Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

This is a descriptive and analytical study, that depends on the qualitative method. Describes a specific phenomenon or an event, by using books and other sources for supporting statements and the required information, presents and analyzes examples. In addition, it presents the steps in how tonality has changed and been used as a technique in 20th-century music. On later stages, the study leaves space for its alternative; Atonality, which means (NO tonality). In addition, it presents the way they are being embodied. In this study, one of the most important elements of musical composition is discussed, which has undergone tremendous changes and developments in the twentieth century. From there, the process of transition from tonal to atonality systems, as well as the causes of its emergence, is examined and exemplified. Due to the lack of resources in Kurdish, the used sources are mostly foreign.
The first part contains the problems, importance, and objectives of the study. The second part presents the definitions and changes that have occurred in classical music in the twentieth century, as well as the most important discoveries of this century, and the systems of atonality and the twelve-tone technique are presented as well. The third section focuses on the element of tonality – atonality-12-tone system) in presenting the necessary information and indicating how to use them in music. In addition, the study includes the implementation of a number of analyses, then, the study ends by presenting the results, recommendations, and list of sources.

This research is entitled (Britain's decision to withdraw from East Suez, the Arabian Gulf (Persian Gulf) on December 16, 1968, the reactions of the United States, Iran, and the Gulf states to this decision), and it participated in international politics and the conflict between the two states. Powers in the region: The presence of British forces east of the Suez Canal, which have ruled the region for more than a century and a half, and the issue of British military bases in the region, sparked internal and external protests. Many Labor Party representatives were dissatisfied and called for withdrawal, and although Britain believed it still needs these areas to protect its bases, but Prime Minister Wilson called for the need to maintain these military bases in agreement with the governments and peoples of the region. Then, the effects of World War II, the rise of two major global poles (the United States and the Soviet Union), and Britain's defeats forced it to change its policy in the Gulf region.

This research deals with an aspect of the rhetorical arts in Al-Jawahiri’s poetry in critical discourse. His poetry was the subject of research, study, and criticism throughout the seventy years of his creative experience. Critics and researchers studied and criticized his poetry according to the different rhetorical arts.
The research shed light on the view of critics and researchers on the rhetorical arts of simile, metaphor, metonymy, and allusion in Al-Jawahiri’s poetry. His poetry is full of these rhetorical arts that attracted the attention of researchers and critics.

This paper aims to determine the nature and reasons behind the threats that Turkey and Iran pose to the Kurdistan region, which have changed substantially since the referendum. Following the referendum, the two nations' relations with the Kurdistan region to some extents shifted from amity to enmity, from diplomatic, security, and economic cooperation to a specific pattern of enmity in which they threatened Kurdistan's security with the goal of undermining and eliminating the status quo.
The referendum's conduct marked the beginning of a new security phase between Turkey, Iran, and the Kurdistan region, which is based on fear and uncertainty. Since then, the actions of both countries have constituted a serious threat to the future and survival of the Kurdistan region. This paper argues that the risks posed by both nations are a consequence of Kurdistan's attempts to build relationships based on mutual interests rather than patron-client relations. Neither of the two countries is prepared to deal with a region on its own that has both geographical proximity and cultural-historical interactions with nations of the other two countries. The findings of this study indicate that Kurdish rights are recognized in the civic and cultural frameworks of surrounding nations. In the end, collaboration between the Kurdistan region and its neighbors should benefit their interests if the region wants to engage in political and economic cooperation

Feminism refers to movements that demand equality between men and women. The emergence of these movements is not very old compared to the history of the problem, but struggle between the two sexes over the supremacy of one and the backwardness of the other and the expression of dissatisfaction by women is very old. Feminism both as a social movement and a set of ideas, that legitimize it is an example of collective action. This study focuses on the social contexts of the movement and its stages of development. The aim of the study is to explain the social contexts for the emergence of feminism and how the demands for which women struggled development, especially the renaissance in Europe and social changes and its impact on women’s self-organization and the struggle for Equality. These were linked to the industrial revolution and women’s work outside the home which fundamentally changed the social life in society. Practically equalizing women’s duties with men in factories eventually, it made to same extent women equal to men in rights. but in Kurdish society these profound changes did not occur, so there was no change in its social structure and economics system. Therefore, has not seen the emergence of movements demanding women’s rights. Social relationships between individuals, society, and nature are challenging within urban confines.

