Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

Koye district was chosen as one of the districts of Erbil governorate as a study area because it is an agricultural area, most of its residents depend on agriculture as their main craft, not to mention its location that forms the bridge linking the governorates of Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Kirkuk with each other, and its proximity to those governorates which are the largest consumer market for agricultural products.
This study deals with (the potentials and constraints of agricultural development in the Koye district) in order to identify the most important potentials that contribute to the development of the agricultural sector and then reveal the most prominent obstacles and determinants of agricultural development and how these obstacles are addressed and overcome in order to bring about a comprehensive agricultural development that aims to reach Achieving food security or at least self-sufficiency in the district of Koye in particular and the governorate of Erbil in general.
The study concluded that the natural characteristics in the study area are suitable for agricultural activities and development, especially in terms of terrain, climate, soil and water resources, and that the human resources in Koya district are insufficient in terms of the number of farmers, the number of equipment, the market for selling products, the distribution of chemical fertilizers and the lack of fuel distribution for equipment which is the main basis for the use of land and the production of agricultural crops. In the end, the study reached a number of proposals in order to benefit from them for the development of the agricultural sector.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between choice needs (Survival, love and Belonging, freedom, power and achievement, Fun) and the relationship with happiness among university employees. Also, know the role of factors such as gender, marital status, income on happiness and choice needs. Plus knowledge of the predictive ability of the choice needs variables for happiness lay in the study sample. The research community consisted of employees of Garmian University, which consisted of employees of all three directorates (University Presidency, Colleges and Research Center) of Garmian University – Kalar township of Sulaimani province. The sample was 47% of the study community, which consisted of 350 employees of both sexes (male and female) equally. Reliance was placed on the (descriptive relationship) approach in this study, and qualitative data were also collected through either the Choice Needs Scale prepared by the researcher, the Oxford Happiness Scale developed by (Hills & Argyle, 2002). with the preparation of demographic information forms. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, statistical analysis (Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Anova, Regression analysis) were used. The results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between each of the choice needs variables and happiness in the study sample. The effect of marital status on happiness and needs, Survival, Love and Belonging, freedom, power and Achievement) was also observed. Finally, it was found that the need for Fun could be a stronger predictor of happiness in the study sample than other needs.

This article in addition to introducing and defining taboos, examines the existing and well-known taboos in the collection of short stories” To whom should I greet” by the famous Iranian novelist SiminDaneshvar, during which, it refers to the use of taboo words by the characters of gender(female/male) in social situations. The authors have tried to include social behaviors such as: good/bad, holy/ unholy, polite/ impolite, etc. in social relations and dialogues of the work, based on the accepted norms of the Iranian society in front of the readers. In adition to be able to explain the relationship between culture and language and the intractions between the two in terms of prohibition in the sociology of language based on gender differences and how they are used. Besides, to prove that in this work, Simin while paying attention to the values of the Persian society, has consciously tried to break the linguistic norms in the daily individual and social life of the characters of some of stories in many cases.
This study also tried to show the results obtained from the frequency of using taboos and inconveniences in the actions and speech of speakers by gender in the form of a graph at the end of the article and between gender and taboos in terms of their use in speakers there was a significant relationship.

The summary of this research is the manifestation of these reasons for the emergence of realism in Kurdish history, the identification of this method in the story of Rauf Begard, realism is a literary approach that emphasizes the real accusation of reality and avoids it. Imagination, fog, and complexity emerged as a reaction to the method of romanticism because romanticism relied on imagination and distanced itself from reality, and the followers of this path make it a major theme among their products.They receive experience in the society of the era. Since its inception, the Kurdish story has become a mirror in the political, social and economic situation in Kurdistan, and the content of its story has become a mirror for revealing these problems and problems that have taken place in Kurdistan in this era.

The most significant findings of this study are that females are more likely to be treated with \\"democratic and overprotective - pampering\\" education methods, while males are more likely to be treated with \\"coercive, discriminatory, neglectful, corporal punishment\\" methods. Aggressive behavior “physical and verbal” was also more common in males than females. However, this distinction does not exist with regard to aggressive behavior. Each of these methods (coercive and discriminatory) has directly led to self-aggressive behavior. While the method of education (corporal punishment) directly led to the emergence of verbal aggressive behavior. The gender variable has changed the \\"relationship of the independent variable to the suffix\\" In a sense; the (coercive) educational style has led to the emergence of verbal aggressive behavior in males, but not in females. Methods (discrimination, physical and punishment) also led to physical aggressive behavior in males, but not in females.

