Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

According to Iraqi Law of Discipline of State Employees and the Public Sector No (14) for the year (1991), several formality procedures should be observed during the imposition of disciplinary penalty. These procedures are multifaceted; the most important of which is that the decision to impose the punishment must have effects and be based on evidence and be issued by an impartial authority. And at the same time, the litigants to the case must have the right to appeal according to the aforementioned law. Failure to observe these procedural requirements renders the
annulment by the administrative administrative decision related to imposing the punishment flawed, which requires its court.
Formal conditions, disciplinary penalties, administrative investigation, interrogation, state and public sector employee discipline law. Kurdistan.

Arabic language is characterized for its diverse methods of expression its purposes each of these methods has its own it is known that Qur’anic text includes a set of rhetorical methods, and the interrogative method is one of those important expressive methods in the language of the holly Qur’an, as it is one of the eloquent methods performing different meanings through the context. The research sheds light on the figurative meaning emanating from the suspense to which the interrogation comes out, as this method leads to the suspense of the recipient to follow and understand the text and anticipate what will happen to the end of the event. And that is after alerting the recipient by the speaker to the content of the speech. It interrogates through rhetorical formation of the text to explain the reasons for its splendor and to highlight the beauty that emanates from the text.

Protected cultivation is one of the modern agricultural methods and has an effective impact on the agricultural development process by preserving the natural resources of the coming mountains. and maintaining them by protecting the soil from dript. rationalizing water consumption through drip irrigation as well as cultivating some crops throughout the year. The research found that the total number of greenhouses in the study area is (3248) and spread over an area of (1475393) m. while the total number of workers in the greenhouses reached (665) farmers. and this contributes to achieving flexibility in work and production efficiency.
Various crops are grown in the study area inside the greenhouses. which are (cucumber. eggplant. tomato. pepper. trees. and beans). and the concentration of these crops varies between administrative units. The aim of the study is to reveal the image of the spatial distribution of agricultural production in greenhouses and to identify and develop the problems that it suffers from. The production of agricultural crops in greenhouses in Erbil governorate faces several problems. including the problem of marketing. the problem of high costs and the problem of lack of government support. and then developing appropriate solutions to it. The research was based on the quantitative and inductive geographical method for preparing greenhouses. types of crops. cultivated areas. and preparing workers at the level of administrative units in the study area. based on data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources and the General Directorates of Agriculture. Erbil.

Praise is to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may prayers and peace be upon the Messenger as a mercy to the worlds. Then:
It is worth saying that the Arabic rhetoric is closely related to the miracleles in Holly Quran, due to the nature of the investigations that they dealt with and the topics they dealt with, because the systems of the Great Qur’an were among the most fluent and eloquent systems; Scholars and masters of rhetoric rushed to search for the requirements of this eloquent system, and to investigate its most important characteristics and manifestations that combine in crowning the systems and crowning it with highness and transcendence.
So the means were mixed with the aims, and the issues of rhetorical research were combined with the issue of miraculousness, a combination that eluded separation and fragmentation, so research in the miraculous made speech necessary to extrapolate and employ rhetorical researchers, and vice versa.
In addition, the one who examines the early beginnings of rhetoric will find that it met on one level with the beginnings of research in the miraculous by a group of distinguished scholars in the third century, such as Abu Ubaidah Muammar bin Al-Muthanna (209 AH), Al-Jahiz (255 AH), Al-Ramani (384 AH) and Al-Khattabi ( 388 AH) and Al-Baqlani (403 AH), their writings were rich sources on which scholars later relied on despite of their different backgrounds and different specializations.
From this point, this research came under the title (The Miracle of the Qur’an and its Effect on Rhetorical Thought) and included a preface in which it dealt with the works of the miraculousness of the Qur’an and their impact on rhetorical thought.
Rhetorical research in standing on the most important features of the miraculous and its secrets. Then the research culminated by mentioning a summary of the findings of the research.
of view, research on miracles has gained great importance in linguistic studies. Especially rhetorical, because the topics he deals with are related to the systems of the Holly Qur’an; which represents the highest levels of eloquence and rhetoric.

