Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

This research is an attempt to analyze and show the perceptions of the traditional grammar, to identify the traditional grammar and clarify its principles and perceptions. The beginning of the realization of linguistic thought has existed through time in some forms, but it did not appear as an independent field of studying, as the traditional grammar held some conceptions with some methods, was used to analyze linguistic rules and was of great benefit to linguistics.
After linguistics came to be known as an independent field of study, many shortcomings and flaws were emerged, and the traditional grammar received a lot of criticisms, which caused the emergence of many schools, theories and linguistic perceptions. But that does not mean that the attempts of the ancient linguists should not be taken into consideration or underestimating their efforts, especially in terms of grammar structure and linguistic rules, as they have taken giant strides and their attempts have become the basis and foundation for the research of linguists.

This research aimed to the following objectives: Measuring the level of psychological resilience in internal security forces in Sulemani province. And Identifying the statistical differences between the levels of psychological resilience in internal security forces in Sulemani province according to some variables such as: sex (male, female), To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher depended on an Arabic scale developed by Alwan and Talaa (2014), which is consisted of (30) items covering (3) sub-scales as following: psychological re-equilibrium, effective adjustment with stressors that face the person, taking responsibility and facing problems. The items were self-report with five point Likert scale (always, mostly, sometimes, rarely, never) as alternatives for answering. The researcher also conducted the necessary measures to ensure the overall psychometric properties of the scale such as face validity, half-split reliability which was (0.91) and it is considered to be acceptable properties for measuring the variable which is supposed to be measured. When the scale were ready to be applied in their final form, they were applied on a sample of (565) officers in Sulemani province security offices and departments related to ministry of interior. After investigation, it appeared that only (458) questionnaires which were completely answered. Then these answers were checked and total sum was extracted to be processed in statistical analysis to produce research results. Many statistical tools were used, such as: Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman –Brown formula, one-sample and paired samples t-test, percentage, and mode probability formula by utilizing the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). The results according to the objectives were as following: There is psychological resilience in internal security forces of Kurdistan Region-Iraq. The mean score of affective control of the sample was (109.26) which is bigger than the hypothesized mean (90) and the difference between the two means was statistically significant, since the calculated t score was (33.93) which is bigger than the table t (1.96) at (457) degree of freedom and p-value (0.05). And There is statistically significant difference in psychological resilience in officers according to sex variable (male, female), which the average score of males was (92.06) with standard deviation reached (11.38). Meanwhile, the average score of the females was (83.93) with (15.98) standers deviation. The calculated t score was (3.32) which is bigger than the table t (1.98) at (457) degree of freedom and p-value (0.05). Based on the results, some recommendations and suggestion are proposed to the parties related to this research.

This research focused on clarifying the concepts of the vocabularies contained in the title such as prohibited and necessity, besides two other concepts which are permitted and lawful. The problem of the research raises the relationship between doing the prohibited act in the view of Mustafa Al-Zalami, and then the evaluation of his theory according to the criteria and principles of Islamic jurisprudence. The analytical and evaluation methods are used in this research. The importance of the research appears in clarifying the areas in which the taxpayer can resort to the prohibited act out of necessity and the resulting jurisprudential rulings from the religious and judicial aspects. One of the most important findings of the research is that doing the prohibited act if it is related to the rights of God is an impediment to responsibility absolutely and does not result in anything, but if it is related to the rights of people, it is an impediment to criminal and not civil liability.

The conclusion pf this research is showing psychological manifestations within novel of (Abdulla Sarraj) and how to deal with the persons, individuals and their communications.
Despite analyzing psychological site of the persons, it shows behaviors of the persons.
Fear and shyness are two psychological statuses for each person and within personalize of individuals and both shy and fear are become the reason of worrying of individuals of the novel and they meet anger and change of their behavior within the novel scenes. These shows can be seen in novels of the writer from the hero characters that are led to appear feeling wave as a higher and up in the novel in analyzing behaviors of the heroes.

