Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

Open text is a new form of Kurdish poetry, carrying the characteristics of literary genres and maintaining the balance between these genres in the text. It is the combination of genres within a text in a new poetic form. It is working to find and develop common ground between genres, since narrative takes a large space in the poetic text and complements mental expressions. The combination of poetry and narrative in an open text directly creates metaphors, metaphors and artistic images and produces a different form of poetry. The poet Sherko Bekas also played a role in the emergence of this new form of poetry and dealt with language in an accurate and creative way. This has created a delicate melody inside the poem and enhanced the poetry of the text.

This research aimed to the following objectives: Constructing a performance standards for kindergarten teachers in the light of quality assurance, identifying the performance level of kindergarten teachers in light of quality assurance standards, where the researchers used the descriptive approach to suit the nature of the research, and the research community was identified from kindergarten teachers in Kurdistan Region for the year In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researchers built performance criteria for parameters, and for this purpose, the construction sample (statistical analysis) was selected from the original community by 15%, as the construction sample amounted to (409) parameters. Where it was chosen by a stratified random method, and after applying the measures of building the scale, the researchers built a measure of performance standards parameters consisting of (87) paragraphs in the form of declarative phrases, distributed on (10) areas (16) standards, and these areas included each of: Effective education strategy: (9, paragraph), planning and follow-up (8, paragraph), classroom activities management and positive interaction: (8, paragraph), learning methods that respond to children’s needs for their development (8, paragraph), environmental awareness (8, paragraphs), child health and safety (8, paragraphs), professional development and knowledge of specialization: (10, paragraph), enhancing communication with the child: (8, paragraphs), the teacher’s partnership with the family and society (10, paragraphs), evaluation: (10, paragraphs) and it consists of ( 5) Five answer alternatives, which extracted the appropriate psychometric characteristics of the scale items, which included: (discriminatory power, item reliability and item stability), and extracted the psychometric properties of the scale, which included: (apparent honesty and constructive honesty), and stability: (retest method and Cronbach's alpha equation), and to apply the scale in its final form, the researcher chose the sample application from the original population with a percentage (10%), with a number of (732) parameters, which were chosen by a stratified random method, and based on the (SPSS) program (Statistical Portfolio for Social Sciences) to analyze data, the current research reached the most important results according to the objectives of the research as follows: Building criteria Performance of kindergarten teachers in the light of quality assurance in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq - consisting of (87) paragraphs in the form of declarative phrases with appropriate psychometric characteristics, and that the kindergarten teachers in the center of the governorates of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are characterized by the performance of female teachers in general and at a high level, and in conclusion and in In light of the research results, the researchers reached some recommendations and suggestions.

This study deals with a very important issue, which is the issue of transcribing the Sunnah as well as the study focused on the position of the Orientalists and the Qur’anic movement in this regard, and the extent to which the Qur’anists were affected by the opinions and sayings of Orientalists about the collecting and writing down of the Prophetic Sunnah. In addition, it explains the reasons for the delay in transcribing the Sunnah and its consequences for them. The opinions of the Orientalists differed on this issue, but they generally agreed that the writing of the Sunnah of the Prophet was delayed, until after the first century or until after the middle of the second century, as the majority of the Qur’anists agreed with them and repeated their opinions on this issue without referring to the competent sources to realize the truth in this regard and its implications, problems, and knowledge of its reality, they are influenced by opinions of orientalists in this matter. The orientalists and the Quranists have based this issue and made it a wide gate to criticize the authenticity of the Sunnah and its position in Islamic legislation as well as they questioned its credibility and the honesty of its narrations.

the study is aimed at The Teachig Environment in Level Eight Basic Classes at Public and Private Schools in Erbil City Center (Investigation and Contrustive Study) the researcher has followed the descriptive method in her research, and the research population consists of eighth grade students in public and private schools in the center of Erbil for the academic year (2022-2021), The sample of the study has randomly been selected from public and private schools. The overall number of the sample comprises 200 subjects, 100 students from public schools and 100 students from private schools.To achieve the objectives of the study, a close–ended questionnaire has been used,it is a teaching environment scale which consists of 45 items and is divided into three dimensions: physiological environment, social environment and physical environment, After collecting the data and analyzing them by using SPSS programme, the researcher reached the following conclusions: There is a statistically significant difference at (0.05) in the teaching environment between public and private schools at Erbil city center and the difference is in favour of schools .
At the end of the study in light of the results, the researcher presented some recommendations:
1. It is important to provide the necessities and reasons for teaching as providing (internet, data show, illuminating map, historical co-ordination) in the government and non-governmental schools.
2. It is necessary to pay attention to the environment of education in the government and non-governmental schools, including the needs in the school such as modern stadiums, laboratories and schools, the construction of the green area and the provision of students' places in the government school