The private sector plays a big role in the development of the economic system. In contrast to the public sector, this sector is run by individuals and companies. For this reason, the primary focus of those private institutions is based on profit. Although in the Kurdistan Region the private sector is still at the beginning of growth, it has developed a lot compared to the last two decades. The thing that drives this sector is the labor force. The labor force plays a big part of the economic system in the world, especially in the private sector. They work under certain rights and privileges that have been regulated by law. In this context, sometimes their rights are violated by the institutions where they work or by the owner of the workplace. Violation of those rights has had a big negative impact on an employee’s social and economic situation, which is considered the main subject of this study. However, the main purpose of this study is to expose employees' rights in the private sector. The descriptive analytical method has been used in explaining the rights according to Iraqi labor law No. 71 of 1987 and retirement and social security laws No. 4 of 2012. In conclusion, we have found that the Iraqi labor law provides many significant rights to employees. If they are implemented, the employee’s economic and social situation would be much better in terms of working time, day off, safety equipment, health insurance, and working conditions. Retirement and social security laws ensure permanent employment to employees and reducing the risks of losing jobs by the employees.

This research uses Qualitative method in the perspective of music's theory of Gestalt. It also includes borders, research forms, and building in modern music. The Musical forms have come from continuous attempts to experience and apply different musical teas. This has become an artistic method that the composer obtained the ideas of melodies, contrasts and harmonies in the music context. These forms absolutely, have special principles and methods that determine the composers' duty to these forms and musical structures and then abide by musical performance. The process of building in any literal and artistic form in general expresses civilized and artistic experiences of the ongoing experiences of artistic and general intellectual performance of the process. Musical construction is not different from any other art, but rather in the harmony and balance between the subjects that the artist uses. That's why these melodies are exactly the same as musical theories. This gives the composer some kind of freedom. To be absolutely touched in frozen behests and to perform music decisively.

This research is entitled (Reflection of the Thought of Defense in Kurdish Proverbs), an opportunity to become more familiar with the thoughts and ideas about defense and encouragement to resistance, rebellion, unity and fearlessness, which are reflected in different expressions in Kurdish proverbs. The paper consists of an introduction and two parts. The first part is theoretical and consists of two topics. The first topic is devoted to explaining the concepts and terms necessary to understand the concept of defense such as defense terms, defense concepts in politics, defense literature, the role of language in defense literature, and the formation of defensive characteristics in Kurdish literature. The second topic presents the definition and characteristics of proverbs and the appearance and content of proverbs of the ancestors. What is related to the second part is practical and an attempt has been made to distinguish the various expressions of the method of defense within the proverbs and classify them under their own titles. Finally, the results of the study and a list of sources were presented, and a summary of the study was presented in both Arabic and English.

Language is the main pillar of Stylistic, and one of these principles is deviation from the rules and constitution of the language. According to most stylistic poets, deviation is the main basis of poetry, which distinguishes the poetic text from normal and daily expression. This is because using language is different from each other, This study is an attempt to show a kind of deviation from the common style of writing in Kurdish poetry after the uprising.

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

This research paper takes from some of the narrative structures in the novel “The Scattered Fatty” by Mohsen Al-Romali as its subject. It also moves to talk about another structure of the narrative structures on which the novel was based, which is the narrative language that the narrator used in his narration of the techniques he adopted in the course of events. The researcher sought to cite texts that fit the position of the novel on the theoretical aspects that were mentioned in the research multiplications in order to complete the artistic image desired to be shown, which appears through the consistency between the scientific theoretical side and the artistic narrative, and thus reaching the desired literary aesthetic.

The value of the travelogues and the observations recorded by the travelers are an important tool for shedding light on the hidden aspects of Kurdish history. Especially about historical periods about which little is known. Therefore, the observations of the surveyors, after being analyzed, can become a good tool for conducting research. It was because of the importance of the travelogues that we chose this article entitled (The City of Kirkuk in the Writings and Memoirs of Foreigners during the Nineteenth Century (A Study of Demographics and Prosperity).
In the first topic, which is entitled (Demographic Situation of Kirkuk), we focused on the population, ethnic and religious communities of the city. Here are the comments of our visitors on the demographic development of the city and the comments of foreign visitors, diplomats and writers. In the second topic entitled (the state of prosperity of Kirkuk (high city and lower city conditions), we focused on the most important information about the state of prosperity of the city, in both parts. In the last topic, the third topic, entitled (religious, education and services institutions), here we have focused on the most important religious institutions, education and services in the city, as mentioned in the memoirs and writings of the nineteenth century, as well as the necessary, and we have presented this information.

