Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

This Reseach is about the contemporary scholars’ perspectives on the term of purpose and the great objectives of Sharia. The study, therefore, provides an overview for the term of Sharia purposes, contemporary trendies and perspectives towards the concept. The study also investigates the scholars’ views and explains how they have used the principles and values of Sharia for their interests and also how they validated their commitments. The study, similarly, tries to explore the contemporary scholars’ methods and intentions for conducting these commitments. It, furthermore, investigates the scientific mistakes that the trendies committed when they use the objectives of Sharia as a tool for providing evidence.

The marriage contract of a young girl who has not yet reached adulthood is a type of marriage contract that used to be practice and is still working with this kind of marriage , in semi-tribal societies - including the Kurdish community - and they invoked many reasons and reasons, and it is known that it may be harmed as a result of this type of marriage. Marrying spouses, then the two families, then the consensus, and looking for an answer:: What is the ruling on this type of marriage? What are the solutions to what has happened and is happening in terms of problems ?, And to find out these questions, and the answer to what is likely in Islamic jurisprudence from the ruling on this type of marriage? This research was completed which deals with extrapolating the legal texts, the doctrines of the jurists, their opinions, and the fatwas of the most senior Kurdish scholars on the ruling on marrying a young girl. The research, the introduction, and the study of the subject deals with an objective, comparative jurisprudential study, through the following axes and paragraphs: 1- Small language and idiomatically. 2- The doctrines of the jurists in the marriage of a young woman. 3- Public evidence of the validity marriage of young girls. 4- Evidence for those who say that her marriage is not valid. 5- Discussing the evidence: A: Discussing the evidence of those who are entitled, who are the public. B: Discussing the evidence of the referees. 6- The jurisprudence of the issue and the preponderance of the doctrine of those who deny that it is not valid to marry a young girl. 7 - Supporting the preponderance of the doctrine that is favored by the fatwas of the most senior Kurdish scholars regarding the issue. 8 - The conclusion, in which it confirms the opinion of those who say that the marriage of the young woman is not valid, first, and the recommendation to raise awareness in order to urge to avoid this heinous act, secondly.

In this research we tried to identify the phenomenon of repetition and its role in the consistency of speech in the Arabic poems of the poets of the Kurds, it is consistency that ensures the consistency of the text and distinguish it from the text, which is a set of tools, conditions and linguistic foundations available in each language, which makes the parts and diaspora of text and speech coherent consistent with some , the measure and standard used in consistency is only its interest in the phenomenon and the external form of the text, and Take care of objective study and verification of the means by which it achieves the specificity of continuity and verbal connection, and this binding and arrangement of sentences and phrases takes the standard of what appears to be the surface elements shown in a picture and language panel from which the previous leads to the subsequent , and repetition is a purely linguistic phenomenon through which the total verbal correlation of the text is achieved through a set of prominent formal linguistic phenomena leading to the cohesion and harmony of the text.

The research aims to measure and illustrate the effect and relationship between organizational ambidexterity including its dimensions (Exploitation ambidexterity, exploration ambidexterity, flexible organizational structure ambidexterity) and organizational citizenship behavior in Knowledge University in Erbil City in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. This research presents several questions which depicts the problem of the research. Questionnaire was designed as a data collection method in order to meet the research objectives and to test the main hypotheses of the research. Research sample were selected randomly through distributing the questionnaire among teaching staff. (50) questionnaires were distributed and (48) questionnaires were returned. (47) questionnaires were valid to run statistical analysis. The results of the research revealed: the perceptions level of the respondents about implementing organizational ambidexterity (Exploitation ambidexterity, exploration ambidexterity, flexible organizational structure ambidexterity) in Knowledge University in Erbil City were high. With regard to implementing the concept of organizational citizenship behavior (altruism, courtesy, sportsmanship, conscientiousness, civic virtue) in Knowledge University in Erbil City, the perceptions of respondents were moderate and high. The research found that there is a significant effect and relationship between organizational ambidexterity and organizational citizenship behavior. In light of these results, several recommendations were formulated to the investigated organization including; the continues of illustrating the importance of employee’s perceptions in organizational ambidexterity organizations and organizational citizenship behavior within its different dimensions that reflect positively on job performance and thus organizational performance.