The Syrian crisis has become a point of clash between many regional and international countries that took place in Syria. External factors play a central role in the management and continuation of the crisis. At the same time, there are different views on the crisis, depending on Syria's relations with regional and international countries. The study ends with a set of conclusions, among them the importance of geographical and strategic location of Syria, which has intensified conflict between states, as well as the differences in the interests of the countries against the Syrian crisis, and the manifestation of the Kurdish issue in Syria to demand their political rights and preserve their presence, which prompted Some foreign powers to support them, led by the United States of America. As such, they have gained the right to self-government. To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher relied on both, the method of analysis of power and the historical method.

This study aims to analyze the spatial variation of the Hypsometric characteristics of the Wadi (Tegran) basin, and to find the spatial relationship between the values of this characteristic and the values of the morphometric characteristics of the 35 secondary basins. The inductive approach and the spatial statistics method were relied upon to reach the goal of the study, and the tools of spatial statistical analysis in the (ArcMap) program were used, including spatial regression analysis.
The study concluded that the shape of the main Hypsometric curve of the basin (Tagaran) indicates that the basin has reached an advanced stage of the geomorphological cycle, where we notice the clear concavity of the curve shape. the value of the Hypsometric integration was (0.28), which is evidence that the basin reached an advanced stage (monadnock)) of the stages of the erosion and sculpting cycle.
Most of the secondary basins (21) have concave-convex Hypsometric curves, which are the equilibrium or maturation stage in the geomorphic cycle, The values of the hypsometric integration ranged between (0.36-0.47). It turns out that the values of the Hypsometric integration do not form a specific spatial model, And the spatial relationship between the values of the hypsometric integration and the quantitative characteristics of the secondary basins is negative and not strong.

This research deals with the knowledge of the role of modern banking services with its nine channels (independent variable) in supporting the competitive advantage with the dimensions of the five (dependent variable) for a sample of private banks in the city of Erbil, It consists of (15) banks. However, through conducting fieldwork based on the descriptive analytical method to analyze the data collected By distributing (110) questionnaires to the sample members, which were limited to those in the job (bank managers, their assistants, department officials and employees), and the ready-made statistical programs SPSS and Easy Fit were used in the analysis process. 64.6%) in the dependent variable, and this means that there is a positive (direct) relationship between the two variables. I was clear from the results that the impact of modern banking services on the dimensions of competitive advantage, but each dimension was also positive, as its greatest impact was on the flexibility dimension, as it amounted to (51.4%). The study recommended, in light of the results it reached, that banks should focus more on the dimensions of the ATM and electronic cards, as they are among the most dimensions of modern banking services that support the enhancement of competitive advantage. In addition to the higher management of banks allocating an annual financial budget for research and development, in order to Improving the quality and quality of existing banking services and innovating new ones, as well as other suggestions suggested by the study.

The Antinomy style within the Arabic rhetoric is represented in two of the Embellishments, namely the Antithesis (Tebaq) and Oxymoron (Muqabala), which are among the most prominent syntagmatic Embellishments that it is difficult for any creative text to be void of.
This research aims to reveal an important side of the antinomy style, which is the psychological side. This style has many psychological dimensions, which are the result of its semantic embellishment of speech first and verbal in the second place. In studying these dimensions, the research depends on the analytical method, by shedding light on the references of the ancients and modernists eloquent and critics, as well as to the references of scholars of literary psychology field to this style's psychological dimensions, and then analyzing and commenting on these references and applying them to evidences from the Holy Qur’an and the Prophet’s Hadiths, ancient and modern poetic verses, and prose texts. The nature of the scientific material required to distribute it into an introduction, two pillars, and a conclusion. The introduction elaborates generally on the importance of psychological dimensions in linguistic expression. As for the first pillar, it examines the concept of antinomy in Arabic rhetoric and the resulting terminology, while the second pillar deals with the psychological dimensions of antinomy through the ancient and modern rhetoricians' texts, using the analysis of evidences of multiple visions that support the dimensionns referred to. The conclusion follows the second pillar to summarize the main findings of the research.

