Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

This study aims to show the impact of the openness of the economies of some countries in the Middle East on their unemployment rates, and to achieve this purpose, Panel models were used that mix time series data and cross-sectional data during the period 2010-2020, on a sample consisting of six countries from the selected Middle East region They are: Iraq, Turkey, Jordan, Iran, Armenia and Lebanon. The results obtained showed weak correlations between indicators of economic openness and unemployment on the one hand, openness to world trade has a weak negative significant effect on the unemployment rate represented by the ratio of foreign trade to GDP in part of the studied regressions on the other hand, and therefore it can be said that Trade openness was not a major determinant of unemployment in the Middle East region.

This study discusses the impact of accepting differences, on affirmative action, by Badiu al-Zamam Saeid Nursi. Nursi is one of the icons of the Kurds who devoted their lives to the reunion of the scatters of Umma and restoring its glory.
The research found that Nursi’s definition of affirmative action is the work of man with affection for his path without thinking of enmity with others or devaluing their status. In various places in his Messages, he mentioned that Accepting Differences is sourced from the Quran and Sunna, with the purpose of peace, the needs of Umma, and observance of the era. He has further stated that Accepting Differences leads to achieving several purposes of Shari’a, such as unity, spreading love and peace, cooperation, introduction to one another, sympathy for the sake of Allah, and protection from enemies.
Nursi introduced the main pillars for activating Accepting Differences in Affirmative Action. They include being busy with knowledge, considering priorities among interests, looking at the end of the actions, reconciliation, overcoming racism, avoiding personal aims during discussions, having a holistic view of people, and exploiting nationalism for Affirmative Action. In this way, he established a guideline on accepting differences and its effects on Affirmative Action, which is very much needed in this chaotic and conflicting era.

The discourse of Kurdish fiction during the period 1950-1969 is unique in that ideology dominated the texts during this period. That is, stories have become a means of expressing the discourse of those stories. Our work in this study is to examine in what ways stories have been instrumentalized. At the same time, we have worked to illustrate the impact of ideology and content on the technique and art of storytelling. To do this, we have first presented the title as a main genre and an abbreviation of the text, in order to see how the titles have been sacrificed. The second aspect is working on the power of reality, that is, the stories convey reality in a vague way, without modifying reality, which is another aspect that neglects the art of storytelling. Ideology is another aspect that has adversely affected the content and technique of stories of that period. This ideology has killed the thinking of the characters and prevented them from expressing their reality and story. Finally, we present the results of the study in several points, along with a list of sources.

(Shirazi) was one of the writers who were less known in historical and literary sources, it was overlooked by (Ibn Nadim) and did not mention him, (Abu Mansour Thaalbi) was one of the author who talk about shirazi in his book’s , In addition to his letters, Shirazi has left literature scattered here and there in historical and literary sources, which reflects eloquence and eloquence, and a high literary and linguistic. The most important characteristic of our research is that it included his poetry, and the analysis of its content, and access to its elements, and the features of its methods, where we divide our research on three sections, the first section came in the translation about (Shirazi) life , and the second section in the objective study of his poetry, then comes the third section in the technical study, and mentioned the most important conclusions and recommendations that we reached.

The novel, compared to other genres, embraces a wider scope to engage comprehensive themes and events. Depicting these themes and events demand delicate literary tools to be viewed in artistic and static ways. Harmonizing themes with the text provide the reader with further enthusiasm to follow the events and immortalize the text. These atheistic and skillful techniques are available in most of the successful novels due to their writers’ talent. Therefore, novel occupies an eternal position in the literary history because its subjects are able to renew themselves through the aesthetics and harmonizing the text with the events. Additionally, the novel plays an important role in presenting the writer's background, biography, imagination and thoughts; through which the social issues are presented with individuals’ life struggles. As one of the successful novels, the novel Ghost Women of Shemahmu displays an extraordinary style and aesthetic techniques in designing the plot and significant themes. The rare harmonization between the text and events can prove the writer's skillful talent and imaginative vision.

The phenomenon of disposing of the exchange allowance before taking possession of it is commen in exghanging market in Erbil city and it is not hidden that the exchange contract is one of the contracts in which Sharia stipulated the exchange in the contract council before separating physically, and since the exchange contract is one of the most prominent contracts that people deal with from money changers and others, It is necessary to clarify the Islamic rules of what happens to people in terms of images and issues. Hence, this research sought to clarify the concept of exchange and review its conditions in Islamic jurisprudence, and to clarify the rules related to disposal in exchange for exchange before taking possession. The research followed the methodology of induction and comparison, and relied, at the same time , on interviewing the cashiers to clarify the issue, and recorded in the conclusion of the research the most prominent results and recommendations, Among the most prominent of them: that what is happening in the money changers’ market in the city of Erbil regarding the phenomenon of disposing of the exchange allowance before the arrest is an impermissible procedure, and is not in line with the rules of the exchange contract. In Islamic jurisprudence.