The prophets (peace be upon them), with their miracles that indicate the sincerity of their prayers are considered the link between heaven and earth, between God Almighty and His servants. With them, humanity and civilizations were led voluntarily or involuntarily. There is no civilization, no science, no development, and no benign human characteristic except that it is inherited from these great people, peace be upon them, because of this importance, the Holy Qur’an mentioned the stories of the prophets and messengers. One of the most important things that he focuses on mentioning these stories is mentioning their miracles by which they subdued their enemies, and demonstrated their sincerity in their prayers, and there are many rulings and purposes that lie behind these stories in the Holy Qur’an. Those who know its value who want to know it, and those who do not want to know its value want to ignore themselves about it. This research is an attempt to refine the position of the Holy Qur’an and correct wrong understandings about it, as some see it as a book of religious instructions and rituals only, ignorant - or ignored - that it is a book of guidance, and a book of various sciences and arts, and the book of progress and scientific and civilized advancement, whoever adheres to it elevated in religion And the world.Scientists have been busy in the past and modern in explaining the miracle and the glory of this great book, and among the most prominent of them is the great scientist Saeed Al-Nawrasi, who led the campaign of faith in difficult circumstances. He found and worked hard, and in this way he used an effective weapon, which is the combination of Sharia and contemporary modern science, starting with this towards The discovery of precise scientific references hidden within the texts of the Holy Qur’an, which show the greatness of this immortal book.
It is no secret that these discovered signs are a motivation for people in general and for Muslims in particular to roll up for scientific advancement through attention to those scientific references in all specialists.

The current research (Anomie and its relationship to social trust among a group of university youth) aims to know the levels of Anomie and social trust when specifying it in general, and then to know the multiple relationships either between the two main variables and between those variables and their sub-variables. The research was taken from (120) male and female students as a sample for it, which was divided into two colleges at Salahaddin University (Arts and Languages). The research used two scales to measure the behavioral phenomena to be studied, which are the (Timorese 2011, Hilal 2019 scale for ready-made standards, consisting of (24) items, and taking the Social Trust Scale (Nazmi 2011) consisting of (38) items. The research found that the level of the two variables among the sample individuals was statistically significant, and there were no sexual differences in them when comparing them through the T-test for two samples. The relationship between Anomie and social confidence is significant at (0.05) level.

The research entitled (The effect of street theater on the Kurdish theater movement) deals with an analytical study, which shades light on street theater, and is considered one of the direction of the theater published in all world countries, on the basis of intellectual, artistic and aesthetic. The research consists of three chapters. The first chapter (the methodological framework) deals with several points such as: the problem of the study, the importance of the study, the aim of the study and limits of the study. As for the second chapter (theoretical framework), it dealt with the subjects such as: the beginning and emergence of street theater and open space, experiences of street theater in countries around the world, the role of director and actor in street theater, stages of street theater preparation. As for the third chapter, it dealt with three theater models in street theater, and the research in the fourth chapter reached a number of results, the most important of which are:
1. In street theater, the actor and the receiver participate directly in the formation of the theater performance.
2. Improvisation plays an influential role in the installation of street theater show.

The seeking and trying of getting happy and fortunate life is related human history, so they tried various ways and forms to obtain and fortunate through history. Prophets, scientists, reformers, wits, philosophers, politicians and economists are talked, researched on and wrote about it. The Holy Quran as the last inspiration by God shows its philosophy and fortunate to individuals and community. This study is an attempt to confirm and proof that good deeds and non return charity are of the highest and best values to build the community in the view of the Holy Quran where they are the aim and purpose of the Holy Quran, so that here it is named as the benevolent and joyful community. As a result, this research is proposed in the view of the Holy Quran which is entitled as (The Role of good deeds in construction of welfare community). The study consists of four sections; first section is about charity and good deeds in the Holy Quran and explaining the reality and actual meaning of good deeds, moreover, the phenomena and scenes of it in the Holy Quran. Second section talks about good deeds in the philosophy and perspective of the Holy Quran where four views are shown for good deed phenomenon, they are notion of faith, notion of on purpose, notion of systematic and notion of cosmic. Third section is about the importance and privilege of the community which is the purpose of the Holy Quran in the outward or inward perspectives, in addition to the relation between good deeds and welfare community. The last section tackles the concept and strategy of establishing the culture of good deeds in the individuals and community, so as to make the awareness of doing good deeds in the community.
Finally, we ask God that this academic study become goodness and beneficial for esteemed readers.

This research aims to analyze the relationship and influence of intelligent leadership for directorates of the traffic directorate in the city of Erbil represented (sharing the vision and common goals, social intelligence, rational intelligence) in the dimensions of the culture of excellence and represented (basic competencies, social responsibility, work value). Represents the general framework for researching the research problem with its represents several questions about the nature of the relationship and influence and the contrast between independent variable (Intelligent leadership ) and dependent variable ( Excellence of culture) .A research hypothesis was designed to express main hypotheses , to be sure from the validity of the hypotheses all of them underwent for multiple tests , the search was used questionnaire form as a way to collect data , and it was distributed to ( 130) managers and its represent (15) departments and directorates , it were retrieved (125) forms valid for analysis . The research adopted the descriptive and analytical approach, through the application of statistical methods by using program (SPSS V.22). The research has reached a number of conclusions the most important of them is having a relationship positive incorporeal correlation, this indicates whenever adopted the mentioned organization on intelligent leadership it can to developing a culture of excellence. And the research suggested the necessity of investing in strong relationships between the main and sub-variables at the macro and micro level and direct it to the service of the aforementioned organization.

The current research aims to identify the "identity and cultural dimension of the inner spaces of the Kurdish dwelling", from The concept of culture has evolved as a result of the great development in all cities of the world, and since culture is linked to the components of society, it plays different roles in the formation of cultural awareness of the members of society regardless of its level of development, and for the cultural components of the Kurdish society, it includes the language and religion that constitute. This study aims to highlight the main focus of achieving the cultural and social identity of Kurdish dwellings in the city of Soleimania, which reflects the impact of the cultural heritage of Kurdish society.
Also, the method of distribution of elements and design foundations as well as the distribution of spaces and the quality of furniture and materials used. In its theoretical context, the research addressed cultural identity and heritage, internal design and its elements, as well as globalization and its impact on identity and cultural heritage. The research found a number of indicators from the theoretical framework.
The research concluded with conclusions derived from the theoretical framework where cultural and social identity constituted a remarkable presence in most interior designs and the method of distributing elements based on heritage and keeping up with contemporary designs, and therefore we find cultural privacy and it is still present and rooted in the Kurdish dwelling.

Zhigalina is regarded as one of the most famous Russian Kurdologist all over Russia who has conducted a large number of scientific researches about Kurdish history. She has worked with many well-known orientalists like Lazarif, PrImakof and Khalfin. They assisted her to become Kurdologist as well as focusing on the problems and the history of Kurdish nation. She has published most of her writings and papers in Russian language and published them in Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies journal. Moreover, she has published some of her writings in Russian and German languages in the European Journals. She has had an effective and important role in introducing the history of Kurdish and nation and their problems to the European countries. In 2004, she became the director of the Kurdish Cabinet at Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Science until she passed away at her workplace on 23rd October 2013.

Zhyanawa Newspaper was Kurdish Newspaper. It issued by the British in Sulaymaniyah. The newspaper was emphasizing on British interests regarding the Mosul Question, and it was attempting to convince the people of Sulaymaniyah to join Iraq. The study is divided into three chapters. The first chapter defines and describes Zhyanawa Newspaper. The second chapter studies the Mosul Question from the beginning of the dispute until it became part of Iraq. The third chapter examines the portrayal of the Mosul Question in Zhyanawa Newspaper, and it emphases on the articles which were published about the Mosul Question and the works of Committee of the Mosul State in the newspaper. Several articles were analyzed and presented to the readers.