This research aimed to the following objectives: Constructing a scale Moral integrity the teacher kindergarten of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and applying the scale of mental Moral integrity the teacher kindergarten of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq Where the researcher used the descriptive method for its suitability to the nature of the research, and the Research Population includes the students of the kindergarten department in the universities of Kurdistan Region for the academic year (2021-2022) in the morning study. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher built a measure of mental toughness, and for this purpose, the construction sample (statistical analysis) was selected from the original Population by 15%, as the construction sample amounted to (409) teacher. Where it was chosen by stratified random method, and after conducting the scale building procedures, the researcher built a scale to measure mental toughness consisting of (69) self-reporting items, distributed over (5) components, which included each of: Moral Discernment: (13, items), Consistent Behavior (14, items), Public Justification: (13, items), Empathy Respect (15, items), Social Compatibility (14, items), and it consists of (5) five answer alternatives, which extracted the appropriate psychometric properties of the scale items, which included: (discriminatory power, validity item, and reliability item), and the psychometric properties of the scale were extracted, which included: (face validity and constrict validity), and reliability: (The method of re-testing and the alpha-Cronbach equation), and to apply the scale in its final form, the researcher chose the applied sample from the original Population at a rate of (10%), as its number was (274) teacher, which were chosen by the stratified random method, by depending on Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the data, the current research reached the most important results according to The objectives of the research included the following: Constructing a scale Moral integrity the teacher kindergarten of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq which consists of (69) self-reporting items and is characterized by proper psychometric properties, And the teacher kindergarten of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq are characterized by mental toughness in general and at a high level, and in conclusion and in light of the results of the research, the researcher reached some recommendations and suggestions.

The study has conducted on a part of the Great River between (Rezan and its mouth) with the aim of determining the effect of geological factors on the stream of the Great River, based on the indicators and equations of morphometry such as identifying areas that have been affected by tectonic activity to some extent on the river stream, by using the (SL Index) on the parts of the river stream based on the determination of elevation points through Digital Elevation Model data (Dem 12.5m) by selecting (29 elevation points) on the entire stream. Then determine the length of each part based on the (Arc map 10.0) program. At the same time, using indicators of the relative relationship between the width of the river valley base to the height (Vf) and the value of symmetry and asymmetry of the river bends in the area.
In this study, the value of SL in the study area ranged from (0.8) to (44.1) out of (28) streams, while the number of points with values greater than (2) reached (26) points, which among them 12 points are more than (10), which mean their values range from (11.8 – 44.1). In terms of the appearance of the river valley, the results of the indicator (Vf) show that the study area from the beginning to the (Bekhma) port, its shape of the river valley is close to the English letter (V). After the (Bekhma) port to the mouth of the river, the shape of the river valley is close to the English letter (U). In terms of the value of symmetry and asymmetry of the river bends in the area out of the total (4) taken bends, it has appeared that the bend of (Gardmamk) on both sides (X and Y) are asymmetry, and also (X) from bend of (Goska) and (Y) in (Sheikh Saran) bend are asymmetry.

The current research aims to build and measure the level of national affiliation, and the level of psychological resilience, and level of willingness to give among university students. Furthermore, to examine the statistical differences among these three variables according to gender, specialization, and academic stages. Finally, finding the relationship between them.
The sample consisted of (240) male and female students who were chosen by the multistage randomization method. The researcher built a scale of national affiliation (35) items and adopted the psychological resilience scale of (Ashur, 1917) with (25) items, and the questionnaire of (Al - Sabawy, 2001) of willingness to give with (28) items.
The face validity of the three scales was achieved, and the reliability was obtained by the test-re-test, as it reached (0.80) for the national affiliation and (0.85) for the psychological resilience and (0.89) for the willingness to give, and Cronbach’s Alpha reliability was (0.89) to national affiliation and (0.90) to psychological resilience, (0.92) to willingness to give.
Analysis techniques were a One-sample t-test and two independent samples, chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's Alpha, and Smirnov test. The results showed that the university students show no statistically significant on the level of national affiliation and a high level of willingness to give, and median level of psychological resilience, with differences in the level of the three variables depending on gender, and there is no difference according to specialization and academic stages. Finally, the result showed a positive relationship among these three variables.

This research involves an analytic study for the Quranic verses in the chapter (Sura) of Almujadala (the pleading woman), about the divine verdict about Zihar, which means (divorcing women by calling them mothers) after a man named Aws Bin Al-Samit pronounced Zihar to his wife. The study explaines the concept of Zihar before Islam and then the divine verdict about it after Islam. This research aims at clearing the confusion about the matter of Zihar that remaineda controversial issue amongst the Islamic law scientist and scholars. This research reached the result that the reason of that long controversy is that there are different stories and Islamic traditional texts that dealt with the issue, that were not quite identical with the obvious meaning of the Quranic verses that descended by Allah to show the divine verdicts about Zihar. But once all the relevant traditional Islamic texts were collected and compared to each other along with the analysis of the verses related to the issue and the time frame in which each one of them was descended, it became clear that those verses were sent in two different times since he ( Aws Bin Al-Samit) divorced his wife (with the pronunciation of Zihar) twice. The first and the second verses were descended in first time he pronounced Zihar to his wife to show and inform the Muslims about the verdict of the act, and the third and fourth verses were descended in the second time to assure and promise torture and severe punishment to those who trespass and violate Allah’s verdicts after they were made clear in the first two verses.

Rhythm is considered as one of the most basic compoments of forming. A Poetic text, because there might be Poetic text without a rhythm and meter but there is not a Poetic text without rhythm. We mean by that the internal rhythm, which is related to the psycholgoic state and feelings of a Poet. And the internal rhythm in the modern Poetic texts is as an alternative for the external rhythm. The Poem can give a nice tune to their texts through internal rhthym. One of the most important phenomena of the internal rhythm is repeatition. Therefore repeatition is considered as one of the most basic Pillars of forming musical Poems. This can be easily seen in the modern Kuridsh Poetic texts. Ameen Botany is a modern Kurdish Poet. And his texts played a fundamental role in forming the ineternal rhthym and musical dimension in his Poems. His Poetic language is full of repeatition phenomena. And he enriched the interenal rhythm of the Poem by the repeation phenomena. His Poetical Works (Halbast) Which was Printed recently become an apllied model for this research.

The concept of the poet; Thanks to his invention—poetry—difference, function and source of invention; It has been viewed from many perspectives, from ancient times to the present; It has been identified as crazy, innovative, talented and experienced, depending on its different views and the role and position of his innovation.
Latif Helmet; He is one of the most innovative poets of contemporary Kurdish literature and has played a significant role in the innovation of Kurdish poetic texts, he has spoken extensively about the characteristics of the poet and its duties in his poems, in which he has expressed his opinions and understandings about the poet directly and indirectly. In this study it is attempted to organize, present and analyze them.
The research consists of: introduction, abstract and two sections: the first section is entitled: "The concept of the poet from different perspectives", theoretically about the concept of the poet in two themes are discussed and entitled by (Poet and Ordinary Human Being, Poet and Truth) in which the different aspects and different views of the poet from the perspective of philosophers and critics are presented. The second section is entitled: "The Concept of the Poet in Latif Halmet’s Poetic Text", Latif Halmet's views on the poet are presented in five topics entitled: (Poetry is not for the cowards, poetry or sadness, poetry between pride and personal interest, the position and role of the poet, poetry and madness). In conclusion, the results of the study are summarized in five points. Then the list of references used is presented, and the abstract is available in Arabic and English.

Tish research under the title of polysemy function word of the Kurdish language, such as (preposition) analysis description research the main purpose of this research is an attempt to identify and show the different meanings of function word in Kurdish language, the research by relying on preposition speech class tries to determine the different classes that create polysemy in the light of new word and use in the regard, we take into account all the possible possibilities that preposition in dictionary and use makes many meanings and distinguishes it from the speaker and the research for choosing the preposition relies heavily on the dictionary and language of daily speech.

The research is marked by (Advertisement from the sociolinguistic interface in Asiry's poems as an example), and the research consists of two researchers. The first research deals with a theoretical aspect, including the definition of social linguistics, the duties of language and its impact on the environment, and then some aspects of application. The second research includes the applied aspect of the poetry of The Asiry from the point of view of sociolinguistics.