The current research aims to identify the emotional intelligence and its relationship to social responsibility among students of College of Basic Education / Salahaddin University – Erbil, for the academic year (2020-2021). The sample is consisted of (100) male and female students, (50) male and (50) female students. The participants are first stage students from Kurdish language and general sciences departments. The researcher adopted two scales, the first one is the scale (emotional intelligence), designed by Al-Dardiri (2007) and the latter is social responsibility designed by Sayed Osman (1973).
The researcher comes up with a set of conclusions in light of the results of the research, and made a set of recommendations as well as a number of suggestions

This research is entitled Linguistic Economy in context relations. It highlights on the economy of Kurdish Language. It improves that Economy as a phenomenon can be noticed and conducted in all levels of the language. Therefore, it was attempted to identify those aspects of languages that has been economized by taking practical examples in conversations. Also, it identifies the factors that makes the speakers to economize in their expressions throughout communication process.
Having background in communication process between the sender and the receiver has great role in understanding the message or the mission, and it makes it easier in less time and effort. As the shared information between them does not need to be repeated and will not serve in facilitating and understanding the communication process. While it takes more time and effort from the speakers’ side. So to get rid of that, the speakers through considering the context and the speaking conditions, as well as to avoid the ambiguity in language, they do economize the language. It can be done through different mechanisms of language such as: (Deviation, Abbreviation, Substituting) which can be noticed in all levels of Kurdish language, particularly during conversation

The genocide of the Faili Kurds is a brutal and devastating attack. Successive regimes implemented measures against the Faili in several stages. The persecution which they were subjected to and the trauma they suffered as a result of genocide left far-reaching psychological and social effects in the hearts of their children, youth and elders. Thus, this research aims to identify the most important psychological effects of the genocide, including the effects of post-traumatic stress and psychological distress among the Faili Kurds, and identify the differences in the level of these effects according to the variables: gender, age, educational level, direct and indirect exposure to genocide, their place of settlement after the events of the genocide, and their social status. The sample consisted of (150) Faili Kurds, with (77) males and (73) females. The researchers used the analytical descriptive approach for the purpose of describing, analyzing and interpreting the research variables. and they prepared a scale to measure the effects of post-traumatic stress, and they were adopted (Kessler psychological distress scale). The face validity for the tow scales were verified, as the percentage reached (0.85) for the first scale and (0.90) for the second scale, also extracting the reliability of the two scales were verified, as it reached (0.89) for the first scale, and (0.92) for the second scale. The result has revealed that the respondents have a high level of post-traumatic effects, and a low level of psychological distress. There are no significant differences in post-traumatic effects according to gender, age, but there are significant differences according to the educational level, place of stability, direct or indirect exposure to trauma, and social status, and there are no significant differences in psychological distress according to educational level. But there are significant differences according to gender, direct or indirect exposure to genocide, place of settlement and marital status

This modest research shows the opinions of the clarifications of the argument of Islam, Imam Abi Hamid Al-Ghazali, important issues for the common people related to their beliefs, because there are some words mentioned in the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, the illusion of analogy and embodiment in their appearance, and the Imam explained the function of everyone who heard or read these words in his book (bridging the common people), and the research detailed these issues and clarified the opinions of scholars in this regard, and all their sayings were rooted in their sources, because getting involved in their meanings risks to his religion and belief, and he must surrender and accept submission from what influenced the Messenger, and the research reached that the truth is what he went to Imam Al-Ghazali, may God have mercy on him, in explaining these functions, and the research is divided into an introduction, two topics, and a conclusion.

This paper is an investigation into the joint influence of geomorphology and urban geography in urban geomorphology. The importance of the paper stems from the fact that the correctness or incorrectness of the choice in directing the expansion of cities has positive or negative effects and consequences on both the population and the government. Methods, the urban evolution of the two cities, and the results and discussion are the three primary sections of this paper, which aims to determine the extent to which the expansion of the mountain cities of Shaqlawa and Soran takes into account the geomorphological factor. The paper concluded that, in the absence of government involvement, the population's choices have always gone towards the most optimal areas for the safety of buildings and houses, by selecting the Shiranish and Tanjero formations in both cities. Also, due to the impact of tourism investments, geomorphological variables have a part even in irrational choices to move to the heights of the mountains, like in Shaqlawa.

