Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

The research aims to reveal the Romantic aspects in the poetry of Birbal Mahmood The Diwan of the hamisat aleushaaqas a model - by the Kurdish poet Erbil (Birbal Mahmoud 1934-2004), who composed poetry in both Kurdish and Arabic. Heth is considered one of the prominent poets of this era, due to the aesthetic and semantic aspects of his poetry, especially the romantic content. The research relied on the stylistic approach in explaining the artistic features and semantic aspects, which are important phenomena in his poetry.
The importance of the research lies in shedding light on a poetic text of a Kurdish poet who did not get his due from research and study, despite the richness of his poetic output.
As for the study plan, it came from a preface dealing with the romantic trend and its aesthetic in Arabic poetry, and three demands, in the first of which we stopped on the emotional / subjective content, and in the second we shed light on the poetic language within the romantic aspect specifically, and in the third, we explained the artistic images in it Which suggests poetic romance, and we concluded that with the results of the research.

This research is entitled (The Purposes of the Penal Rulings of Dr. Wahbat Al-Zuhaili), part of the Maqasid jurisprudence, which constitutes an aspect of the huge heritage that Wahbat Al-Zuhaili left - may God have mercy on him - in his writings and research. The research consists of an introduction, four demands and a conclusion. As for the introduction, and it contains the importance of the research, its problem, its objectives, and other elements, the importance of the research is evident in the purposes of penalties and their role in preserving money and lives, and preserving order, and its problem is the difficulty in collecting information related to the subject in the texts of Al-Zuhaili’s writings due to their abundance and the thickness of some of them, and his goal It is to highlight the purposes of punishments in Al-Zuhaili's thought. The first requirement deals with the definition of the science of purposes linguistically and idiomatically, and the formulation of a comprehensive definition of the jurisprudence of purposes. As for the second requirement, it includes the means to achieve the purposes of punishments. The third requirement deals with the purposes of legitimate punishments, and the last demand includes the divisions of punishments in different considerations and their purposes. The conclusion is a summary of the results reached by the researcher, the most important of which is the distinction of the philosophy of punishments in Islamic law from what is in positive laws in terms of diversity, time and methodology, and taking into account all dimensions of life and preserving interests in the legislation of penalties related to a dimension of them. In the legislation of penalties related to the preservation of funds - for example - despite maintaining the purpose of preserving funds, preserving other interests such as self-preservation. The method used in this study is analytical in the light of the purposes of Sharia.

One of the most significant areas of contemporary linguistics is comparative pragmatic study, which examines the similarities and differences between two different languages as well as all the data and achievements related to it. The significance of the current academic paper entitled (Indirect positive directive verbs between Arabic and Turkish) to treat all the categories of speech that fall within the indirect directive verbal acts of the command, negative, interrogative and warning directive verbal acts, by presenting its structures and non-verbal contents, explaining how they are used and the types of external attitudes to identify their indirect meanings, which are known as pragmatic capabilities.
The current study is a joint study between language and literature because it explains two things: the first is the direct meaning of the word and the second is the indirect request that we are talking about, this has various meanings in Arabic and Turkish, including (social, intellectual, psychological and others), this is reflected in the context in which the speech is made. The statement may be a pragmatic example taken from the mouths of people or from the Holy Qur'an or from a piece of poetry that is presented with an indirect purpose. Ideas then change from their direct graphic meanings to indirect desired meanings, then to linguistic elements to observe oral sound structures, sentence content, and affective verbs, according to Searle's classification of indirect directive verbs in general. The purpose of identifying the content of the verbal action is directed to the listener in order to influence him. Finally, the discussion reaches the most important conclusions related to the subject of our discussion.

This research is a historic analysis related to the political role of the emir and leaders in the internal conflict within the Ayyubi family between the years (590-593 AH/1193-1196) The beginning of the conflict begins with the first attacks of King (Al-Aziz) on (Damascus) and we have been able to put it in the light of our research until the last campaign known as the third attack on the city. In this study we have tried to present in detail the political role of the emir and leaders, which includes the internal conflict within the Ayyubid family that encouraged the king (al-Aziz) to carry out attacks and their political position during the attacks. Therefore, we have divided our research into three parts: the preparations for the first, second and third attacks of King (Al-Aziz) on the city (Damascus). The political positions of the emir and leaders in all three attacks are analyzed.

This study examines the role of investigative media in building public interest journalism, which is a new and effective form today and has an important impact on public interest, public ethics, public good and human service. This study examines the important dimensions of public interest journalism, including social responsibility, ethics and professionalism, and then the impact of : Investigative media in building public interest journalism.
This research is an analytical research in which the method of content analysis is used. Examples of analytical research include research articles in Kurdistan 24 and NRT and websites and websites (Diplomatic Magazine, Bowar News, Nerij and Kirkuk Naw). The total number of articles analyzed in all six media institutions is 101 articles. The main objective of this study is to find out the relationship and role of grassroots media in building public interest journalism in the Kurdistan Region.
The results of the study showed that,The media institutions in the sample of the study have defined their goals in : Investigative media issues, and have worked to achieve them relatively well and to varying degrees, and have worked on the basic principles of public interest journalism.

Our research which is entitled “Dimensions of the Khwarezmians' Intervention in the Internal Conflict of the Ayyubid State (619-644 AH / 1222-1246 AD). It is a comparative analytical study of the political and military events related to the case of Khawarizm and the Ayyubid state, where we have investigated the reasons which led the Khwarizmians' to intervene in the internal conflicts of the family. As a result of reading the historical texts and examining the events that happened in that period, we discovered some of the minor and major factors behind the intervention, including these dimensions, expansionism, the Mongol invasion, geography, and the Ayyubids. Additionally, we wanted this to be a gateway to Kawarisim State to familirize the reader with the nature of its establishment and its way of development so that the reader better comprehends the dimensions of this interference.

The current research aims to identify: level of self-efficacy among kindergarten department students in the Faculties of Education in the universities of the Kurdistan Region/Iraq, and the significance of difference in level of self -efficacy among students according to the variables (university , academic stage, social status and economic status), and the researchers used the descriptive approach to implement the research procedures, the research community is students of the kindergarten department in the faculties of the basic education in the universities of the Kurdistan region, which contains (1207) students for the academic year 2021-2022, Research sample was chosen by stratified random method forming (490) students distributed in universities of KRG in the following form: Salahaddin University (274), Sulaymaniyah University (284), Halabja University (168), University of Garmiyan (232), Raparin University (285), and goals of the research has been achieved by building the scale of self -efficacy, and it is consisted of (40) paragraphs with alternative answers (always, often, sometimes, rarely, never), and giving grades (5, 4, 3, 2 and 1) to alternatives, and the validity of the scale was extracted, as well as the researchers extracted the Psychometric characteristics of the Self efficiency scale, and the stability of the scale reached (0.81) using Cronbach’s alpha, and the researchers used the statistical bag represented by (Person's coefficient, t-test, Cronbach’s alpha), and the research reached the following results: that students of the kindergarten department in the basic education colleges in universities of KRG has a high level of self -efficacy, there are differences in the level of self -efficacy between Salahaddin University and Raparin University and for the benefit of Salahaddin University, and between Halabja University and Raparin University for the benefit of Halabja University, in the light of research results researchers recommended: A suitable mechanism to work on developing self -efficiency for students because of its great importance in their working lives, and they suggested: self-efficacy and its relationship to other variables such as (psychological adaptation, academic achievement).

This research the research presents a comparative analytical study that seeks to clarify updates in the division of civil responsibility in the French Civil Code since its issuance in 1804 through the amendments made to it, especially those included in Decree No. (131) of 2016 amending the mentioned law, down to the civil responsibility reform project (Civil Liability Reform Project March 2017), And a statement of the position of the Iraqi civil law on all of this. The study concluded that the common division of civil liability into contractual and tort sources stems from jurisprudence and does not exist in French civil law, And that the term liability did not exist in the French civil code at the time of its issuance in 1804, It was first introduced under the Defective Products Liability Act of 1998, And that Decree No. (131) of 2016 has made the articles related to tort liability under the title of non-contractual liability Which, in turn, is considered the starting point for reforming the theory of civil liability, for which jurisprudence has prepared several projects, and from which the civil liability reform project has been derived (Civil Liability Reform Project March 2017) Who adopted several divisions of civil liability, including contractual and non-contractual liability, and special systems for liability, We also recommended the Iraqi legislator to adopt the same steps followed by the French legislator by introducing general provisions for contractual and non-contractual liability in the Iraqi civil law by making the necessary amendments with the aim of developing the civil law.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of aprogram based on educational games for developing the efficiency of cognitive representation of information and the motivation for academic achievement among students with difficulties in academic learning. The sample consisted of (8) students were from the third and fourth grades of primary school who attended the Canadian International School - Erbil for the academic year (2021-2021). The researchers used the semi-experimental approach, and to achieve the hypotheses of the research, the researchers built a program based of (16) sessions, The researchers also adopted the scale (Ghanim, 2011) to measure the efficiency of cognitive representation of information, and the scale (Rabaya, 2018) to measure the motivation of academic achievement after extracting their validity and reliability. The data was analyzed and processed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The research found: There are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the score ranks of the experimental group members in the efficiency of cognitive representation of information and the motivation of academic achievement between the pre and posttest and in favor of the post test. And the effectiveness of the program based on educational games.

The advancement of technology and the emergence of new media tools make digital media to be one of the popular positions in broadcasting content media.
The aim of this study is to determine the extent of public reliance on digital media in the program of social awareness and the role of social programs in developing social relationships.
The research population is the population of the Kurdistan Region, the sample of the research is the citizens of the cities and towns of the Kurdistan Region in different classes, distribution of (484) questionnaire forms in different ages and places in random classes.
The results of the work show that 76.7% of the people agree that the presence of knowledge and social awareness motivates them to rely on social programs. Facebook comes first as a platform if it is compared to other platforms that the public relies on to watch social programs. Increasing social awareness and introducing social issues, are related to social programs. By performing like and comments, people react to the content of the program and participate in spreading awareness. The knowledge of the social program affects people’s behavior with their environment.

The current research aims to know the professional compatibility and its relationship to some variables among middle school principals according to the variables (gender, years of administrative service). The governorates had (544) managers, with (422) males and (122) females. A measure of professional compatibility was prepared by the two researchers based on a set of measures associated with that variable. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers used the (Spss) program, including the following statistical methods(t-test for two independent samples, correlation coefficient, t-test for one sample, Spearman-Brown equation, Vakronbach equation, one-way analysis of variance, multiple regression). The study reached the following results: There are high levels in all dimensions of professional compatibility among middle school principals, at the level of significance (0.05) and with a degree of freedom (543). All differences were in favor of the arithmetic mean. There are no statistically significant differences in all dimensions of the professional adjustment scale between the sexes and the scale as a whole, at the level of significance (0.05) and with a degree of freedom (542). There is no statistically significant difference in the professional compatibility scale and its dimensions at the level of significance (0.05) and with degrees of freedom (28) horizontal and (515) vertical due to the variable of years of administrative service for middle school principals.

The studies of the symantec, as considered a branch of the three branches of rhetoric, remain abundant and renewed because of the many indications they contain when used, especially in the Holy Quran. The familiarity with separation and connection is a must-know for the student of the language of the Quran. Many meanings and rulings are clarified through it, and this will be evident through the application of the verses that contain the descriptions of Allah almighty in the verses of the most beautiful names of Allah.
This research consists of an introduction, background, and two sections. The background deals with the definition of the eloquence of the Holy Quran in the verses of the attributes of Allah almighty, which are contained in the verses that include the names of Allah and his attributes, the most high. Explanatory and rhetorical blogs and other various sources were required by the research, as the research was appended with a conclusion that included the most important results.