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

Thinking is one of the essential cognitive processes in human's life, however the nature of its correlation with self-beliefs that an individual holds is overlapping and unclear. To clarify such overlap, also to shed lighter on the nature of interrelation between specific thinking style and self-efficacy of an individual, current study aims to investigate the correlation between thinking styles and self-efficacy by employing descriptive correlational research method among a sample of academic staff at Salahaddin University-Erbil (n = 243). To measure the current study variables, the list of thinking styles (Sternberg & Wagner 1991) used to measure thinking styles. Also, the measure of self-efficacy (Jerusalem & Schwarzer, 1986) used to measure self-efficacy. The findings indicate that there is variance in correlations between self-efficacy and thinking styles. Self-efficacy significantly correlates with legislative thinking, executive thinking, internal thinking, monarchic thinking, and liberal thinking. Whereas self-efficacy is not significantly correlated with judicial thinking, global thinking, local thinking, conservative thinking, hierarchic thinking, oligarchic thinking, anarchic thinking, and external thinking. Also, the results showed that there are differences in thinking styles according to academic ranks. Finally, current study came out with a few recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify the effect of using probe thinking strategy on legal acquaintance and officiating performance in volleyball
The research population consists of the third-grade students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, and the research sample numbered 48 students, randomly divided into two groups: group (A), the experimental group, and group (D), the control group with (24) students for each group. The population has been selected because the subject of international volleyball law is taught in the third year.
Equivalence was conducted between the two research groups in the variables of intelligence and achievement for the subject of volleyball for the second academic year, then the experiment was conducted by teaching the experimental group according to probthinking strategy, while the control group was studied according to the followed strategy by the teacher.Moreover, by the completion of the experiment the cognitive achievement test of international law of volleyball was processed, the officiating performance test also conducted through the use of specified form ofdirect observation by officiators. Finally, the collecteddata analyzed statistically and the following are the most important results: - The probe thinking strategy had a significant impact on the cognitive achievement and officiating performance of international law of volleyball, which applied on the experimental group, and overcome the control group that studied according to the followedstrategy by the teacher.
The researcher recommended emphasizing the use of probe thinking strategy which has an impact on the process of analyzing, and linking legal modules with volleyball.

The (Stream of consciousness) is considered as the most common and novel technique which to a larger extent is concerned with contemporary novel. It was first introduced through the (Ejdîha - Dragon) which belongs to (Muhammad Mukery). Since then, its characteristics have appeared in Kurdish Novel and its principles have been revitalized.
Mukery in his novel embodied the characteristics and principles of this technique artistically and in a quite high level. He initially started narrating the process with a meticulous introduction to the events. He takes the receptors to the deep structure of the text and grabs his attention toward multiplicity of the consecutive events. In terms of the second forum and imagination dimensions of the novel, he gradually and comprehensively prompts to practicing the precise principles of (Stream of consciousness) in addition to paying a special attention to the sequences of the events and maintaining the elements of the text flavor. He, wisely in the frame of network narrating and in an interesting conclusion, joins both the imagination and the reality together and melts them with each other. The main significant reason of this favorable technique is that it leaves the receptors with eager and encourages him/her to interpret the events to reach a proper conclusion by themselves.
This research is an attempt to highlight on the way of practicing the principle of the (Stram of consciousness) technique in the novel of (Dragon). It also introduces the role and value of the text to familiarize the most important and contemporary techniques of the novel with the genre of novel in Kurdish literature.

Although nostalgia is primarily a medical term and is associated with psychology, it has been presented in the literary area for centuries. Sherko is one of the great poets of contemporary style in Kurdistan. This brought nostalgia and a special sense of hopelessness to his poetry. Where he described the misery and sadness of being away using different poetic imagery. The signs of nostalgia in the work of Sherko Bekas consist of personal and public nostalgia. This study attempted to evaluate the results of public and private nostalgia in Shirko's works in a descriptive and analytical manner.
In order to show the distinctive characteristics of the theme of the sadness of the past and the sadness of estrangement on the one hand, and then evaluate the psycho-social foundations in the poet’s works on the other hand, and through this, determine the cause of the sadness of the past and the sadness of alienation, which tends more to the popular destination than to the personal feeling.
The results of this search show the Shirko’s area which holds both types of nostalgia. Personal nostalgia through which Sherko attracted attention to his personal life, as well as social nostalgia in which he has a special social imprint which means a lot to him. But the social nostalgia in Sherko's work is more prominent than personal nostalgia.

The problem of research lies in the lack of logical vision in the analysis of methods and trends organization furniture and its aesthetic relationship in interior design, which has become contemporary in our time through the introduction of currents and design methods coming without taking into account the suitability of the residential space aesthetically, and the problem of research in its attempt to answer the following questions: How do furniture units contribute to the design treatments of the housing system in embodying the aesthetic and functional dimension in residential interior spaces and upgrading the reality of those spaces? The importance of this research lies in clarifying and clarifying the relationship between furniture units and internal space aesthetically, which is an innovative and complementary relationship that is sometimes carried out without study, so it became important to reach the balance in the aesthetic and creative system and document it to apply it to the design of residential interior spaces. In the time of modernity and postmodernism, furniture has achieved the impact of modern trends and their development from the materials and materials contemporary shown by current technology, most notably art deco and the School of Bauhaus, and Bob Art Art Novo, and furniture is one of the most prominent factors that send intellectual address to realize the aesthetic and functional aspect gives a mental feeling suggesting unity within a homogeneous system, and agrees on all scientific and knowledge rules in space One of the most important influences on contemporary furniture and its formation in the local interior space is cultural and social values, and even if the methods and trends differ, cultural values will not differ in one society, but may vary from one designer to another according to his culture and personal styles, and values may vary from class or social group directed to design work to one class or another.

The subject of single women is a contentious topic in Erbil society. Being professionally successful is often sufficient motivation for a woman to remain single. Women enjoy the competitive process of advancing to executive positions at work and find it extremely satisfying. There are many unmarried women in Erbil for many reasons.
It has been noticed through observation and social relationships that the rate of single women is increasing for many reasons. According to a report published on Rudaw site in 2015 the rate of unmarried women in Iraq (including Kurdistan) reached 85%, while The Iraqi Ministry of Planning announced on Mawazin news site in 2018 that the rate of women (ages between 15-49) who feel safe alone and do not get married early is 85% in Kurdistan to 60% in central and southern Iraq. Some of the women refuse to get married because they want to develop their education level and have a successful career. Those women believe that marriage will prevent them from traveling abroad in order to develop their knowledge, skills, and may will not be able to work in different institutions if they get married especially in Erbil subculture which some traditional men do not always allow their daughters, sisters or wives to travel alone and leave their families behind. In addition, it will be difficult for women to leave their children alone, because most of the women sacrifice the personal desire for the sake of their family.
While other single women do not get married, because of some domestic problems, especially in tribal families when the family does not accept that their daughter marries a man who does not belong to the same tribe. Other families demand dowry such as a big amount of money and an expensive house that cannot be afforded by the grooms. Moreover, the financial reason when the woman works and gets a salary and the family depends on her financially.
The researcher has found out the social, economic, and education issues that are behind women remaining single. In order to get a good result, the researcher used qualitative methodology and interviewed 20 single women in Erbil society from different social, economic, and educational backgrounds. In-depth interviewing helped her to get good information and be able to communicate with them personally; those women have been asked previously prepared questions (semi-structured interviewing). The ages of the women are between 25 - 40 years old and they are working at universities, governmental institutions, and Non-Governmental organizations (NGOs).

The term ‘social distancing’ has been widely used recently in various means of mass communication to encourage people to keep it as a way of preventing the spread of Covid-19 Coronavirus. In addition to studies in natural sciences, the term ‘social distancing’ could also be explored in various research areas in humanities, including pragmatics, sociology, and psychology. This paper deals with the pragmatic reading of the term ‘social distancing’ with reference to proxemics as a nonverbal communicator to find out whether or not genuine social distancing could result in weakening ties among the members of any given community. By analyzing the connection between ‘social distancing’ and context, proxemics, spatial deixis, power and solidarity, the paper hypothesizes that the term ‘physical distancing’ is a more appropriate preventive approach to substitute for ‘social distancing’, while retaining social integration during the pandemic.

The educational texts did not take the place they deserve in the field of teaching and learning foreign languages despite their effective role in theoretical and applied research in this field. So the main objective of our study was based on highlighting the types of discourse and its role in the research of teaching and learning French language, more clearly this study focused on two main strategies. The first is an explanation of linguistic concepts and their role in the process of teaching and learning the French language, such as text, type and discourse, seeking to clarify the foundations of linguistic analysis and its components in the language. While the second axis deals with the application of these concepts in the context of teaching and learning French as a foreign language.