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The process of evaluating the efficiency of performance is one of the important methods for economic projects to identify the extent to which their objectives have been achieved and to identify deviations that may appear as a result of implementation, by comparing what has actually been achieved from the results and what is targeted in the plan, diagnosing its causes, identifying the parties responsible for it and making the necessary proposals to correct it. The topic of the research was chosen entitled “Evaluation of the performance efficiency of the (Mass) plant for the production of iron and steel in Sulaymaniyah Governorate for the period (2015-2020). The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which was the fluctuation of the actual production quantities during the research period 2015-2020. The first three years are affected by the security situation represented by the emergence of the so-called organizations (ISIS) or (the Islamic State), as well as the emergence of the financial and economic crisis in the region due to the central government’s failure to send the region’s share of the annual general budget, and the suspension of many investment projects in the region, as well as the financial crisis The country has gone through due to the drop in the global oil price, which is the backbone of the Iraqi economy and the region, and the growth rate has declined In the indicators in general during the year 2020 due to the deterioration of health conditions represented by the Corona pandemic, which has spread in all countries of the world. Finally, the research presented a set of proposals that may contribute to the development of the activity of the laboratory and similar local projects.

This study is entitled "The Use of Myth in Literature". It is an attempt to demonstrate the way myth is used in literary texts. The primary objective of the study is to present the types and mechanisms of myth usage in literature. Thus, the current study is concerned with how myth is reflected in literary works. The study is divided into two sections. The focus of the first section is on the term, concept and definition of Use, following this, mechanisms of Use are highlighted. The second section deals with the motives of Use and its types. Finally, the main conclusions and references of the study are presented.

This paper is an attempt to study the semantic meaning of the mastheads of Xebat as well as Kurdistani Nwe newspapers. The objective of the study is to analyze the semantic meaning of the mastheads as a free linguistic unit out of context. Since the nature and interpretation of semantic meaning is manifested in the analysis of the direct meaning of language in media, firstly the light is shed on the concept and the function of masthead, the relation between meaning and media, and the semantics of masthead. Secondly, the thematic meaning, as a type of meaning, is explained. Thirdly, the arrangement of information structure in the thematic meaning, and the order of the linguistic elements are also explicated. Fourthly, the mechanisms, and patterns through which the thematic meanings are obtained in language, as well as the methods via which the thematic meanings are reflected in mastheads, are shown. Finally, the study ends with a number of concluding remarks.

This study which is titled “Women Aesthetic as A Source of Appetence and Pleasure in Qubadi Jalizada’s Poems” is a great effort to get familiar with the women aesthetic in general, and with the appetence, pleasure and women’s esthetics in Jalizad’s poems in particular. It is also an essential method to gain insight into the proficiency, ability, sense, esthetic codes and perspectives of the poet in this respect.
This study consists of two chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the appetence, pleasure and beauty of women in three separate sections. The first section focuses on the definitions of appetence, pleasure and beauty of women; the second section illustrates the role of women as a source of appetence, beauty, love and romantic feelings of women; and the third section demonstrates the status of women as a source of appetence and spiritual tranquility.
The second chapter is devoted to the reflections of women’s pleasure and beauty in Jalizad’s poems. It also consists of three sections. The first section is concerned with the beauty of women as a source of spiritual and mental pleasure and delight; the second section shows the role of women as the source of virtuousness and goodness; and the third section concentrates on the women as the cause of life and continuity.
This study ends with the concluding points, list of used references, and the Arabic and English abstract.

The study aimed to measure the technical efficiency in the production of crops (wheat and barley) in Erbil Governorate. Using the stochastic frontier analysis method and Maximum-Likelihood (ML) Model, which combines both stochastic frontier and the effects of inefficiency models. based on preliminary data collected randomly for a sample of 58 farms in Erbil Governorate. The study used the Cobb-Douglas production function using four traditional production factors, which are (land, labor, machinery, and fertilizers) in addition to a dummy variable (D1), which represents supplementary irrigation, to estimate the parameters of the stochastic frontier model. As for estimating the parameters of the inefficiency effects model, two variables were used, namely, rainfall rates and farmer’s level of education. The results of estimating technical efficiency showed that the overall average efficiency in the study sample amounted to 60%, and it was also found that supplementary irrigation is the most important and most effective factor on grain production, followed by the land factor
The study also found that about (100%) of the deviations from the production frontier are due to the inefficiency in the use of resources. One of the most important suggestions of the study is to expand the role of Agricultural guidance in educating farmers to apply modern agricultural techniques in production to raise their production efficiency.