This research is entitled (Conceptual Metaphor of Measuring Time in Kurdish Language). The study is an attempt to show the Kurdish views about measuring time as a cognitive concept, within the framework of conceptual metaphor in Kurdish language. It refers to the schema of the concept of time as place, and how the abstract concept of time appears in concrete forms (objects, movements and quantities) in Kurdish language.
The data were taken from the daily speech of the speakers of the middle dialect of Kurdish. Most of the data were widespread orally and were taken from the ordinary speech of the speakers, while some of them have taken more cultural forms and have been recorded in Kurdish dictionaries.
For the data analysis the study relies on schema theory, mapping, proposed by Lakoff and Johnson within the framework of the school of cognitive linguistics/semantics. Moreover, it refers to how it reflects the individual's experience (such as the main views of school of cognitive semantics) and the principle of forming a pictorial mapping of the Kurdish individual's thought system and its reflection in his speeches have been interpreted as necessary.

This research is entitled (Management and organization of letters and intelligence work during the rule of the Buyids and Seljuks in Iraq and Iran) the (-334590 AH / 945 -1191 AD) It introduces us to the system of governance and administration of both powers and presents a picture of their management. Espionage and intelligence had its own important position in the system of governance, administration and management, which is due to the extent of their power, on the other hand, mixed with a number of different nations that had local power and management under the shadow of the Abbasid caliphate.
The aim of developing this system was to gather information from their opponents and eliminate their hostile activities against the authorities and their administration.

In the context of our research, we shed light on the interactive links between the poetic statements of some of our poets who announced their own poetic statement and their criticism. The poetic statement has become surrounded by a number of life interactions, and accordingly the poetic value has expanded, becoming linked to the data of life, and poetry is the preferred creative field in the history of Kurdish literature. Methodologically, in the context of our research, we identify the interactive links between the poetic statement and its criticism. Revealing this duality is the field in which this research proceeds, and through what we have achieved, each poetic statement has its own philosophy and each heritage has its images, symbols, and revelations. One of the poets, Sabah Ranjdar, has everything that distinguishes his experience (a little or a lot) from other poets of his generation or earlier. Through the study, we have confirmed the extent of his successful combination of the concerns of reality and its manifestations, and the expression of the self’s positions and feelings. From here we concluded the statement that the poet Sabah Ranjdar has a poetic specificity, and this specificity can be drawn and embodied in his poetic statement, and then it became an introduction to a philosophy with its human connotations.

Many religious groups and Kurdish tribes, until the middle of the third century AH / ninth century AD, adhered to their ancient religious beliefs of the Kharami, rich, Christianity and Judaism in the country of the Kurd, and these until that time with their population density constituted most of the Kurdish social fabric, the appearance of their religious culture, and the pillar of their agricultural, pastoral, craft and commercial economy, and thus they were an important and vital part of the Kurdish-Islamic society, and according to these considerations and according to considering Islamic political jurisprudence with great responsibility. However, from one to another, part of them, especially religious groups and influential tribes, carried out opposition political activities and military movements against the Abbasid state. Some of these opposition activities were the resulted from motives Religious-political-historical, it rejected Islam as a religion and authority in principle, and it was on two levels, the level of leadership, religious elites, and the level of the grassroots. At the first level, the motives were in general, maintaining religious influence, social status, economic interests and political aspirations. At the grassroots level, the motives were in general, religious beliefs and feelings, and their commitment to obedience to the tribal leader and the cleric, and in general, it was in one of its forms, an expression of the adherence to part of the Kurds to their old religious identity.

While other opposition positions to another section of the dhimmi people in the country of the Kurds, were caused by the arbitrary and harsh decisions of the authority against them, especially the decisions that related to the issue of excess, taxes, tribute and methods of collecting them, or because of them were arbitrariness, greed and personal greed for some states and leaders in some states of the Kurds, who were forcing people to pay additional percentages of taxes, and exploiting their positions for that and to satisfy their satiation of money and property.