This study tagged with (Characteristics and principles of humanism in Kurdish story in East Kurdistan) it consists of an introduction and two main chapters. We covered the characteristics and principles in the first chapter: the concept, freedom, love, tolerance, peace, justice and equality, love of the land and country, women’s rights….and several other principles of humanism.
The second chapter, which has revealed the aspects of humanity in the Kurdish story in eastern Kurdistan, finally, there are the results that have consistently reached us.

Imaginary place has great significance in novels, not only because it is one of the artistic elements, or it is the place that the events happen in it, but the reason is that the place in novel is imaginary place “fictition”,it is either established on reality, that has roots in realife or It is built on dreams or imagination far from reality, which has no opportunity to appear in the reality, the place in novel is not the same place that exists outside, the novelist indices to the real place that exists outside by indication and signals to make the reader believe that the place is Same real place.
Surely, the place in novel is an imaginary place” fictition” it is built through language, and it is uploaded by the ideas the psychology of the novelist opinions. the novelist makes up familiar to several places that are different from reality, which are existed inside in imagination world.

The roots of the Baha’i religion go back to the efforts of Ali Muhammad, known as “The Bab” in Iran and Iraq, and he was the first to prepare the ground among the Shiite Muslims for the emergence of the awaited Messenger, who is (Mirza Husayn Ali), who was later known as (Baha’Allah), one of the followers of the Bab, who His order was Sufi in the beginning, and he settled for a period in Iraqi Kurdistan, specifically in the Sarklu area in Sulaymaniyah, then returned to Baghdad and announced his new vocation there in the year 1863, then he was exiled to Istanbul and Edirne, until he settled in the city of Acre in Palestine, where he died in 1892 AD. The Baha'i faith spread in Iran, Iraq and some other countries. Baha'is believe that all major religions are from the same source (God), and God Almighty created all human beings equal. Therefore, they believe in human unity and that humanity is in great need of understanding the nature and purpose of life. This is to establish A unified vision towards the future of human society, and they believe that Bahá'u'lláh's writings and blogs, which are contrary to the true Islamic religion in terms of substance and vision, help them to understand and adopt this vision. This research - in addition to the introduction and conclusion - consists of four sections: the first section deals with an introduction to the Baha'i religion and the date of its emergence, while the second topic is devoted to the study of the Baha'i faith, in order to identify its most prominent ideological features , and the third topic deals with Kurdistan and the Baha'i religion, explaining The position of Kurdistan in the spiritual formation of Bahá'u'lláh and among adherents of the religion in general. The fourth and final section dealt with the experience of coexistence of the followers of religion in the Kurdistan region, showing its past and present reality, and the study concluded by presenting the most important results of the study.

The purpose of this research is to know the level of citizenship value from children of kindergarten, and researcher used an experience approach that compatible with nature of research. The research's community consists of the children of second level of governmental kindergartens in the center of Erbil prefecture. The sample of the research consists of 30 children (male and female) with 5 to 6 years of age from both (Rangin and Nsar) governmental kindergarten in the center of Erbil prefecture. The used statistics tools are median, standard deviation and T-test, also, coefficient of personal connection and coefficient of alpha Cronbach. The researcher reached a result that level of citizenship value is low among children in kindergarten. In addition, depending on the results the researcher found some recommendations and suggestions that related to this research.

This paper is entitled (The Structure of Titles in Kurdish short- Short Stories), which consists of a section and several discussions. Firstly, titles, their roles and functions have been discussed theoretically and then the types of titles and titles structures in Central-Kurmanji Kurdish short-short stories have been analyzed practically by using the descriptive-analytical method. The importance of such a topic lies in the fact that it practically tries to identify the types and structures of titles in Kurdish short-short stories with examples.

The research aims to present the general framework of the joint audit and the reliability of the financial statement. It studies and analyzes the relationship as well as the impact between the joint audit and increasing the reliability of the financial statements, moreover; to show the discrepancy in the relationship and the impact between the two variables according to the job title so as to achieve the goal of the research.
A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 82 persons, members of the auditors, professors of universities, governmental and private institutes located in the Erbil governorate.
The results were analyzed by both the statistical program (SPSS) and the statistical program EasyFit. The research reached to a set of conclusions, most notably the existence of relationship and effect of the joint audit on the reliability of the information contained in the financial statements. The results also proved that there is a difference in opinions about the relationship between joint auditing and increasing the reliability of the financial statements, with no discrepancy in the impact of joint auditing on increasing the reliability of the financial statements according to the job title.
The research presented some recommendations, the most important of which is to encourage all companies operating in Iraq in general and the Kurdistan Region in particular, especially companies that are characterized by the large size of their business and the companies having multiplicity or complexity in their operations, the necessity to apply joint audit in auditing their financial statements because of this positive reaction on the reliability of the financial statements.