The Holy Qur’an is marvelous in its characteristics and features, rich in its meanings and connotations, precious in its treasures and facts, continuous in its giving. It was developed by the scholars of the ancestors of the nation, but the owners of the contemporary interpreters follow a Western philosophical method and rules in contemporary interpretation. They do not rely on language, nor on impact, neither on reason, nor on transmission, and they follow what is similar from the Qur’an in order to seek sedition and to seek its interpretation and distortion. So they went on to say in the methodology of contemporary interpretation that the origin in speech is interpretation, in that the Qur’an is a historical linguistic text like any other text, so it can be interpreted according to the requirements of the present era, so understanding its verses is determined from reality - i.e. from the needs of the age and human endeavors -, so the multiplicity of readings indicates On the strength of the text and its potential, the reader has the right to be creative in his reading of the text without anyone’s authority. And the scope for interpreting the text according to its circumstances and tendencies, until it came to transforming the text from revelation to interpretation so that this makes the Qur’an a text open to all meanings, so no interpretation or interpretation can close it permanently. But the principle of speech according to the commentators of the predecessors and successors is to interpret it as it appears, and it is not dispensed with except with a correct exchange. Some of the contemporary interpreters denied the synonymy in the Arabic language, and argued that the words served the meanings, and that the synonyms are nothing more than a deception. From re-understanding and developing it, this language is no longer able to express its renewed contents according to the requirements of the times, and that the terms and vocabulary of this language have lost their original significance due to the age of their use, as it descends the status of archaeological remains, from this point of view they interpret the Qur’anic vocabulary with interpretations that have not previously been explained, and from any explainer.

In Kurdish language both vowel sounds/o:/ and /3:/ are treated as two long vowels. they both occur at the end of the syllable. They lengthen the syllable to an open one. This research paper which is entitled as (The appearance of (o) and (3) as short vowels in Kurdish classic poetry and Jzerri and Nali as an example) is a practical analytical research paper. It is an attempt to prove that sometimes these two vowels may appear as short ones. This justify that the classical Kurdish poetry has its own poetic rhythm and the rhythm is linked to both short and long syllables.
While researching about Kurdish classical training balance state of the musical rhythm of their poems, they consider these two sounds as short ones. For the pompous, the researcher has taken two famous classical poets:(Jizeeri and Nali) as samples to justify that these two sounds can appear in the sound lab to short vowels.
For proving that these poets have used clear and balanced musical rhythm, the researcher has chosen certain Betts in both Jizeeri and Nali's poems. That clarifies how they have treated with these two vowels as short ones, and the texts are read as rhythmical one and recorded if PRAAT program is applied on.
This program is specific for analysis the physical appearance of the sound of the language so that to see how the length and shortened of these two sounds arise in other place that are used by these two poets and through this program sound how the shortness of both vowels arises in their poems.
This research paper consists of an introduction and two sections. In the introduction part, lights are shed on the vowel sounds and PRAAT program reveals how the sounds of Language are analyzed. The first Section presents the cases where the vowel /o:/ appears and short vowel by Nali and Jzeeri and purpose behind this phenom are explained similarity section to explain the case where the vowel /3:/ appears as a short vowel with the two poets. Finally, a number of concluding points are introduced.

The goal of this study was to investigate the morphometric analysis of the Taqtaq watershed in the Koysinjaq district, which is in the northeastern portion of Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The watershed has an area of 881 km2. The Digital Elevation Model-Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM-DEM data, as well as Geo-information methodologies, were utilized to determine and analyze morphometric parameters, like lineal, aerial, and relief characteristics in order to achieve the study's goals. To create and producing maps, as well as analyzing and evaluating specific criteria, a variety of functionalities in ArcGIS 10.8 software were utilized. By R2 values (R2 = 0.79 and 0.80 of the sub-basin), the major results revealed a difficult opposing connection between stream order, number, and length in the watershed of the study area. The watershed is elongated in form, with drainage patterns ranging from dendritic to sub-dendritic to parallel to sub-parallel. According to the study's findings, the drainage also has poor drainage, low permeability content, and a slight slope. The creation of landforms and watershed efficiency has been impacted by the research region's structural geology and climatic circumstances. The current study can be beneficial, and significant for watershed preservation and rainfall preparedness.

¬¬In this study we have dealt with the number of child’s who are exposed the (eye, respiratory or both) diseases in the families whose at least one of their parents have the same diseases, which has caused by Chemical hit in Kurdistan of Iraq in 1988.
The diseases are become inherited and the offspring’s have received the diseases from their affected parents and transmitted to successive generations. In order to a chive the objectives of this research, the data obtained from a sample of size (500) patient’s family chosen randomly by stratified sampling, it described situations in which the families composed of members affected by the diseases.
From available data the transition probabilities and the expected length of time that the process spends in each state of the two types are determined; also the matrix of the expected number of offspring of the two types is defined.