Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

Kurds, as a famous nation during the middle centuries, have been affected by other nations’ conflicts. Bwayhy Family is an obvious instance of those conflicts that Kurds had a crucial role, because of the family’s power on Kurds which had been used for personal or family benefits. The important role of Kurds in those conflicts can be clearly noted through the consequences of those conflicts on Kurds themselves. This study focuses on the role of Kurds on the conflicts and their effects on Kurdish homeland during the Bwayhy’s colony. The nature of study claims to contain two main parts. Part one includes the Kurds’ perspective in Bwayhy’s princes conflicts; part two is specified for the situations of Kurds’ residences through the conflict.

This study was conducted on the Great River between Rezan village and its mouth with the aim of determining the characteristics of the river islands, based on satellite images (Landsat 8) using the index Modified Normalized Water Difference (MNDWI). Then compare the map of the area in Google Earth Map History to ensure the presence of river islands and their locations, then use field work and camera images (FlyCam) to investigate the number of islands. The number of river islands in the region reaches (84) permanent islands, and based on different classifications. have been presented. Most of the islands are located in the middle of the river corridor, which has 38 islands. Most of the islands are in the middle of the river corridor, which has 64 islands. In the same way, in terms of the place of creation of the islands. Meanwhile, according to the island surfaces, it has been found that 64 rivers belong to the small areas, and their areas are between 284-80,539 m2.

Rhythm is one of the basic elements of Arabic Poetry as well as the main Components of the construction of Poetry. In this respect, rhythm will give its own identity and differes from the other parts of speech. In fact, its the main source of life deep inside, The construction of poetry. By So doing, it will give its meaning Sweetness and acceptance in hearing.
Al Burda by Tamim Al-barghouti is characterized by its rhythm and texture for its words. In this research, we allude and study the rhythm with its two main types: fixed and moving quality. through statistical and analytical study, the researcher analyzed certain lines from the poem to reveal the connection between the poem and its rhythm on one hand, and passion on the other hand. Moreover, we focuse on the emotional experiences of the poet and its poetical allusions.

The purpose of the present study is to determine the relationship between social interaction and emotional intelligence while also knowing the level of both social interaction and emotional intelligence of the research sample. The descriptive analytic approach and the social survey method were utilized in the research. To assess the level of emotional intelligence and social interaction in the research sample, a scale (Social Interaction) was prepared by the researchers, containing 37 items, and the emotional intelligence scale (Manoukh & Ali, 2011), with 33 items; both were used to meet the research's objectives and measure variables. We used the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to analyze the data. The study found a direct positive link between social interaction and emotional intelligence, as well as a high level of both social interaction and emotional intelligence in the research sample. These findings led to the development of a collection of suggestions and recommendations.

The principle of financial surveillance is one of the constitutional principles, which is about the obligation to surveillance public funds, to ensure that the transaction is proceeding with it in accordance with the applicable principles and laws, and it confirmed in the Iraqi constitution, what is important to study here to find the basic for this princple, that is include refere to the shariha principles that confirm on the surveillance all of individuals, activities. That is including activities related to public funds, and the purposes of Sharia that require the application of this principle.
The constitutionality of the principle gives it the obligatory power to apply it through the legal procedures that ensure its implementation, such as management and legislative surveillance, and the establishing institutions and organizations for surveillance by the law, aplaining the shariha principles thet been based of this principle, the shariha taken several ways to aplaing this principle and strengthen the process of financial surveillance, such as istabilshing the system of hisba, and applying surveillance on the public funds about its sources and spending.

The research project "The stylistic transformations in the paintings of the artist Muhammad Arif" is an artistic and analytical study consisting of four chapters. The second chapter is dedicated to the theoretical framework and includes two sections: the first topic, the concept of the constant and the variable, and the second topic, style and stylistics in modern drawing, followed by the selection of indicators for the theoretical framework and previous studies. The third chapter is concerned with research procedures. It consists of the research community, the research sample, and the research methodology, which includes three samples. As for the fourth and final chapter, it deals with the results and conclusions of the research. The results were: 1. Muhammad Arif expressed his feelings and emotions in an expressive manner, ignoring the details to express what was inside the artist himself, as in a sample (1). 2. He also used symbolism to express his ideas through the use of realistic forms, as in example (2), and politics within its subject, as shown in sample (3). 4. The artist was inspired by the surrounding geographical environment to use natural elements as in the sample (1-2-3). 5. Muhammad Arif dealt with the political and social content whose influence stemmed from the surrounding environment, and this was evident in a sample (1-2-3). The researchers presented some recommendations and suggestions, and finally a list of sources.

the research aims to show the rates of gap and self-sufficiency for some selected agricultural crops in the kurdistan region of iraq during the period (2005-2021). the crops were selected (tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplants, trees, onions, potatoes), as the kurdistan region of iraq suffers from a shortage in the production of these crops and reaching a state of sufficiency, so it depends to fill this deficit on imports from abroad in large proportions, especially basic crops due to the increasing demand for it, which led to a widening gap and a low rate of self-sufficiency, despite the fact that the kurdistan region of iraq possesses wide capabilities that qualify to reach a state of self-sufficiency. however, due to the freedom of trade and the openness of the region's markets to imported commodities, especially after 2003, and the weakness of government support for farmers to increase local production, the local markets were flooded with commodities imported from abroad. the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is dumping the local markets in the kurdistan region of iraq with imported agricultural crops at a price lower than the local price, which led to a widening of the gap and a low self-sufficiency rate. one of the most important recommendations in this research is to take into consideration an increase in the production of basic crops on an ongoing basis, while making sure of the need for horizontal and vertical expansion in the cultivation of these crops to reduce the gap rate and increase the rate of self-sufficiency.

his research is part of my doctoral dissertation entitled (Environmental Protection and Improvement Law in the Province of
Kurdistan-Iraq - Jurisprudential Study of Purposes), and the researcher touched in this research on what is related to organizing the protection and improvement of the environment, for which Chapter Two of the Law of Protection and Improvement of the Environment was devoted to the region, and the assessment of environmental impact within Chapter Five of the same chapter, and eight chapters were devoted to this chapter. Legal Articles (12-19), and this research deals with environmental planning, which is also related to the regulation of environmental protection and improvement, referred to in Article (11), as well as talking about sustainable development, which has a close relationship with the above regulation and environmental improvement, Finally, the research also touched on the Maqasid view of these legal articles related to environmental impact assessment.
In conclusion, the most important findings of the research were listed

This paper focuses on the argumentative Dissociation techniques of the New Rhetoric theory of Perelman and Tyteca. The role of the poet and the receiver in constructing the poetic Arguments is also discussed. According to this theory, both of the sender and the receiver have an active role in constructing the argumentation of poetic expression. We have chosen applied examples from Kurdish poetry written in the middle Kurdish dialect.
The research consists of two chapters, the first chapter: includes the definition of Argument and the concept of Arguments in the twentieth century. And the second chapter: discusses the techniques of Dissociation in the New rhetoric theory of Perelman and Tyteca, with the application of the techniques to examples of Kurdish poetry, and then explains and clarifies the argumentative aspect of each example. The research ends with the presentation of the most important results.

Drafting of rules and texts according to the criteria of good legal drafting is one of the main principles of the quality of tax laws, due to the role which plays in achieving legal certainty.
High-quality legal drafting includes a number of criteria and requirements that non-compliance leads to flaws in legal texts, which ultimately leads to more legal problems and challenges to legal certainty in this area.
There are three ways of drafting laws, including rigid drafting, flexible drafting and mixed drafting, where tax legislators in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region have followed rigid drafting, sometimes using soft drafting or mixed drafting.
Tax laws in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region suffer from several shortcomings in their legal formulation, such as errors, ambiguities, conflicts and gaps, which affect legal security.

This study is entitled: "Semantic Parallelism in the Zenian Maqamat" It aims to analyze the phenomenon of semantic parallelism in the Zenian Maqamat of Ibn al-Saqal al-Jazari (d.: 701 AH) linguistically to reveal the similarity based on a significant relationship, and synonymy, antagonism or opposition, and this important relationship is between two consecutive words or two words in one composition, or two successive combinations within one verbal chain, generating a musical rhythm originating from the resonance of the structure of words on the one hand, and from the meaning of words on the other hand. Art makes the text more harmonious. This research paper tries to reveal this phenomenon in the Zenian shrines, its nature, and how it is employed by the writer in a precise semantic manner that draws the attention of the recipient towards the text.

The subject of social foundations and their role in designing cities is considered one of the important topics that engineering and social sciences are interested in, because of its strong relationship with the lives of urban and determines their behavior to some extent. This research, entitled (The Social Foundations for Designing Cities, Its Characteristics and Fields), is a theoretical and analytical study. The research consists of two chapters, in the first chapter shed light on the social foundations such as culture, population size and social relations, while in the second chapter it explained the city design elements and characteristics with some examples of the historical development of some cities.

The aim of the study is to identify the impact of using listening triangle and hot chair strategies on cognitive motivation in Kurdish literature module among tenth grade high school student. The researchers selected (74) students at Shahid Maa’mun Dabagh High School for Girls in the Centre of Erbil province. The students were randomly selected to three groups (24) for the first experimental group (25) for the second experimental group and (25) for the control group. The equalization of three groups is done by depending on the changing variables (age, intelligence, achievement levels of students' parents, the previous year scores of students in Kurdish literature)The experience started on 14\/10\/2021 and ended on 11\/12\/2021 with preparing an achievement test including 50-items and the researchers used set of tools for statistical analysis (One-way analysis of variance, chi-square, item difficulty coefficient, item discrimination coefficient, false alternatives effectiveness, and Scheffey's method)Finally, the researchers reached the findings that both experimental groups were successful over the control group and the first experimental group have succeeded over the second group. In light of the results, the researchers made some recommendations.

The current research aims at identifying the effectiveness of a proposed program based on brain-based learning strategies in developing scientific sense skills for seventh grade students in biology by applying the emotional side scale of scientific sense. To achieve the aim of the study, the researchers followed the experimental approach. Moreover, the tool consisted of (46) items to measure the skills of the emotional side of the scientific sense. The research sample consisted of (60) students who were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (30 students) and a control group (30 students). During this period, the experimental group was taught through the proposed program according to brain-based learning strategies while the control group using the usual method. The results of the study showed that the performance of the students in the experimental group was better than the control group who studied according to the usual method in testing the emotional side of the scientific sense in favor of the experimental group.

Scientific study places a high value on redefining religious thought and the nature of religious thinking, particularly when considering the region's geography and the current state of its religious thinking. In light of this, the purpose of this study was to concentrate on the fundamental ideas that underpinned the character of religious thought in both Baghdad and Andalusia. An introduction and three sections make up the research. The nature of religious thinking was touched upon in the introduction. Regarding the first part, it makes clear that every religious doctrine is founded on faith as its fundamental principle. As there are many different interpretations of the Holy Qur'anic verses among diverse Islamic movements and parties, the second topic addressed the problem of how these passages should be read. In relation to the third topic, it was discussed how various organizations and movements' attitudes and worldviews affect how they interpret jihad.

This research is dedicated to shedding light on the scientific activities of the scholars of the Jazira region in the field of transmission sciences in the Levant, during the seventh century AH / thirteenth century AD, such as the sciences of the Qur’an, the science of readings, the science of interpretation, the science of hadith and jurisprudence, and the science of Sufism, which is intended by (Communicative sciences) in this research are the religious sciences that are directly related to the sciences of the Qur’an and the noble hadiths of the Prophet. It contains many island scholars in the Levant, as well as a study of the science of jurisprudence and its origins and the role of the island’s scholars in this field in the Levant.

This study is an attempt to highlight the role of one of the segments of the Ayyubid society, and they are the jurists(al-Fuqaha) who had a prominent role in the political arena, especially in the relations between the Ayyubid kings and princes, due to their being trusted, and of prestige among the Ayyubid kings and princes, as the jurists on their part employed this feature to bring them closer to establish Rules of peace and reconciliation between the Ayyubid kings and princes.
In addition to their significant contribution to intermarriage and political alliances, which served to sustain those relationships, the study was structured into an introduction and two primary axes. The first axis explored the role of jurists(al-Fuqaha) in promoting conciliation and opposing division and discord among the Ayyubid kings. The second axis focused on the involvement of jurists (al-Fuqaha) in facilitating intermarriage and political unions between the Ayyubid kings and princes, shedding light on their crucial role in this context.