This study is devoted to syntapragmatics representation in forming syntactic structures, especially the simple sentences correlated to the context, because describing sentence structure in every language will be interpreted according to the phrases, structures representation system and these rules will be the indicators for the occurring and representing syntactic forms of a certain language which arise as a spontaneous process in the language. Therefore, this study determines the structure of the contextual sentences. It has been attempted to regularize those steps which by their implementation, the sentences structures such as; the minor units of syntactic components in utilizing and communication are constructed. In other words it is an attempt to explicate the elements and the levels of forming syntapragmatics structures.
The main lines of this research are the use of Descriptive Analysis Method, except for the preface, the structure of this study has divided into two parts:
The first part is entitled "A Summary of Syntapragmatics Representation" in this part, in addition to introducing syntapragmatics representation, the independence of this representation, the method of representing the syntapragmatics structures with the most significant paces and sources of syntapragmatics representation structures have been focused. The second part is dedicated to "The Components and The Levels of Syntapragmatics Representation", in which the most important components and levels of this representation are demonstrated.
The last pages conclude with the most considerable obtained results and bibliography.

This research sheds light on the exchange treatment in the money exchanging market in the city of Erbil, and took samples of direct exchanging of money. It strived to clarify the concept of this transections, then revealing the methods of hand by hand, then, judging the extent to which this form of exchange agrees with the rules of the exchange contract in Islamic jurisprudence, as this form of exchange is one of the most widespread in the market. The research here adopted the method of induction and comparison, and relied on interviewing market people from money changers and currency dealers in order to reach an accurate explanation of the reality of this form of exchange. In conclusion, the researcher recorded the most prominent results and recommendations.

The emergence of Mustafa Barzani as the leader of the Kurdish liberation movement between 1945 and 1975 is considered a turning point in the history of the Kurdish national movement. On this basis, Dennis Chapman, the chief US military adviser, described the leader as the father of the Kurdish liberation movement. Because the Kurdish liberation movement during the Barzani era was one of its political elements, the formation and leadership of political organizations and institutions in southern Kurdistan, such as the formation of the Freedom Committee in 1945 and the establishment of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in August. Provisional government in Baku, the capital of Soviet Azerbaijan, in December 1948 and the establishment of the Revolutionary Command Council of Iraqi Kurdistan in 1964. In April 1974, in consultation with the leadership of the pdk, it decided to form a Council of General Secretariats to manage the affairs of the liberated areas under the control of the Kurdistan Peshmerga forces. The institution continued to provide services to the Kurdish people until the end of the revolution.

The current research aimed at building and applying the counseling program in a rational, emotional, behavioral counseling method in reducing the severity of emotional Contagion among high school students by investigating the following hypotheses:
- There are no statistically significant differences in reducing emotional contagion at the level of significance (0.05) in the control and experimental group on the emotional contagion scale after applying the indicative program.
- There are no statistically significant differences in reducing the level of emotional Contagion at the level of significance (0.05) for the experimental group according to the specialized variable (scientific and literary). Where the researcher prepared two research tools to build the counseling program according to the theory of rational emotive behavioral therapy and the preparation of a deliberate emotional Contagion scale on the two scales, each of (Hatfield, 1994) terrifying by (Shamry, 2013) and (Hussain and Sadiq, 2018), which reached the number of paragraphs The scale (20) is divided into three dimensions (fear, anger, and sadness). It was presented to a group of experts and arbitrators specialized in education and psychology, who unanimously agreed on its use. Then the researcher applied the scale to a sample of (200) students for the academic year (2021-2022), who were chosen by the simple random method, and the psychometric properties (honesty and stability) were extracted for them. (by the Alpha Cronbach method, and considers these indicators as high for stability. The researcher adopted the experimental research method to investigate the hypotheses of his research, where the researcher applied the emotional Contagion scale to the sample in the language of (118) high school students for the purpose of knowing the students who have a high level of emotional Contagion and dividing into the two groups (experimental). And the control group (with (12) students in each group. The researcher relied in building the program on the theory of rational emotive-behavioral therapy (Albert Ellis), where the experimental group was exposed to the counseling program and the control group was not exposed to the program, and the number of counseling sessions reached (16) sessions. After the sessions ended the indicative program and the use of appropriate statistical methods showed two hundred results:
1. There are differences between the experimental and control groups after applying the extension program and in favor of the experimental group.
2. There are no statistically significant differences between two groups of female students in the scientific and literary majors
Based on the results of the current research, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and suggestions.

This research, titled (Kurdish websites' interest in covering cinematic topics) focuses on Kurdish websites whose contents are related to the cinema. The research problem is focused on this particular point: To what extent the Kurdish websites are interested in publishing cinematic topics?
Linking media and cinema as two important pillars in the communication process, considering cinema as a means of entertainment and an important industry and at the same time as a means of guiding and educating society is a pillar of this research. The main objective of this research is to highlight the extent of interest in cinematic topics published by Kurdish websites.
The total number of sites that were sampled in this study is twelve sites consisting of (Kurd Cinema, Kurd Film, Kurd Movie, Kurd Subtitle, Filmsazan, Tulip Cinema, Beenar, Shafilm, Kurding, Kurddoblazh, Kurdio Anime, Kurd Plus Anime). Due to the lack of a publication timeline, the researcher received a total of the twelve sites' topics until the end of the actual work of each of these sites.
The researcher used the descriptive and survey method, and content analysis and survey forms were the tools used to collect data in this study.
Where in the content analysis, the information was listed in five tables for each of these sites, and a 15-section questionnaire was distributed to 30 people with cinematic experience, to reinforce the information, which answers the research’s questions, and led to the conclusion that Kurdish websites allocated reasonable spaces for cinematic topics and were interested in publishing them, and digital platforms have strengthened the relationship between media and cinema, allowing the Kurdish audience to learn more about cinematic topics, in addition to many other results.

VGhpcyBSZXNlYXJjaCBpcyB1bmRlciB0aGUgdGl0bGUgKFRoZSBQb2VtcyBhbmQgdGhlIGZlZWxpbmcgb2YgcmVzcG9uc2liaWxpdHkgaW4gSGFqaSBRYWRpcnkgS295J3MgUG9lbXMpLiBJdCBpcyBhIHBoaWxvc29waGljYWwgYW5kIENyaXRpY2FsIHJlc2VhcmNoIHRoYXQgb24gdGhlIGJhc2lzIG9mIGV4aXN0ZW5jZSBwaGlsb3NvcGh5IHRoZXJlIHdpbGwgYmUgZXhwbGFuYXRpb25zIGZvciB0aGUgc29tZSBwb2VtcyBvZiB0aGlzIHVuaXF1ZSBQb2V0LCBXZSBwb2ludCBvdXQgdGhlIG1haW4gaWRlYXMgb2YgdGhpcyBwaGlsb3NvcGh5IGluIHRoZXNlIFBvZW1zLgogICAgSXQgaXMgY2xlYXIgdGhhdCBwZW9wbGUgbGl2ZSB3aXRoaW4gYSBzb2NpZXR5LCBhbnkgcGhlbm9tZW5vbiBvciBhbnlvbmUgaW4gdGhpcyBTb2NpZXR5IGF0dHJhY3RzIHRoZSBvdGhlcnMgYXR0ZW50aW9uIGFuZCBwb2V0cyB0aGF0IGFyZSBtb3JlIFBhc3Npb25hdGUgdGhhbiB0aGUgb3RoZXJzIHdpbGwgYmUgYWZmZWN0ZWQgYnkgdGhlc2UgdG9waWNzIGFuZCBpbmNsdWRlIHRoZW0gaW4gdGhlaXIgcG9lbXMuIEFzIEhhamkg4oCTIFFhZGlyeSBLb3llIGNhbiBiZSBjb3VudGVkIGFzIHRoZSBsZWFkZXIgaW4gbWFueSBjdWx0dXJhbCBkb21haW5zIGFuZCBoYXMgaGlzIG93biBzdGF0aXN0aWNzIGFuZCBpbnZlbnRpb25zIGluIHBoaWxvc29waHkgdGhhdCBtYWtlcyBoaW0gdG8gYmUgZGlmZmVyZW5jaWF0ZWQgZnJvbSB0aGUgb3RoZXIgUG9ldHMgZnJvbSBoaXMgcGVyaW9kLgogICAgIEFzIHdlIG5vdGljZWQgdGhhdCBIYWppIGFzLCBhbiBlZHVjYXRlZCBwZXJzb24gaW4gS3VyZGlzaCBzb2NpZXR5IGF0IHRoYXQgdGltZSwgd2FzIGxveWFsIHRvIHBlb3BsZSBhbmQgYWx3YXlzIHRyaWVkIHRvIHNlZSB0aGVtIGluIGEgYmV0dGVyIGVudmlyb25tZW50LiBUaGF0IGlzIHdoeSBoaXMgUG9lbXMgY2FuIGJlIGEgZ29vZCBtYXRlcmlhbCBmb3Igc3VjaCBhIHJlc2VhcmNoLgpUaGUgcmVzZWFyY2ggaW5jbHVkZXMgdGhlc2UgY2hhcHRlcnMgYW5kIHNlY3Rpb25z2IxQcmVmYWNlIChhIGdlbmVyYWwgaW50cm9kdWN0aW9uIGFib3V0IHRoZSBwaGlsb3NvcGh5IG9mIGV4aXN0ZW5jZSBpbiB1bml2ZXJzZSBhbmQgaXRzIGVsZW1lbnRzKS4gQ2hhcHRlciBvbmUgKHdvcmxkIGV4aXN0ZW5jZSBpbiBIYWp5J3MgcG9lbXMpLlRoZSBzZWNvbmQgY2hhcHRlciBpcyBvbiAoZXhpc3RlbmNlIHdpdGggdGhlIG90aGVyIGluIEhhamkncyBQb2VtcykgCkFmdGVyIHRoYXQgdGhlIG1vc3QgaW1wb3J0YW50IHJlc3VsdHMgb2YgdGhpcyByZXNlYXJjaCBhbmQgYW4gYWJzdHJhY3Qgb2YgdGhpcyByZXNlYXJjaCBpbiBib3RoIEFyYWJpYyBhbmQgRW5nbGlzaCBsYW5ndWFnZSBhbmQgdGhlIGJpYmxpb2dyYXBoeSBvZiB0aGUgdXNlZCByZXNvdXJjZXMgY2FuIGJlIHNlZW4u