The present study is entitled "Linguistic Strategies of Learning Persian Language to Kurdish Learners". It aims to examine the role of learning strategies (direct and indirect language strategies) in second language teaching and their relationship with second language teaching and learning plans.
The participants for this study consist of students of the Persian language department of both Salahaddin and Sulaymaniyah universities and students of the Kurdish language departments of the state universities of the Iraqi Kurdistan region. To conduct the study, a questionnaire of (50) questions was prepared in Kurdish Sorani dialect. A total number of completed questionnaires that the researchers received reached (474). Regarding the process of circulating the questionnaire, it was provided to the universities electronically, and the participants filled out voluntarily.
These participants were 127 males and 347 females. They were undergraduate students from first to fourth academic years. Importantly, the questionnaire was prepared by both researchers based on the teaching and learning plans, many years of experience in this field, the guidelines of Oxford questionnaire design and the learning instruction plans proposed by Omali and Chamut.
The results showed that linguistic strategies have a direct relation to second language learning. Their mother tongue of all the participants is Kurdish. Gender variable is one of the effective factors in the language learning in a way that the relationship between the memory related process learning strategies varies from female to male.
Moreover, based on the direct and indirect strategies of language learning, self-learning and the working environment of the learners have a significant impact on second language learning. As it can be seen in the questionnaire, there is a strong connection and coordination between the strategies.

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This research is an attempt to study (the significance of the actual sentence between negation and affirmation in the hanging of Al-Nabigha Al-Dhibyani) in a grammatical and applied semantic framework for the purpose of identifying the patterns of the actual sentence structure and its structural forms in its hanging and its implications. Because the actual sentence is important, and there is a lot of rotation in Arabic speech, and the speaker does not dispense with it in his speech, because it expresses the things surrounding him and understands with others; Because it is one of the two parts of the sentences in Arabic, and the other part is the nominal sentence, and the nature of the research required dividing it into three sections. The first topic deals with the significance of the affirmed verb sentence that has no place in the parsing, while the second topic studies the actual affirmed sentence that has a place in the parsing, while the last topic is devoted to studying the negative actual sentence, and the research ends with the most important results that the research reached. The research followed the descriptive analytical method to study the verses of the hanging.

This article explores two stylistically very different texts of the modernist period, T.S. Eliot’s poem ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ and Aldous Huxley’s novel Crome Yellow, through the comparative perspective of satire. It argues that they have more in common that may be at first supposed. The article argues in particular that the figure of Prufrock, the speaker of Eliot’s poem, provides the model for Denis Stone, the poetic protagonist of Crome Yellow as it is shown in a comparative reading of the two texts, seen in terms of their modernist historical context.
Satire is often thought of as too didactic a literary mode to be amenable to modernism which places its emphasis instead on aestheticism and artistic experimentation and not providing lessons on how human being can be better. However, this is not always the case and Eliot’s self-satirising character Prufrock has important attributes that struck a chord with the generation, who like Huxley, lived through the horrors of World War One. The character of Prufrock with all his neurotic procrastination, failed romantic yearnings and doubts about his own masculinity came to inform Huxley’s own perspective on his protagonist Denis Stone in his novel and the article draws on Freud’s psychoanalytic explanation of neurosis to establish this. In conclusion, the article proposes that this comparative reading of ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’ and Crome Yellow in terms of satire requires us to see modernist satire as a novel, innovative, non-didactic form of satire, which in its tragi-comedy can be seen as directly implicated in British attitudes to both modernity and World War One.

The main purpose of this study is to compare three models known as limited dependent variable models which are the binary logit, Tobit model and the binary probit regression models. In the most fields surveys are done with limited options due to their nature, in these cases the data not provide assumptions of linear regression models. The data of this study was obtained from Erbil thalassemia center, which is the only health center specific for thalassemic patients in Erbil city, the values of two criteria measures (Bayesian information criterion BIC and Akaike Information Criterion AIC) were obtained from the estimated models for selection the best model fit for these three models. Furthermore, the results indicated that the results of the Logit and Probit models are similar, but the parameter estimations of the two models are not directly comparable. Stata V. 16 and SPSS V.25 software’s were used for fitting the models.

The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of internal control according to the COSO framework for internal control contributes to reducing earning management practices in banking sectors in Erbil city from the point of view of auditors and accountants through quantitative measurement of variables.
The selection of the banking industry for this study came due to the importance of the banking sector and increased risks involved in earning management, in light of global competition and economic openness, For the purpose of this research, a quantitative methodology was applied. The data was collected through a questionnaire to test the hypotheses. 80 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to Two samples of professionals 70 valid questioners were returned. Using the analysis statistical package (SPSS) to validate and analysis of data.
Findings- the research found that there is a coefficient relationship between the dependent variable - the internal control system according to the COSO framework - and the independent variable - earnings management practices. The more efficient the internal control system, the more limited earning management practice. The study concludes with several suggestions; using this framework to guide the development of Internal Control to identify earning management practices, work to enhance employees’ skills working in field of internal control system through further training programs and workshops on prevent earning management.