Research Objectives: The current research aims to identify: - The level of death anxiety among women with breast cancer. - Differences in the level of death anxiety according to variables (cancer stage - marital status). The current research community consists of women with breast cancer in the center of Erbil Governorate, the number of simple random samples chosen by the researcher reached (225) with breast cancer, and the researcher prepared the death anxiety scale to measure the research variable, which consisted of (46) paragraphs, and the researcher extracted the apparent honesty and discriminatory power of the scale paragraphs, and (8) paragraphs were deleted from the scale paragraphs, and thus the scale in its final form consisted of (38), To extract the stability, the researcher adopted the internal consistency of the Alpha Cronbach equation, which amounted to (0.93), and the half-fractionation method, where the stability coefficient was (0.78) and the value was (0.87) when corrected by the Spearman-Brown equation. The researcher's findings are as follows: - In general, breast cancer patients suffer from death anxiety. - Statistically significant differences were found in death anxiety according to the cancer stage variable in favor of stages III and IV. - Statistically significant differences were found in death anxiety according to the social status variable in favor of married infected women. The researcher formulated a set of recommendations and suggestions according to the results obtained through her research.

The Research aimed to identify the level of the Reality of Musical Education among Kindergarten Teachers in the city of Erbil in general and to know the differences in the Reality of Musical Education among Kindergarten Teachers according to the type of Kindergarten (Governmental and Non-Governmental) and years of service for Teachers (5 years and more and less). The Research Sample consisted of (366) Teachers in Kindergartens, and. A scale prepared by Researcher in (3) domains and (44) items, after validation and Reality. The scale was applied to the final sample, used the statistical bag (SPSS) in procedures, the results showed that levels of Musical Education Reality among kindergarten Teachers are generally unacceptable, just as the reality of musical education among non-governmental kindergarten teachers is high and acceptable compared to the reality of musical education among government kindergarten teachers, and that kindergarten teachers have years of service (5 years and Most) did not accept the reality of music education compared to kindergarten teachers, children with years of service (5 years and less).

The current research aimed at identifying successful intelligence levels and dimensions among Gifted students in the Iraqi Kurdistan region (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Duhok) and recognizing differences in the successful intelligence levels attributed to gender and the conservation. The research sample consisted of 233 students from Gifted schools, i.e., 127 male students and 112 female students. A descriptive method was adopted and the successful intelligence test was applied to the research sample. The results showed that the Gifted students are distinguished by an average level of successful intelligence, and the results pointed out that there were no statistically significant differences between males and females in the level of successful intelligence (total degree) and dimensional (analytical and creative)while the results also indicated that there were statistically differences in the practical dimension in favor of females, and the results of the Schiffe test showed that there was a statistically difference in the interest of Gifted students in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. Accordingly, the study arrived at a number of conclusions and introduced a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The present study aimed to specify the level of social support and its relationship to the personal characteristics of kindergarten teachers according to some variables. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researchers prepared the scale of social support, which consisted of (50) items and alternatives answer (strongly agree (5), agree (4), neutral (3), disagree (2), do not agree strongly (1), as adopted by the researchers scale (Ghannam, 2005), which consisted of (35) clauses and alternatives answer (strongly agree (5), agree (4), neutral (3), disagree (2), do not agree strongly (1). And after extracting the psychometric properties of the two scales, the scale was applied to a sample of (360) female teachers in government kindergartens for the academic year 2021-2022 in the governorates of Erbil and Sulaymaniyah, and using the statistical bag SPSS, the results came that there are differences between kindergarten teachers on the social support scale, and also showed differences between kindergarten teachers on the personality traits scale, and the correlation between the social support scale and the personality traits scale appeared, and based on the results of the study, the researchers arrived at several recommendations and suggestions.

The aims of the current research are to reveal the effectiveness of a training program based on the Approach Multisensory and work on improving the working memory of children with learning difficulties, and as well as verifying the size of the effect, The researchers used the experimental approach, with a pre- and post-measurement of the experimental group.
The sample consisted of (8) male and female students from the basic stage. The researchers built a training program based on the multi-sensory approach consisting of (30) sessions. The working memory test was also used, and its validity and reliability were verified. Also, the coefficient of difficulty, ease, and distinction of the test items was verified. The results revealed that there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the calculated values of the average scores of the experimental group members in improving working memory for the) three components) and in favor of the post-test with an effect size of (0.67). In the light of the research results, a number of recommendations and proposals emerged from this research.