Designing a creative writing (CW) course involves a lengthy, non-linear and multifaceted process. Needs analysis can be used as a starting point for data collection to explore the needs of the course from the perspective of the involved key players and the related areas.
This present study is the first round of needs analysis which is part of a larger PhD project. It uses qualitative methods of data collection, namely, non-participant unstructured observations and semi-structured interviews as the first round of data collection at the University of Birmingham (UoB). Thematic analysis has been used to interpret the data and categorise the recurring themes inductively, which will later be compared to the Subject Benchmark of Creative Writing in the UK. The results of this study will be used in the second round of data collection for needs analysis at Salahaddin University-Erbil (SUE) in the larger project that aims to design a CW course at English departments at SUE in the Kurdistan of Iraq (KRI).

There is increased interest in Jean Piaget contributions in modern psychology because his works focused on one of the most significant fields in human’s life. However, Piaget’s theory has been criticized due to shortcoming in methodology, ambiguity in his style, and characterizing human abilities negatively. This paper aimed to review some reasons that led researchers to criticize Piaget’s theory. Also, presenting some of his contributions in child development, which have led his theories to be considered as effective ones in modern psychology. This review suggested that majority of criticisms could be regarded to misunderstand of Piaget’s contributions, language barriers and his new methods in search. In addition, some of his contribution such as his theory of cognitive development and his contribution to characterize thinking of child with adult still regarded as an effective in modern psychology. Future research of Piaget is recommended to understand his purposes, subjects, and concepts from within.

This theoretical study deals with the most influential British philosopher of the nineteenth century, namely John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873). The study offers a socio-political interpretation of Mill’s views on Liberty and Utilitarian Premises in a descriptive way. The objective of this study is to elaborate and discuss his major contribution in the field of liberal theory by focusing on his very well-known book On Liberty published in 1859. The aim of the study however, is to problematize the main points in which Mill focused in his philosophical argument on liberal thinking and liberty. The main argument of this study is that there is a clear inconsistency between Mill's theory of Liberty and his Utilitarian premises. In doing so, the study is divided into eight sections. Section one is devoted to the introduction. Section two shows the objectives of the study and the method in which applied. Section three raises the major questions in which the study tries to answer. Section four briefly assesses Mill’s relationship to Jeremy Bentham. Section five analyses Mill’s very famous work, On Liberty. Section six focuses on Mill’s views on liberalism and humanism. Section seven discusses Mill’s Utilitarianism, individuality and the inconsistencies in his theory of liberty. Section eight demonstrates the conclusion in a critical assessment. The objectives of this theoretical study are: firstly, to elaborate and discuss his major contribution in the field of liberal theory by focusing on his very well-known book On Liberty published in 1859, secondly, to problematize the main points in which Mill focused in his philosophical arguments on liberal thinking and liberty. On Liberty is well known as one of great classic texts in modern political theory. Methodologically, the study lies at the intersection of sociology, political science, and liberty theory. It should be emphasised that this study has been done according to a historical and an explanatory approach method, which applied in both fields of political theory and political sociology. The explanatory approach is a method to make us understand something by describing and illustrating. Its intents merely to explore the research questions and does not offer final and conclusive solutions to the exciting questions. Therefore, this study uses the literature research and text analysis as a tool for it.

Yeats establishes a symbolic poetic image of a wine-cup at the outset of The Dreaming of the Bones and diffuses it throughout. The image is the concoction of Irish influences and of mystical beliefs sustained by Yeats, for the play does not lose its Irish identity despite its incorporation of formal techniques of the Japanese Noh theatre. As the image encompasses the whole play, its analysis in this paper shows that every given detail refers back to it, whether in matters of setting, of actual physical movement on the stage, or of themes, as a result of which the image acquires a binding quality. There is a parallelism between this binding image, and the reflected altitudinal physical and thematic experience of the play in its virtual setting, reaching up to its climax. The paper thus finds that the image articulates everything it evokes and gives it visual presentation. Literally carrying the whole weight, the conclusion is that the image forms the structural basis without which the play cannot stand, and that, being the core of the play, it constitutes a thematic objective correlative. The divisions in the paper are arranged to steer the analysis towards a full appreciation of the structural role of this image in holding the play together.