This research is elicited from Ph.D. thesis entitled (The effect of the training program using Paper Marbling) technique on the ability to draw and achievement of students in the department of art education). The research aims to prepare a training program in the field of drawing based on a technique that has not been used before in the field of drawing in a scientific educational institution such as the University of Sulaymaniyah. The study aims to find out the effect of the training program using the technique of drawing on the surface of the water (Paper Marbling) on the ability and skill of drawing and achievement in the subject of self-employment in drawing and comparing the results of the pre-test and post-test and proposing, the technique as a new method in addition to the common methods of introducing new patterns into the subject and lessons of drawing. The researcher followed the (Kemp) model to design and formulate the training program because of its advantages, including allowing the necessary adjustments to be made in selecting units as needed, and evaluation during designing the process to be appropriate with the nature of the training process for students. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher chose a one-group design with a pretest in the first week and a posttest in the eighth week of the experiment and the research sample was randomly selected from a community where the sample consisted of (18) students from the fourth stage. The purpose of maintaining the balance of the research sample and adjusting the variable that affects the independent variable, and defining one way for all students, the research equalized the research sample in the variables (pre-test, age of the students in the month, degree of construction subject in drawing for the year (2023-2021), level of intelligence by conducting an intelligence test). The researcher conducted three types of questionnaires, a questionnaire for formulating and building the training program, a questionnaire for determining modern drawing techniques, and a questionnaire for preparing an evaluation card to evaluate the results of the achievement tests of the research sample students. After formulating and building the training program and receiving the opinion of experts and according to a number of steps through which the training, its needs and objectives were determined. The researcher applied the training program and the (Paper Marbling) technique on the research sample for a period of (8) weeks, each week (1) lesson, each lesson (3) hours. After data collection and statistical analysis of the results, the researcher reached a set of results, including building a step-by-step training program and then applying it to the research sample and then applying it to the research sample and the emergence of a significant effect between the average scores achieved in the pre-test and post-test as a result of using the (Paper Marbling) technique, this means that the students of the research sample improved the level of their drawing skills after an experiment compared to what it was before the experiment and the effect size of the impact of the training program was significant on the development of drawing skills and achievement among the students of the research sample. In light of the results, the researcher made a number of recommendations and proposals that he believes will complement his current research in the future.

Negative in directive speech verbs between the Arabic and Turkish languages by following the Pragmatic Contrastive Study in analyzing the texts circulated between the interlocutors expressing their indirect intentions, the Quranic verses and proverbs between the Arabic and Turkish languages to access the world of discourse.
The contrastive study carries in its folds the contrast between two languages from two different factions, such as Arabic and Turkish, which is the purpose of our research to find out the differences and similarities between them, especially in the field of indirect verbal verbs, which are a dimension of pragmatics, and branch out into multiple verbal categories represented by the positive, negative, interrogative and admonition verbal act that It was used in the two languages with different structural and contextual formations and similar or different connotations.The research dealt with the theoretic side at the beginning to clarify the concept of verbal verbs, and the research was drawn into the applied field by citing evidence and models .

The fatwa is of great importance in Islam, as it is a signature on behalf of God, the Blessed and Exalted, and informs of His will, glory be to Him, in what He legislated from the rulings, and an order that God Almighty Himself took over first. The most honorable, may God bless him and grant him peace, secondly, then it was taken over by the honorable Companions - may God Almighty be pleased with them, then the followers, and the working scholars.
This research talks about the Supreme Council for Fatwa in the Kurdistan Region, because the majority of our Kurdish society consists of Muslims, so there must be a reference to which Muslims refer to in the Kurdistan Region, and the history of fatwas among the Kurds dates back to after their conversion to Islam and their mixing with the Islamic community, and highlighting a large number of scholars among the Kurds and they reached To the fatwa positions in their regions and other regions.

International news websites play a key role in determining international policies. This study is for selecting the role of the international websites of change and formulating international policies.
The researcher worked on survey methodology based on survey form, and the site study is Kurdistan Region journalists from the four governorates (Erbil, Sulemani, Duhok and Halabja) to draw some conclusions.
The aim of the study is to work on the role those international websites play in presenting the issues related to Kurdistan Region. The impact of this coverage on developments, decisions, and mindsets of countries in the global system towards the Kurdistan Region.
This study obtained a number of conclusions, for example the quantity and quality of presentation of Kurdistan-related issues. It has had an impact on the attitudes of international policy and opinions about the Kurdistan Region. Furthermore, it was found that international website coverage of Kurdistan region cases was a part in the development of international policy.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of play-based educational programs on the development of health culture among kindergarten children. The study population is the children in the second circle of public kindergartens in central Erbil. The study sample consisted of 24 boys and girls aged 5-6 years in Shila Governmental Kindergarten. The method of the research is a quasi-experimental design. The research tools consist of the construction of pictorial scale of health concepts for kindergarten children, an intelligence test (Johan, 1976), and the construction of a supported learning program through using games. The results of the study showed there is a difference between the ranking of scores of both groups (experimental and controlled) in the preliminary test in favor of the experimental group after implementation of the program. There is no difference between the scores of the experimental group. The researchers came up with several recommendations.