This study came to identify the views of contemporary jurists on the statement of the ruling on energy drinks, which have increased the rate of demand a lot, as the contemporaries who adhered to the fact that the origin in foods and drinks is permissible until proven otherwise, they said: By permitting them with conditions, and whoever saw that the damages in them were achieved he said: By prohibiting them The researcher concluded that the prohibition of these drinks for those who are harmed by them is not self-prohibition, as the prohibition is in the right of those who are harmed by them only, and it is not self-prohibition. It contains a small percentage of alcohol.

The subject of our research is titled " The direction of abstract art in modern Kurdish painting
Which will be divided into four main sections of the first part of the research, importance, and objective syllable. syllables, the researcher will be briefed on the following question
? *Did abstract art direction affect Kurdish artists
Research Boundaries: Abstract Art Subjects and Directions in Modern Kurdish Culture, 2006-2008. Kurdistan region of Iraq for example
The definition of terminology is Brittany in (abstract, modern). The second part is in two major axes, the first axis of British research in modern abstract art direction, and the second axis is (directed to Kurdish painting in Kurdistan). The third part of the study and the research community and the sample of the study, the researcher gives three samples in a (purposeful) way, although the fourth part includes the results.

This paper studies Albert Camus’ The Stranger (1942), focusing, in the main, on the novel’s principal character, Meursault, and trying to answer some of the questions often raised on his personality as well as motivation. According to the reading presented here, Meursault is truly a stranger or an outsider not merely because he is a social non-conformist, a rebel against many of his society’s norms and conventions, but also a person suffering from some mental disorder, namely, paranoia. The impact of such a psychological disease renders him a victim of an inability of self-control, which may explain his criminal action at the end of the book’s first part. Evidently, Meursault is an abnormal person based on his attitudes of life and of the people around him. His strangeness is largely manifested in his anxiety about what he considers the profound effect of some objects in his environment, including the sun and the sea, along with such natural phenomena as heat and light. The effect of all these on him is almost insurmountable, and the experiences he has all through the novel have only a hellish outlook. Aside from the references made by certain critics to the role of the sun in Meursault’s existence, this study tries to emphasize that Meursault, the atheist, develops some paranoia symptoms and premonitions under the effect of the sun. Such overemphasis of the sun and its heat at different parts of the story may testify to the hero’s obsession with it and inability to have control of his feelings, especially when he is under the effect of its fiery manifestations.

A curious phenomenon has appeared on the contemporary international scene: The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). They seized vast areas of Iraq between 2014 and 2017 and committed appalling crimes against innocent civilians in the areas they controlled. They targeted certain minorities with particular viciousness, persecuting them in the name of religion in contravention of both humanitarian principles and the religious precepts of Islam. This paper attempts to characterize the nature of ISIL in the form they took during their armed conflict against the Iraqi and Kurdistani regular armed forces and against the anti-ISIL international coalition forces. This characterization will be done through the lenses of both international law and Sharia. ISIL misinterpreted certain Quranic verses by neglecting traditional rules of interpretation for the Quran and Sharia in order to legitimize their extremist ideology and horrible actions. This understandably contributed to an increase in Islamophobia in non-Muslim nations. Methodologically, this paper’s analysis draws upon the foundational texts and views of scholars of both international and Sharia law. It concludes that ISIL is neither a state under international law nor is it Islamic according to the Sharia. By carefully classifying the nature and essence of ISIL as an organization and by clarifying certain ambiguities concerning their legal status under both international law and Sharia, this article aims to help legal and religious scholars improve their conceptual clarity on the matter, and thereby also improve the consistency and precision of their rulings and provisions going forward.

Insufficient student engagement in EFL classes is one of the serious and major challenges not only for novice teachers but also for experienced ones. It could cause disruptive behaviours and eventually decrease the learning opportunity on the part of students.
This study attempts to discover the extent of the students’ engagement dimensions and levels. Additionally, it seeks to discover the prevalent factors that cause the students’ disengagement and those that promote and maintain the students’ engagement level. The current study is restricted to 129 students of the English Department at College of Basic Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil in the academic year 2021-2022. A questionnaire and interview were employed to collect quantitative and qualitative data consecutively.
The study results demonstrated that students practise engagement dimensions unevenly. In addition, the study showed that students practise engagement levels at different rates. Furthermore, it revealed the most common factors causing the students’ disengagement and those promoting and maintaining their engagement. Finally, some recommendations are put forward.

It is important to recognize that the role of translation is constantly increasing at present, and because of the growing process of globalization that is taking place around the globe. Furthermore, a blend of verb with adverbial like pick up , throw away or with preposition as try on, woke up are commonly known as phrasal verbs that are difficult for the students. Moreover, this paper aims to explore the difficulties that students face while translating phrasal verbs from English to Kurdish, and identifying the phrasal verbs that the majority of students find it challenging while translation.
This paper tries to find out an answer to the following question: What are students’ difficulties while translating phrasal verbs from English to Kurdish? Moreover, what are the phrasal verbs that majority of students find it hard while translation? Furthermore, the paper has been limited to 2nd year students of English Department, Paytaxt Technical Institution_ Erbil for the academic year 2022-2023. The population was (30) undergraduate students. The data has been conducted by providing a test to the participants. Although, normally phrasal verbs are coincides that carry difficulties for English learners. Diverse factors have been pointed up which involve the way that phrasal verbs constructed and some other reasons like non-native surrounding environment, semantic and syntactic problems. The results revealed that there are lots of difficulties faced by the students while translating from English to Kurdish. The most important aspect in the difficulties is the failure to find the correct meaning for the same phrasal verbs in different context. Thus, the same percentages of students have difficulties in translating separable transitive verb along with intransitive phrasal verbs. However, difficulties in translating non-separable transitive phrasal verb were seen as less problematic for the students. The major phrasal verbs in which students find it hard while translation were ‘came across and passed out’.

This paper will examine the role of media training on the improvement of journalists’ skills, ability and experience in their everyday practices in Kurdish media organisations. The article will examine the case of Kurdish media trainers and participants in media training, for instance professional journalists and junior journalists in the field of media. This paper is primarily based on the use of a survey method and online questionnaire. Furthermore, the article will concentrate on the role of media trainers in delivering new information to participants through the media training. The research project found that the media trainer plays an essential role in the improvement of journalists and junior journalists of the Kurdish media organizations, especially in the change of new technology which has provided more opportunity to junior journalists to be involved in the process of learning within media training, which has also helped the professional journalists and junior journalists to raise their level of knowledge, experience and skills in the field of media practices. According to the result, the majority of responds of survey conformed that media training supports them to improve learning skills in percentage (58.70%). The findings illustrated the trainees acknowledge that the media raining them assists to better preference in their everyday journalism practices in percentage (51.45%).

This study focuses on the impact of teachers’ wellbeing on their performance at Salahaddin University, it aims to elicit teachers’ perspectives concerning the extent of wellbeing, to identify the factors that impact on teachers’ wellbeing as well as to find out; the extent to which the wellbeing of EFL teachers reflects on their performance. These goals are achieved by answering several questions: firstly, what are the teachers’ perspectives on wellbeing at Salahaddin University? secondly, what are the factors that impact on teachers’ wellbeing? And thirdly, to what extent do teachers agree with their wellbeing at Salahaddin University.
The study investigates how the wellbeing of teachers is reflected in their performance inside the classroom. The researchers collected data by designing a questionnaire and classroom observation. Teacher wellbeing questionnaire and observational checklist adapted from Salahaddin University – Erbil, College of Basic Education, Department of English (2021-2022) conducted with 28 teachers. All (28) teachers participated in completing the questionnaire and (15) of the same teachers were observed in class to provide data for an observation checklist. The results and findings helped the researchers to draw the conclusion that teacher wellbeing is categorically important to offer adulated education, and to increase the academic and personal potential of prospective students. Supplementary results also concluded that university teachers’ perceptions are positive towards some issues that have an effect on their wellbeing such as collaborations, headship treatment and environment. However, it is also concluded that increasing teachers’ workload and stress decreases teachers’ skills of management.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of language teaching methods on the acquisition of English as a foreign language in Kurdish universities. A questionnaire was distributed online to a sample of (300) faculty members in English language departments at Kurdistan universities to achieve the study's objectives. The collected responses were analyzed using SPSS 23, and the results revealed that EFL students in Kurdistan face a variety of challenges when learning English, including student-related challenges. The findings also emphasized the importance of using diverse and modern methods in teaching English as a foreign language. Finally, the study concluded that language teaching methods have a statistically significant positive impact on EFL acquisition at a significant level of (0.05). The study suggested that EFL teachers diversify their teaching methods to accommodate different learning styles and learning strategies.