The research aimed to identify (the effect of the scamper strategy in developing reflective thinking and self-awareness in the subject of teaching methods for female students in the College of Basic Education at the University of Salah al-Din).
The two researchers adopted (experimental design), The research was limited to third-year students for the College of Basic Education/ Salah al-Din University, the number of there was (361) students, and the sample consisted of (68) students Randomly distributed into two experimental and control groups and parity was conducted between the students of the two groups in the variables (intelligence quotient, reflective thinking, and self-awareness).
The two researchers designed a test to measure (reflective thinking) consisting of (32) items, With the implementation of all psychometric properties for them, and used the (self-awareness) scale consisting of (25) items, after verifying the validity and reliability, the two researchers applied the two measures to the research sample.
The experiment started on October 10, 2021, and ended on November 25, 2021. After completing the experiment and applying the tool, the two researchers used the statistical program (SPSS), and reached the following results:
1- The average scores in the two applications, before and after, in reflective thinking and self-awareness among the students of the experimental group in favor of the subsequent application, were statistically significant at the level (0.05).
2- There is a statistically significant difference in the average scores of the two applications, before and after, in reflective thinking and self-awareness for the students of the control group in favor of the subsequent application. Apply at the level (0.05)
3- There is a statistically significant difference in the average scores of post-applications in reflective thinking between the students of the experimental group and the students in the control group, with the winning experimental group.
4- There is a statistically significant difference in the average degrees of self-awareness after the application for the students of the experimental group and the students of the control group, in favor of the experimental group. In light of its results, the researchers reached some recommendations and suggestions.