Diversity of the Qur’anic discourse for the wives of the Prophet (peace be upon him) “The Efk Incident” as a model There is no doubt that the (Qur'anic discourse) is one of the best speeches in terms of the sweetness of its words, the eloquence of its text, the accuracy of its systems and composition, the eloquence of its expressions, and that Women in general and the husbands of the Prophet (peace be upon him) have received a share and a wealth of (Qur'anic stories) and speeches, this is a study on "The diversity of the methods of Qur'anic discourse of the wives of the Prophet (peace be upon him) the Efk Incident as a model", with the aim of identifying the language and quality of the letters contained in the ten Surahs in " Al-Nour Surah", which came down in the innocence of our mother Aisha (May God rest her soul), in a linguistic study to show the semantic dimensions provided by lexical, acoustic, drainage, grammatical and rhetorical analysis of these ten surahs.

The (interrogative hamza) is one of the most important structural methods required in the Arabic language, due to it is frequent occurrence in the \"Holy Qur’an\" and the \"honorable Prophetic hadiths\", and \"the words of the Arabs in poetry and prose\". Those formulas in daily discourses, as well as prohibition, imposition, obligation, and permissibility..., in legal, jurisprudential and doctrinal issues. This study is an attempt to reveal the significance of the (interrogative hamza) in \"Al-Hawamim surahs\". Our study begins by defining the terms mentioned in the title, then a short overview about the \"Al-Hawamim surahs\", and then delves into the verses in which the \"interrogative hamza\" is mentioned in order to reach the connotations that this method plays within those (surahs).

This study aims to evaluate the empirical impact of the effectiveness of monetary policy tools on the unemployment rate in IRAQ using annual data for the period (1990-2020), using the ARDL model. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: the existence of a positive and significant relationship between the discount rate and the unemployment rate in the short and long term, the insignificance of the variable money supply and interest rate in the short and long term, and the existence of a positive and significant effect of the reserve requirement ratio on the rate of Unemployment in the short term, and the existence of an inverse and significant relationship between the variable GDP at constant prices and the unemployment rate in the short term, and the existence of an inverse and significant relationship between open market operations and the unemployment rate in the short and long term.

Considering Zakat is the third pillar of the true Islamic religion, it has a great place in the life of Muslims and the economies of Islamic countries in general. Moreover, the statement of benefits of Zakat and its role in alleviating the problem of poverty in general and in Erbil Governorate for the year 2022 in particular, through a field study to reach this purpose, the results of this research show that the great and practical importance in solving the problems of the poor, the needy and addressing their issues and their economic and social suffering in general and the pain of poverty in particular, as well as these results, showed great importance in solving problems of poverty among the poor and needy social groups inside the population of Erbil Governorate for the year 2022, which is what this research shows and proves it .

The title of this research (The Role of New Education in Achieving the Educational Principles of Children's Theatre), which discusses the role of children's theater performances and educational programs, the history and etiquette of children's theater by programming theater for education. This research consists of an introduction, three parts, and research results. The first part of this research consists of the research problem, its objectives, the importance of the research and the scope of the research, as well as the definition of the terms new education, education, theater, children and children's theater).
The research examines the educational mechanisms and activities of the educational role of the child's theater in developing the different abilities of children.
1- Children's theater is an important factor in carrying the message of happiness and artistic pleasure. It gives the child aesthetics, causes the development of the child's mind and expresses his feelings. In order to build a healthy and smart generation if new educational mechanisms are used.
2. Children's theater can become an advocate for the preservation of national culture and customs.
3- Children's theater has the ability to carry and transmit many messages because of its wide world, especially the educational aspects that can become the cornerstone of the new education.
4- The use of educational programs by programming the children's theater will create a creative environment for children.
5. Technologies, scenography and technological progress help to create space and strengthen children's imagination, which are the main points of children's creativity. Which provides pedagogical principles of purpose and appropriate innovative work.

The subject of this study came to deal with one of the arts of Arabic rhetoric, which is the appendix style. The appendix is one of the linguistic formulas created by GOD Almighty to contribute to the sequence and harmony of the Qur\'anic verses, to give the sentence splendor in depicting the intended meaning, and to contribute to expanding the significance expressed in a concise and eloquent manner. They are sentences, whose meanings are characterized by generality and totality, and they benefit continuity and continuity, and they come to emphasize the causal and its determination in the soul. However, the appendix is a method that cannot be avoided, whether it is prohibition or news. However, the appendix is a method that cannot be cut or deducted from the structure, but rather it is a complementary follower of the meaning, because it always includes the appendix, as it takes others to supplement, like the general for a special reason, and in this study I will shed light on the role of the verbal link (waw which topped the appendix sentences in the Qur’anic stories, to show the relationship between the appendix and the appendix, and to show the extent of its connection to the appendix and to reveal its meanings that topped the appendix sentences, and whose meaning changes based on what the meaning of the sentence calls, an attempt to reach the purposes and connotations suggest to her.

This research deals with an important characteristic of the features of the morphological lesson of Dr. Ibrahim Al-Samarrai, who is considered one of the pioneers of the Arabic language in the modern era. He enriched the Arabic library with a multitude of serious scientific studies during his career that extended for more than half a century. An audible echo among scholars between supporters and opponents. Meanwhile, he did not hold back to find out linguistic issues, especially morphological issues by rejecting, accepting, excluding and leaving behind.
Accordingly, we have decided to highlight some of these opinions accompanied by innovative ideas, accurate scientific directives, and conclusions observed with linguistic creativity. So, one of the parts of his study was included namely, (formal diversity of verbs at Ibrahim Al-Samarrai - a study in the verb types between criticism and guidance) - of the verb and its divisions according to his scientific approach to the morphological lesson.
Thus, the research came to address this diversity in terms of verb types and to be distributed among four types, which are: (the types of the triple verb, the verbs between the weak and the sick, the quadripartite verbs, and the estimated weights). We engrave all this in the light of the theory of modern exchange, with the mention of the scientific rooting of each issue among the ancients and the moderns, and then a statement of the opinion of al-Samarrai in it with his criticism of it through his directives and analyzes between acceptance and rejection, including the sources and references we have adopted.
As a result, it has been found that the al-Samarrai has distinguished opinions on morphological issues characterized by savvy and objectivity, and in many of them he hit the nail on the head, because his descriptive view and his comparative archaeological background on which he built his ideas in morphology made him a piercing and sound view in analysis and guidance, but this did not prevent him from straying from the truth in some of them.

Particle is one of the categories which belongs to functional words of language. One of the features of particle is that they change the meaning of a sentence. This feature depends on the linguistic environment in which they occur. This in turn causes ambiguity, especially the polysemy phenomenon. Therefore, this study focuses on the semantic aspects of particle. Two particles are taken which are analyzed semantically within sentences.
This study is an attempt to present the semantic aspect of particle based on the fact that particles are functional elements and carry little lexical meaning

The aim of this research is to demonstrate the impact of reference groups on adolescent education, as well as to identify the patterns of these groups and to indicate the impact of each of them on the education process. Among these groups, the (family, school, peer group, work environment, Mosque, Media and Social networks) according to the variables of this research (gender, age and educational level).
We have reached results that support that a number of social factors resulting from reference groups exercise two types of influence on positive education and negative education, however, the community does not stop at the positive effects, but rather tries hard to show the negative effects of behaviors that may violate the community standards, customs and traditions.

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Traffic accidents cause injuries and deaths, but also cause material damage to society. Therefore, predicting and identifying the causes of traffic accidents is necessary and important to reduce these losses. The main objective of this study is to develop an ARIMA time series model to investigate and analyze the number of traffic accidents and the number of deaths in traffic accidents in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region according to monthly during the years (2014-2021) and monthly forecast for 2022. Data were obtained from Erbil General Directorate of Traffic. The outcomes demonstrated that the series had seasonal traits. Several models were tested, and the best findings were chosen based on the minimal statistical standards (RMSE, MAE, and MAPE) used for comparison. The best results were we found SARIMA (1,1,1) (0,1,1)12 models for the number of accidents and SARIMA (0,1,1) (1,1,2)12 models for the number of deaths.
Finally, using the best models, we made a monthly forecast for the number of accidents and deaths. We can say that the rate has not significantly decreased for the forecast period, so the government should develop better and more detailed plans to reduce traffic accidents.

This research aims to study the usefulness of CAPM in predicting total shareholders return, and its effectiveness in a UK-listed stock portfolio. Pearson Co. chose to compute the equity cost by calculating total shareholder return (TSR) using appropriate dividend yields and capital gains along with the CAPM and related data. This was done within the framework of 2016 to 2021 according to Pearson's financial reports. It was concluded that CAPM is suitable as a UK share price indicator. It demonstrates that CAPM is linear but does not need to capture unique and systematic risks. CAPM can be used by managers as a proxy to evaluate stock returns and diversify portfolios in order to minimise unsystematic risk, so they can implement the right policies in management to maximize profits while increasing shareholder wealth.