In the last two years, a worrying health phenomenon faced the whole world. This was due to the wide and quick spread of Coronavirus, COVID-19. It had its own effect on people’s life including language, linguistic changes and more specifically neologism and the interpretation of certain word meanings. This paper is an attempt to study the lexical pragmatic processes of narrowing and broadening including neologism of English and Kurdish-related words to COVID-19 from a relevance-theoretic perspective. Furthermore, it tries to know whether the processes of Lexical Pragmatics are the same in both languages with reference to the English selected words and their Kurdish counterpart. These aims are achieved by answering the following questions: first, how lexical-pragmatic processes are used within COVID-19-related lexicon? Second, to what extent the processes of lexical pragmatic processes of the selected items are equivalently the same in both languages? Accordingly, the paper is an analytic-qualitative one and the researcher selected and analyzed words from English and their counterpart in Kurdish, as well, to inspire neologism from a pragmatic point of view. The data is taken from 12 WHO’s Director-General statements and updates on the COVID-19 pandemic meanwhile the Kurdish counterparts were taken from 22 official declarations and statements, related to COVID-19, issued by both Ministry of Health and Ministry of Interior of Kurdistan Regional Government. The analysis shows that lexical pragmatics is an applicable approach in studying and analyzing the encoded meaning of the words and expressions used by the speaker through which the importance of relevance theory is highlighted in realizing the embedded meaning without relying on other Grice’s maxims. Furthermore, it is concluded that the contextual knowledge shared by the speaker and hearer is a good resource for generating ad hoc concepts. Moreover, both processes of lexical narrowing and broadening- neologism are studied in which the narrowed lexical items are more frequently detected than broadening in both languages.

The title of this academic study is ‘The Effects of Code-switching on Teaching English from EFL Students’ Perspective. The main purpose of this study is to shed light on the effects of code-switching in teaching. The main research questions of this study are what are the main purposes and benefits of code-switching in teaching?
To obtain data, for this study an open-ended questionnaire is used. The participants are 120 senior students at Salahaddin University-Erbil/ College of Languages and College of Education/ English Departments and Lebanese French University/ College of Languages and College of Education/ English Departments. The senior students were required only to take part in the questionnaire intentionally because when students reach the final year of their study at university; they know and understand very well in what year at university while studying the students will need to switch codes from the language of instruction to their first language. To analyse the obtained data, the mixed methods research approach involving both quantitative and qualitative methods was used by the researcher.
This study concluded that code-switching has some advantages for the freshman students; they switch codes from the language of instruction to their first language because of some reasons. First, they do not want to face misunderstanding when they are in communication with their instructors in teaching and learning. Second, freshman students switch codes when they want to focus on some information. Third, they switch codes not to interrupt the discussion. Fourth, they switch codes for using of the native equivalent words in the language of instruction. Fifth, performing code-switching in teaching helps freshman students to learn new words and terms easily and quickly in the language of instruction. Sixth, when freshman students are allowed to switch codes, many of them are involved in daily activities. However, it should be noted that code-switching should not be done when the freshman students pass the first year because, if this happens in last years of the study; students are unable to learn and use the language of the instruction at their departments perfectly. Therefore, code-switching should be done in the first year of the study, but accurately and carefully.

The present study attempts to critically map Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to examine personality disorders in the bestselling novel The Marsh King’s Daughter (2017), written by the American novelist Karen Dionne (1953-). It aims to analyze a combination of factors that cause personality disorder which is reflected not only in the character of the Marsh King (Helena’s father) but also in Helena, who hides her true identity from her husband. Based on Freud’s cohesive theories of personality development as well as notions of other theorists, the study explores the impact of abusive and chaotic family life on forming a tyrannical, ambiguous, and narcissistic personality like the Marsh King. It is no wonder abused children remain perplexed even when they get released from familial pressures in the later stages of life. Therefore, a psychoanalytic reading of the novel is used to determine that the id, as the component of personality, provides the basis for the characters’ most primitive impulses.