This type of opposition and religious movements resulted in orders, including what was immediate and temporary; such as human losses and destruction in the Kurdish areas in which these movements broke out, and the destruction of the economy, in addition to the cultural and civilizational isolation of these groups from their Islamic environment in general, and their Kurdish-Muslim surroundings in particular, and sometimes it was the cause of a clash between the Muslim part of it and the other non-Muslim section, including what was the consequences of the return of the term; them caused the influential Kurdish elites not to reach the center of the administration and decision in the capital of the Caliphate Baghdad, and their stay on the sidelines of events, unlike the Turks, who were able to reach, respectively. To the decision center in Baghdad and control its management, as well as the naive religious feeling was a reason for the ease of containing these religious and tribal groups, by various political theories, and a reason for the waste of their human and economic potential.

Religious conflict usually has catastrophic results and its effects are deep and continuous, especially on the weaker side, and the conflict in it is zero, in the sense that each of the parties to the conflict is trying to eliminate its opponent once and for all, so the position of the Abbasid state towards these movements was cruel and violent.

This study aims to determine the basic hydrological characteristics in the Rezan River Basin and their role in the occurrence of torrential and flood risks and to determine the most important effects that torrents and floods leave on the nature of the region and human activities in it. The inductive approach and statistical method were used to trace the precise parts of the topic to reach general conclusions. The US Soil Service model (SCS-CN) method was adopted to estimate the volume of surface runoff using a program (WMS). The model (SCS-CN) was applied ten times using rain showers ranging from (20-200 mm), with a difference of (20 mm), in addition to a real rain peak.
The study found that the depth of surface runoff in the study area increases with the increase in the amount of precipitation. it’s reached (52.6) mm in the Haji-Bag Basin, and (45.2) mm in the Baraz-ger basin, At the rain peak recorded at Mergasur station, amounting to (176.5) mm. The flow volume in the Haji-Bag basin (16654320) m3 and in the Baraz-ger basin (51241607.2) m3. The study showed that water torrents in the Rezan River Basin cause a lot of damage to elements of the natural and human environment.

This research deals with the manifestations of self-concerns, such as sadness and feelings of loneliness and alienation, the female predicament and the difficulties, challenges, and hardship she faces in her daily life that coincides with the problem of war, siege, and comprehensive economic and social deterioration, her control over social reality, and the impact of that on the poetic experience of the poet Bushra Al-Bustani, and the formation of her vision for The world is within a system controlled by the events of reality and its major and pressing transformations that Iraq has witnessed over the The chaos, collapse, and difficulties it caused at all vital levels, such as economic, political, and social, as well as at the individual level, especially those related to the female’s life and her daily lives, in which she collides with the challenges and constraints of living reality, doubly due to the emotional and sentimental specificity that primarily characterizes women.past decades.

Since the social and economic effects and pressures have increased on our environment, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to combat the changes and we need to have awareness and knowledge to know how to deal with these changes. One such effect is through environmental education of the individuals and making it part of social construction. It is undeniable fact that environmental issues are due to human negligence and unhealthy treatment of the people. Therefore, educating citizens could be one important way to combat this change and environmental issues.
This paper entitled (Principles and Goals of Environmental Education) aims to illustrate those principles that foster and emphasize environmental education. Moreover, it attempts to answer what is the role of philosophy of education and what purpose does it try to serve and what behavioral change can it create in the individuals’ awareness about the environment.
To achieve these aims, this paper employs descriptive analytic method has been used to educate people in environmental issues and how to combat these changes in environment to find scientific solutions.
The paper came to the conclusion that environmental education has been used as an effective way to increase environmental awareness in the past seventy years amongst its principles are the comprehensiveness, sustainability, and viewing it as national and social heritage. The goals are to change in individuals’ behavior towards the environment and increase the quality of life which is fulfilled through protection of the environment.