This research is an effort to further introduce critical discourse analysis from the perspective of English scholar, Norman Fairclough; once as a theoretical principle and once as a methodological principle in research in the social sciences, especially sociology. On one hand, in this study, the researchers have tried to present the theoretical principles of critical discourse analysis by Fairclough for studying social phenomena and revealing linguistic functions on non-linguistic actions, and on the other hand, they have tried to enlighten the phases of critical discourse analysis as a methodological principle

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is research is entitled (Handcraft Industries in Erbil Governorate 1975-1991) a historical-economic study, an attempt to identify the situation of handicraft industries in the province, which had its special importance in the development and progress of the region on the economic level. Professionals according to their experiences, and since ancient times, due to the presence of several social and economic characteristics in Erbil, and among the residents of the governorate there were professional people in various specializations, who had a role to meet the needs of the residents of the governorate.
The research consists of an introduction, two main topics, and several conclusions. Each axis includes several topics. The first topic focuses on craft industries and their types 1975-1991, while the second topic deals with the
obstacles and problems that affected the development of craft industries in Erbil Governorate 1975-1991.

The aim of this research is to determine the social media coverage for the parliamentary work in Kurdistan Regional. Also, pointing to the extent of social network's impact on the work of parliament in the field of legislation and oversight.
The research depends on the method of qualitative, in which data is collected on subjects or phenomenon and expresses the detailed and realistic data of the research community.
The study relies on Fox Group as a tool for collecting data. Out of 111 parliamentarians,15 is selected as a sample for this study. The research has reached the conclusion that parliamentarians are looking for social networks to get daily news and information related to the work of parliament. Also, most of the social networks deliberately choose topics for publishing and also social networks do not seriously care about publishing news and activities of parliament to the people

The current study is based on (the text structure of the iconography in fine art and contemporary architecture) includes four chapters, the first contains the methodological framework of the research problem, the importance, the goal of the research, and the definition of the terms contained in the context of this research, and chapter ii theoretical framework included three investigations, the first research addressed the intellectual references of the iconography, the second research addressed semiotics conceptually, and the third examined the concept of the iconic text, in addition to the indicators of the theoretical framework and contained the third chapter research procedures including the research community and its sample, the research tool, and the analysis of the research sample, which reached only two models. Finally, chapter four includes the results of the research results, conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

The Kurdish National Movement in Iran is one of the significance stage of the Kurdish national movement in the Middle East particularly this period under this study, as this period is considered to be the beginning of strengthen Kurdish national movement in Iran and the U.S attitude to the Kurdish question in Iran. Hence this period is being taken into an account in order to examine the Kurdish situation and their question in Iran also the U.S. evaluation of the Kurdish national movement in Iran and the role of Kurdish movement in gathering the US and Iranian so closely.
In this regard this study aims to answer some relating questions such as how strong was the Kurdish question at that time? How was the Kurdish national movement influenced Iran during this period? Did the Kurdish question affect the U.S. interests? What was the soviet role in the Kurdish question?

Vocabulary development is a crucial component of learning a foreign language. Hence, teachers’ knowledge of the optimal instructional practices for teaching vocabulary is of prime importance. The aim of the current paper is to (a) examine the effectiveness of teaching vocabulary learning strategies on improving Kurdish EFL students’ vocabulary (b) find out the extent to which teaching vocabulary learning strategies improves students’ vocabulary. To achieve these aims a quasi-experimental design was used. Eighty (80) second year students selected at college of Basic Education/ Salahddin University for the study. The participants took a Vocabulary Level Test (VLT) to measure their vocabulary knowledge and a pre-posttest, which were designed by the researcher depending on the students’ scores in VLT. In this study, the researcher used paired samples t-test to analyze the collected data. Based on the results, it was found out that there is a significant difference between the students’ outcomes after introducing the VLS. The vocabulary performance level of the experimental group participants increased significantly at the end of the vocabulary training course. However, the control group had a slight improvement in the posttest. These strategies are recommended as reading comprehension and vocabularies teaching techniques based on the findings of the current study.

This research aims to critically analyse ethnic bias, which is a type of discrimination or prejudice based on one's ethnicity, in the text of the selected novel. It seeks to answer two questions: how is ethnicist ideology produced in the selected texts of the novel? And how are linguistic strategies utilised to aid in understanding the selected ideology? It is a qualitative study, and the major source of the data is Yaa Gyasi's novel "Homegoing." The three-dimensional CDA model proposed by Fairclough (1992) is primarily employed for data analysis in combination with Jeffries' (2010) critical stylistic analysis and van Dijk's (2006) square ideological concept. It is concluded that the British and American slavery systems led to numerous acts of prejudice and oppression against Africans, which was based on their ethnic bias ideology, and they used language as a tool of control and a reflection of their political and social superiority.

African American women are depicted in various stereotypes that are well-known to the American public. They are perceived from others’ perspectives in various historical and literary discourses. This paper scrutinizes the characterization of Hester, in Parks’s In the Blood, as an unmarried woman with five fatherless children, as a no-count, hussy, and slut. Using Patricia Hill Collins’ ideas, mainly her arguments in her book Black Feminist Thought, the study delineates the purpose behind the creation of Hester as a slut. Parks demonstrates that Black women are more likely to be abused because of their racial and sexual identities, which are socially constructed to maintain the dominance of the powerful group and to uphold black cultural inferiority. She claims that because of their socioeconomic status, they are more likely to be sexually abused and objectified. She thus challenges the stereotype of African American women as slut, hypersexual, and indolent welfare queens.

This paper examines the metaphorical ways through which English and Kurdish people communicate their fears. Conceptual Metaphor Theory, one of the fundamental concepts in Cognitive Linguistics, serves as the theoretical basis for the investigation. The study seeks to identify and describe the source domains whose components are mapped onto the domain of fear. It also aims to illustrate how cross-linguistic variations manifest themselves in some mappings between English and Kurdish. For the purpose of the study, expressions in the two languages were compiled from various sources including dictionaries and literary texts. Despite the fact that the two cultures are highly different and there is a cultural division between them, yet a kind of commonalities between them can be noticed in terms of portraying emotional experiences. The study demonstrates that a number of elementary metaphors for conceiving fear are shared by the two languages.

Entrepreneurship is an important module to be incorporated into the higher education curriculum either as an independent module or integrally through other subjects. College of Basic Education, as an academic institution, took the initiative of adding EE indecently to its curriculum in 2016-2017. The purpose of adding it were to develop the students’ entrepreneurial competencies and graduate students that meet market demand.
The present study aims to investigate; first, how successful entrepreneurship education module is in developing students’ entrepreneurial attitudes, second, entrepreneurship education module is in developing students’ entrepreneurial skills, and third, entrepreneurship education module is in developing students’ entrepreneurial knowledge and awareness.
This current study adopted a descriptive methodology in which the data was collected quantitively through the construction of a closed ended questionnaire consisting of (52) items. The participants of the study were (224) second year students at College of Basic Education. The data was entered SPSS program, then analyzed using non-parametric test because the data was not normally distributed. According to the findings of the study, the module successfully helped the students to develop their entrepreneurial attitudes, skills, and knowledge. Moreover, the students indicated that after taking the module, they became more skilled and knowledgeable about entrepreneurship and the researchers suggested a set of recommendations.

The global rise of the internet after the 2000s, as well as the rise of American influence in Iraq and Kurdistan, strengthened English's hegemony over all other Iraqi languages, including Kurdish. In fact, many Arabic and even Kurdish expressions are now being replaced by English ones. This study aims to identify loanwords used in selected Facebook groups, as well as instances that characterize English language hegemony in Kurdish social media. It also aims to discover the types of loanwords that are more commonly used in social media in relation to Myers-Scotten's Model. And then, relate all of this to the social class, age, or gender that uses loanwords the most on Facebook. On this basis, the researchers selected 2,776 Facebook posts and comments from two Facebook groups of teachers between January 1st 2022 and December 31st 2022 and by using discourse analysis the English loanwords were analyzed. The study's key findings were that, of the two types of loanwords, core borrowings were used more frequently, indicating the presence of the English language's hegemony. Additionally, male teachers in both groups used more English loanwords than female teachers did, whereas other social variables like social class and age showed less variation.