This study investigates the role of teaching literature based-communication in enhancing EFL students’ intercultural awareness through applying Byram’s model of ICC (1997) and the revised version (2020). The study is an empirical with two random groups, control (CG) and experimental group (EG). It aims at examining literature based-communication in enhancing EFL students' intercultural awareness and also aims at detecting the difference between the control and experimental groups' (five element factors). For data collection, a pre-post-test is used. EG received the ICC model and various teaching strategies, while CG is taught traditionally. 2 groups are exposed to the same teaching materials. The participants are 60 second-year English students (30 CG and 30 EG) of English department. The mean score, SD, t-test, and p-value are conducted. The progress is in EG’s post-test compared to the results of CG. The huge progress in five element factors is in the EG’s post-test compared to the results of CG as there is a significant difference of EG post-test in favor of ICC in enhancing intercultural awareness to which the EG was exposed to during the experiment.

The study’s purpose was to analyze the mediating role of coping strategies between parenting daily hassles (PDH), and quality of life (QoL) in a sample of Kurdish parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). A non-experimental research design with a quantitative type, a correlative research strategy, and a purposive sampling technique was used to recruit a sample of 206 parents. Three self-report questionnaires were used to collect data, PDH, Brief-Cope, and WHOQOL brief. Independent-Samples t-test, and Process macro procedure were used to analyze the data. Results showed that “problem-focused coping” (PFC), and “avoidant coping” (AC) partially mediated the relationship between PDH, and QoL, while Emotion-focused coping (EFC) didn`t mediate the relationship. As it gathered in the conclusion, two types of coping, PFC and AC strategies were partially mediated the relationship between PDH and parents’ QoL. PFC positively mediated the relationship, while AC negatively mediated the relationship. It means that the more the PFC will be used, the lesser hassles and the better QoL will be perceived, whereas the reverse is true for AC strategy.

Employee wellbeing has emerged as a compelling area of research in the fields of Human Resource Management (HRM) and organizational behavior. This study focuses on investigating the impact of employee wellbeing on job performance within International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) operating in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The research hypothesis positsthose higher levels of employee wellbeing positively influence job performance. The primary aim is to explore the correlation between employee wellbeing and job performance, employing a quantitative approach through an online survey for data collection. A total of 181 individuals employed in INGOs participated in the study. The analysis revealed a robust positive correlation between employee wellbeing and job performance, suggesting that INGOs must exert significant efforts to enhance employee wellbeing. Furthermore, several recommendations are offered for academics, INGOs, and specifically human resource departments. Additionally, recommendations for future studies in this area are presented.

This experimental study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of contextualized (explicit/ implicit) grammar teaching in developing writing skills and grammatical accuracy in writing among EFL students majoring at the English Department/ College of Basic Education/ Salahaddin University-Erbil. To this end, 52 second-year students were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and a control group. The first experimental group was exposed to contextualized explicit grammar teaching and the other experimental group was treated with contextualized implicit grammar teaching, while the control group just received traditional grammar teaching. To assess the effectiveness of the treatments, pre- and post-tests in the form of paragraph writings were used and analysed using the ANCOVA test. Although the results attested that contextualized (explicit/ implicit) grammar teaching was found to be effective, the results were very promising for the contextualized explicit grammar teaching method. The study concluded by discussing the results and providing suggestions for further research.

In this article, mental spaces in English and Kurdish are analyzed. The study investigates the construction of mental space in English and Kurdish in order to identify differences and similarities between the two languages. Examples from both languages are used. The Kurdish examples are taken from rudaw.com and English examples are from every day uses and bbc.com. Mental space builders based on the Fauconnier approach are examined and shown to be effective, including modal verbs, prepositional phrases, negative constructions, and discourse markers. Although each of these components serves as a space builder, the structure of the sentences that contain them varies between the two languages. For instance, in Kurdish negative constructions, the negative element appears at the end of the sentence, delaying the listener's perception of the negativity until the speaker completes the sentence.

The British were busy with controlling the Gulf region for strategic, economic, and political reasons, especially Iraq and Kuwait, which Britain looked into. Britain also played a role in the path of Arab and regional issues, where Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations witnessed political tensions and in several occasions. The Iraqi official authorities informed the British embassy that Kuwait constitutes an obstacle to Iraq's arrival in the sea, and there are official Iraqi statements that Kuwait is affiliated with Iraq.
These statements became a source of concern for the British, so during the years 1932–1939, it tried to contain problems between the two parties, including among them problems (border demarcation, smuggling, construction of a port, and Sheikh property). The sheikhs of Kuwait entered into secret relations with Britain in order to preserve its political entity, which led to the tense Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations, so British diplomats tried to persuade Iraq to solve these problems and recognise the borders of Kuwait.
Hence the importance of this research, as it highlighted these events through historical sources, including British documents, to extrapolate the reality of Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations and the role of the British embassy between them, as well as following the research's analytical approach in its writing.