The aim of this study is to measure the level of self-acceptance among adolescents in Erbil and to determine the differences according to gender, school type and economic level in self-acceptance variables.
The number of participants was 105 adolescents, 47 males and 58 females, 53 of whom were in public schools and 52 in private schools. To prepare the scale, the researcher used the scale (Al-Masaura, 2018) and (Berger, 1955) (Chamberlain & Haaga, 2001) as well as the sample of Piloting.
The results of the study showed that adolescents in Erbil have a high level of self-acceptance, and the difference is statistically documented at the level of (0.05) and in terms of gender, there is no significant difference between males and females. Regarding the type of school (public and non-public), there is a slight difference in the arithmetic mean of these two variables in favor of public school students and the difference is not statistically documented at the level of (0.05). There is a statistically significant difference in self-acceptance and economic status among adolescents, and a difference in favor of good and medium economic status.

Internet addiction is one of the most obvious and widespread problems of the era, and conducting research in this field has its importance and characteristics, because at the present time there is no gap on the face of the earth that is not reached by the Internet. Internet addiction has become a widespread disease that has invaded every corner of society. Therefore, we see this issue in many scientists, such as Goldberg, Kimberly Sue Young O'Mara, John Grohol, and many other famous scientists in the field of Internet addiction, who have conducted many detailed studies. As a result of this study, we found that each scientist, according to the theory he relied on; He discovered several characteristics, which were carefully detailed in the content of the study. This research relies on the scientific method of content analysis and more emphasis is placed on the sources in this field. Finally, the results of our research show that we have achieved the objectives of the study, which are to measure the level of Internet addiction, show the characteristics of Internet addiction in general and show the views of some sociologists and psychologists on Internet addiction. The most important result is that most scientists have emphasized the addiction of individuals to the Internet, after the individual due to the creation of a mental gap in emotions resorted to excessive use of the Internet, thus approaching problematic Internet use and eventually become addicted to Internet use.

The main objective of this study is to understand the role of women in social development. The research method used is descriptive, employing the social survey method. The sample consists of (450) women, with (205) working in the private sector and (245) working in the public sector .The key findings of this research indicate that the global trend is shifting towards greater female participation in all areas of society, which significantly impacts social development (including civil society organizations and health) overall. Women in Erbil are more actively involved in both the public and private sectors, particularly in education and health. However, their participation is lower in organizations and especially in the media field.
Regarding education, there is a statistically significant effect of 0.131 standard deviations on social development. This effect is direct, meaning that for each standard deviation increase in education level, there is a corresponding increase of 0.131 standard deviations in social development. In the health dimension, there is also a statistically significant effect of 0.257 standard deviations on social development. Similarly, this effect is direct. However, in the media field, there was no statistically significant effect at the chosen level of significance (0.05). This may be attributed to the nature of work in these fields, which often requires more fieldwork and may pose challenges for women, especially those with greater caregiving responsibilities as mothers. Particularly in the media, the low participation rate of women may be influenced by societal customs and negative attitudes towards women's involvement in this industry.

The research reviews the importance of studying foresight and historical determinism in Islamic thought and analyzing its developments in religious and historical contexts, as divine providence and historical determinism constitute fundamental aspects of Islamic thought, and it is believed that history and its development are affected by God’s intervention and the influence of divine factors, as God Almighty is the Creator and Master of everything. And it contributes directly to the course of historical events and human issues. Thus, Islamic thinkers believe that a correct understanding of history requires looking at the divine powers and wisdom behind the events, as well as an acknowledgment of predestination and how they affect the direction of the course of history. The research deals with the profound scientific benefits of this topic in directing... Human thinking towards a better future and drawing lessons from history. The approach followed for this research is to provide comprehensive explanations of forward-looking and deterministic theories, using the historical context as a framework for clarification.

The objective of this study is to assess the social and psychological effects of living in high-rise buildings and determine the impact of services in mitigating these consequences. The study employed a quantitative approach, using a descriptive method through a social survey with sample examples for analysis. A survey form was developed by the researchers, comprising four dimensions: social, psychological, economic, and service. The scale's psychometric properties were evaluat Mehtab Mustafa Omar
ed to ensure validity and reliability. The study population consisted of families residing in high-rise residential communities in the center of Erbil. The sample included 380 residential units in high-rise buildings, selected using stratified sampling. The key findings of this study indicate that overall, the social, psychological, and economic consequences of high-rise housing among the study participants are moderate. Furthermore, while there is no statistically significant difference in consequences between males and females, there are significant variations across age groups in all dimensions (social, psychological, economic, and service). