Iraqi Communist Party. In the forties and fifties of the last century, he was in charge of part of the Baghdad underground organizations, and in the sixties and seventies he worked as a professional party cadre in Irbil, Sulaymaniyah, Kirkuk, Mosul and the Kurdistan branch of the Iraqi Communist Party.
In addition to his role and positions before, during and after the National Front between the Communist Party and the ruling Baath Party in 1973.
During the years of his political struggle, Adel Saleem was subjected to persecution, detention and torture, and he spent 12 years completely in Iraqi prisons and exiles, specifically during the monarchy and the first republican era.
This research deals with aspects of Adel Selim's life and political struggle between the years (1926-1978), and it consists of four main axes:
The first axis: A brief overview of the history of his family, the beginning of his life and the stages of his studies.
The second axis: Adel Salim's political struggle between the years (1941-1956), highlighting his struggle within the ranks of the Iraqi Communist Party, and his persecution, arrest and torture by the Iraqi security services.
The third axis: Adel Salim's political stances and struggle between the years (1965-1970), where Adel Saleem worked during this period in many regions of Kurdistan, specifically in Erbil, Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah. He was an effective member of the Kurdistan Regional Office of the Iraqi Communist, and he played a prominent role in his party's various activities.
As for the fourth and last axis, it is devoted to the role and struggle of Adel Selim both politically and administratively which was between the years (1970-1978). As they touched on the political role of Adel Saleem, his opposing stances towards the National Front and the Baath Party, and his continuous criticisms at the Front's meetings in the presence of senior Baath Party officials. In addition to his tenure in the position of Secretary-General of Transport and Communications and his work in the Executive Council of the Kurdistan Region, then he was dismissed by a decision of the President of the Republic Ahmed Hassan Al-Bakr, and then he was poisoned and eliminated by the Ba'athist regime on 9/12/1978.

This study seeks to examine the phenomenon of suspense in Surat al-Kahf an aesthetic examination from a literary and narrative point of view, and inspired us the nature of the study to distribute the scientific material on a preface and two axes and results, as for the introduction, we summarized in it the talk about the concept of suspense in the field of narratives, the art of rhetoric, and in psychology, and we excluded the last concept of its distance from what our study is. After the introduction, the first axis came to detail the saying in the narrative techniques that ensure the production of suspense and work to strengthen it, as it was found in the teaser prologue, in the summary followed in detail, in concealing the secret, in surprise, in ambiguity, and in evoking the scene, As for the second axis, it explores in a timely manner the most prominent rhetorical methods that benefited the significance of suspense and colored the Qur’anic text with its character. In the two axes, the research sheds revealing light on the source and origin of the suspense, and interrogated the text in its rhetorical formation and narrative structure to reach the resulting meaning, and the study was concluded by recording the most important results that emerged from it in its humble effort.

The clash of religions and the logic of managing conflicts and wars was mostly the logic prevalent in the Western world within their ideological and religious trends throughout the ages. Logic on its foundations they used to present their assessment of conflicts and wars. Also, the clash of religions came against the background of the economic struggles of the nations. Martin Luther believes that Islamic civilization poses a new challenge to the Christian world. For reasons related to the fundamental differences in terms of language, culture and religion. This challenge appeared at a time when Luther wanted to cleanse the Christian world of all impurities and ideas that are not compatible with his reform path, although he was able to create change. Radically and comprehensively in the Christian religion, in its foundations and prevailing rituals, through his new propositions and ideas, which differed from his predecessors, but he did not deviate from hostility to other religions, Judaism and Islam. And on Luther's religious reforms, which fully reflected on his actions and positions, as he viewed Islam in a negative light and described it as the destructive opponent of the West and the Christian world because Islam makes the identity religion the nation allowance and increases the differences. Likewise, the relations of the Islamic world adjacent to the borders of the Western world by land and sea along the Mediterranean Sea and for several eras were dominated by conflicts and wars, such as the Crusades and the wars of Morocco and Andalusia until the emergence of the Ottoman Turks and their expansion towards the West. From this standpoint, Luther tried to explain and clarify the religious belief of the Turks, so that the Germans and the Christian world would be warned of the dangers of that doctrine called (Muhammadiyah).

The aim of the study is to identify the Resilience of university students, identify the differences between students according to gender and specialization, identify the Locus control of university students and identify the differences between the students in the Locus control according to gender and specialization. In the Locus control, he sample consisted of (400) students.
The two researchers adopted two measures: The Resilience scale (Wijnland and yong), which consists of (26) items divided into (5) fields, and the Locus contro scale, for the Locus control of (27) items, Translation and reverse translation. The Psychometric properties of the two parameters were verified: validity, discriminating power, verification of consistency in the two methods of testing and retesting, and internal consistency. The following results were reached:
1. Students have a high degree of Resilience
2. There are differences in Resilience according to the educational specialization and for the benefit of the human, and there are no differences in sex and no interaction between sex and specialization.
3.There are no statistically significant differences in the level of Locus control among university students, indicating that the internal control is equal among the students with external control.
4.There are no statistically significant differences in the Locus control according to sex variables (males and females), scientific specialization (human, scientific), and the absence of statistically significant differences in the interaction between sex and specialization in the Locus control.
5.There is a positive correlational relation between the Resilience.
6. the Locus control Resilience contributes positively to the Locus control of university students.

The study of the elite occupies great importance in the field of political sociology topics, this is because the elite possesses the influential tools for formation and stability of societies and formation of rolling the system and notion and believe orientation...etc. With no doubt of that, the political elites in human societies play a prominent role in the processes of change towards social development, in all social forms. And will take high responsibility for leading society or retreatment and therefore it can be considered as the most prominent and the important contributor in social development that required the elite to be in a high level of responsibility to lead the society to what its members aspire to in terms of improving their living conditions and raising the efficiency of work and production. The strategic role of the elites is embodied in making public opinion and directing it in a number of aspects and leading the process. This research consists of an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion, and each chapter includes a number of topics. In the first chapter, which is titled Dimensions of the Study and Defining Concepts, the first topic problem and the importance of the research were defined, and also its objectives. In the second topic, the main terminology such as the elite, the political elite, and social development was discussed. In the second chapter the search for ideological direction, quality, and the elite theories, this is through three topics, the first explaining the intellectual trend about the elite and the political elite, and the second topic deals with the issue of different types of elites in the society, and the third topic is devoted to clarifying the elite theories. As for the third and final chapter, specified to clarify the relationship between the elite and social development through two topics, the first to explain the role and influence of the political elite in the process of social development, and the second topic to clarify the political elite in Kurdish society. Finally, the research reached a set of results. The political elite has the most prominent role in the process of social development during its role in state institutions and outside it within the framework of society, as this elite is the main engine for the functioning of the political system and the movement of the various political forces within the society.

The present study aimed to investigate the association between methods of organizational conflict management and the leadership styles used by the heads of academic departments at the University of Duhok. The study controls for gender, the academic title, years of service and the name of the college. The research population consisted of all the teaching staff at the University of Duhok, whose number is (1607). The researcher used multi-stage random sample of (240) male and female heads of departments. The researcher prepared two research instruments. The first one to measure organizational conflict management methods, which consisted of (20) items and divided into four themes: confrontation, avoidance, appeasement, and concession. The second instrument to measure the leadership styles, which consisted of (30) items distributed divided three themes: democratic, autocratic, and chaotic
The results of this research reveal:
1. The two most used methods of organizational conflict management are avoidance and appeasement.
2. The two most leadership styles adapted by heads of departments are the autocratic and the chaotic styles.
3. There is a statistically significant relationship between the democratic style and confrontation, appeasement, and compromise methods.
4. The relationship between the chaotic style and the avoidance methods is statistically not significant.

The media is considered by advanced means as one of the most powerful modern means of communication that insults the citizen to live with the age and interact with it. As the media has an important role in explaining issues and publicly raising them for the sake of intellectual preparation. Twenty-first centuries comes with it a new era, an era in which the first word of the media in light of revolution Communication and information, the revolution that does not stop with the continuation of the process of innovation and change.
Indeed, the media in the modern era has become a part of people's lives, and building the state economically, socially, and politically by using various media and communication media, and among the most important roles played by the media is to expand people's horizons, can play the role of watchdog, and can draw attention to specific issues, as well as raising people's aspirations. Therefore, in the present research we will shed light on the emergence and development of the media, its fields, components and importance, and explain the concept of media, Islamic media, and media of responsibility from the perspective of Islamic thought.

The current study dealt with the topic of (the gratifications achieved from the use of social networks and its relationship to behavior change), and its problem was summarized by the following question: What is the relationship between the benefits achieved from the use of social networks and changing urban behavior, and the descriptive approach was adopted by the method of social survey by sample, in this study . The study population included students of six colleges at Salah University, and the study tested a sample size of (380) male and female students who were selected by stratified random sample from the six colleges.
Data were collected from the study sample by using a questionnaire. The theory of uses and gratifications was adopted in this study, and the SPSS statistical program was used for the purpose of analyzing the data collected from the study units, and arriving at results and conclusions. Among the most important conclusions reached by the current study is that the satisfaction and skill needs came first according to the opinion of the study units, as they are achieved for them through their use of social networks, and that males achieve their needs and satisfactions through their use of social networks at a higher rate than females, and college students The same applied specialization achieve their satisfactions and needs at a higher rate than students of colleges of humanitarian specialization.
It was also found that females change their urban behavior at a higher rate than males as a result of their use of social networks, and that students of colleges of human specialization change their behavior as a result of their use of social networks at a higher rate than students of colleges of applied specialization. It was also found that there is a very significant correlation between the total gratifications achieved by university students through their use of social networks with the macro indicators of urban behavior change, that is, the more gratifications students achieve, the greater the change in their urban behavior. It was also found that there is a very significant correlation between the total gratifications achieved by university students through their use of social networks, with the overall positive indicators of urban behavior change, meaning that the more gratifications students achieve, the greater the change in their urban behavior in a positive way. It was also found that there is a very negative significant correlation between the total gratifications achieved by university students with the overall negative indicators of urban behavior change, that is, the greater the gratifications achieved by students, the less negative change in their urban behavior.

This study entitled "Realisation of constituents in English and Kurdish languages" focuses on the definitions of constituent then on some ways by which they are realized. It shows the words that form constituents . It indicates that one word or more can be a constituent. The problem here is that learners are unable to realise constituent and its type in a sentence .This is due to their lack of knowledge about phrases and their functions .So a constituent can be defined as some word plus all the words depending on it, either directly or indirectly .In other words, that word plus all the dependency chains lead up to it. These constituents have various functions hinging upon the positions they occur in sentences. Here ,the immediate and ultimate constituents are dealt with too. The aim of this study is not to show the functions but would rather show the tests that make readers be sure that a part is a constituent. These tests may or may not vary in each language. In Kurdish language mainly,the types of constituent (immediate ,intermediate and ultimate) are dealt with too. In this study, the tests that are indicated for establishing constituent are shown in both English and Kurdish languages. The most widely used tests for constituents in syntax are : topicalization, proform substitution , fragments , clefting , vp-ellipsis ,pseudo clefting .The significance of the research lies in the fact that different other topics are dealt with for dealing with this subject. Readers or learners can benefit from them ,for example, types of constituents ,proform, clefting ,….in case their researches are about one of these topics. Finally,It is concluded that for a part to be a constituent, it should not meet all the tests or conditions of constituents. But if it meets one or two condition(s)or tests, it would be considered a constituent. In English there are many tests that assure us that a part is a constituent but in Kurdish there are not many tests for this purpose. In both languages ,the same types of constituents ;immediate ,intermediate and the ultimate are realized and identified.

The dictionary meaning of words can sometimes be insufficient to understand a language. Therefore, the sentence word order, the function and those changes take place to the words have also to be known. As we know, in every language, it’s not just the words, the parts of speech are needed to express ideas. It’s from these parts of speech that sentences are constructed. One of the parts of speech is noun modifier used in sentence construction. In language teaching, despite knowing the language’s grammatical structure, we need to have information about the rules of that language which affected the mother language. This is because languages contact and affect one another and have similarities and differences with each other, such contact and effect can be seen between Turkish and Arabic languages. The families and groups of both of these two languages are different, thus, more differences are to be found than similarities. The Ottomans’ language age is more than four centuries, it was the language of writing from the 16th century to the 20th century. During this time, the Ottomans’ language had a lot of impacts on Turkish language that can be observed everywhere. In this paper, we discuss the Arabic modifier in Ottomans’ language and present its most prominent differences with Turkish language. We also tried to briefly explain some of these modifiers that have been used as terms and terminologies in Turkish.

The significance of linguistics to translation is inevitable, since translation activity involves language, and since linguistics is the scientific study of language (Manfredi, 2008, p. 31). In a wider sense, the linguistic paradigms with which the translation process is performed refer to ''those branches of linguistics'' that take into consideration the social aspects of language use and deal with source text and target text in their cultural contexts (Bell, 1991, p. 13), putting a premium on the centrality of meaning as a principal component of language since the issue of meaning is the major concern in translation. In view of this perception, Systemic Functional Linguistics (henceforth SFL) might be the most appropriate approach to translation and translation analysis for the reason that it works towards an aim when it considers language as a meaning potential and puts much focus on texts in their situational and cultural contexts.
This paper attempts to illustrate the importance of SFL to translation. It provides a brief historical account of the emergence of Hallidayan linguistics, and it goes through his major contributions to the discipline of Translation Studies. It also discusses the arguments and grounds for postulating the applicability and usefulness of the SFL theoretical approach as a linguistic framework for translation theory and practice.

Problems with writing academic research by the senior literature students of the English department of the college of languages at Salahaddin University in Erbil have been occurring literally since the establishment of this department. Students face many difficulties while setting out to write research projects which are part of their graduation requirements. They usually feel frustrated at the beginning stages and struggle with their research title, outline and structure. Graduation research has been a big challenge for the department and teachers, too. It becomes a controversial topic every new academic year, and discussions around it conclude with either removing this subject from the department curriculum for fourth-year students or actions to be taken up to improve its existing situation and mechanisms of conducting it. This research study is an attempt at looking at the problems surrounding this subject at the English department, going to the roots of these problems and finding relevant solutions so the situation changes for the better and students face fewer problems with their research works.