The study of the risks of the financial failure of banks is of crucial importance for decision-making by managers to hedge them. Failure problems that reach bankruptcies often occur, especially in banks. Many models formulate to predict financial failure to reduce these worrisome risks, perhaps the Altman model's most prominent. The specificity of Islamic banks makes their investments through a set of investment formulas, which differ from the aspects of Sharia and the different risks of each investment formula from the other. However, many researchers have reached many causes of financial and banking instability, perhaps the most prominent of which is mismanagement, and the efficiency of business operation is a good reflection of the bank's management. This research aims to measure the financial stability of the Kurdistan International Bank in Erbil during the Period 2015-2021. A model was used To measure and analyze the soundness of the performance of the researched bank, as one of the banks within the financial and banking system affected by recent economic changes: The importance of the study stems from the fact that macro prudence indicators and early warning systems can be a permanent and continuous means to guide and warn decision makers and policymakers of the possibility that the banking system, and even the economy as a whole, will be exposed to a financial crisis before it occurs, and take the necessary preventive measures from the occurrence of crises. The research concluded that the average values of the Z score of the bank researched were more significant than the value specified for Z ≥2.6 and all study periods, reflecting the merit and efficiency of management in the Kurdistan International Islamic Bank for Investment and Development.

The research deals with a study of the verses and correct hadiths mentioned in the matter of preference and differentiation between the prophets. And the beginning is intended for the answer on two questions: The first one is the possibility of preference between the prophets in mind. The second one is the possibility to prefer between them sharia.
After which it is discussed, the verses and correct hadiths contained in the right of the former prophets.
Then we turn into a discussion of what was stated in the right of our prophet Muhammad (may God bless him and grant him peace).
Finally, we conclude with the most important results that the research reached.

Yarsan is an ancient Kurdish independent religion, and it has grown and developed on the foundations and roots of the ancient religions in Kurdistan. The Yarsan Bible is considered as a (Saranjam) of it. It was written in the Goran dialect. kurdish, And it has its own ways. Music is an important section and a main and sacred pillar in the Yarsan religion, and the tambour instrument has become a beacon for it and they play it during the performance of sacred religious ceremonies for them.
The tunbur instrument in the Yarsan religion has a prestigious and sacred position, and the finest instruments are played in it when performing their ceremonies. With the development and growth of the Yarsan religion, the mixing of the tunbur instrument increased with ceremonies and worship generation after generation, and its uses spread among many believers in this religion.

Flipped Classroom Model (Henceforth FCM), as one of the teaching methods that has a strong link with technology, emerged and gained popularity in the past few decades. Many previous studies show the effectiveness of FCM in developing students’ abilities in different fields of science, including language learning. The current study aims to investigate the impact of FCM on Kurdish EFL university students’ writing skill. It also aims to reveal the impact of FCM on enhancing Kurdish EFL students’ autonomy, motivation, student-student and student-teacher collaboration and interaction. The participants of the study were 60 first-year students of English Department, College of Education, Charmo University in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The study took place in the second semester of the academic year of 2021-2022. The participants were divided into a control group (n. 30) and an experimental group (n. 30). Both groups were taught the writing skill as a subject by the same teacher (researcher) for 15 weeks. The study's data were collected through pre- and post-tests, a questionnaire and an interview. The SPSS analyses of the writing skill pre- and post-tests show statistical significant differences between the two groups’ achievements in favor of the experimental group students (T= 4.252, P= 0.0007). Besides, the questionnaire and interview results found that FCM has an effective role in improving the students’ autonomy, motivation, student-student and student-teacher collaboration and interaction. The study recommends utilizing FCM in teaching other language skills and sub-skills such as speaking, reading, grammar and vocabulary.

Our current research will aim to analyze the teaching programs of French as a foreign language in the French Department, as well as the division of classes into successive sequences, 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th year. On the one hand, we will try to consider how this division corresponds to the levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFRL) ? Similarly, we will attempt to illustrate the problem of heterogeneity of Kurdish students' levels in French classes. To do this, we will take part in measuring the extent of these problems, implementing concrete solutions to reduce or even eradicate them to improve their level, and developing the teaching/learning system in the Department.

The objective of the study is to find out the non-observance of conversational maxims in a Kurdish comedy drama. It attempts to discover the specific types of non-observance of maxims in a short Kurdish drama. The study uses a mixed method (qualitative & quantitative); the qualitative approach is used for analyzing the characters’ speech, while the quantitative approach is used for counting the utterances in each type of non-observance of the maxims. The results show that flouting quality maxim is the most widely used throughout the drama. Depending on the results in the methodology section, it is clear that flouting the quality maxim is used more than other types of non-observance because this type of non-observance is apparent in comedy works.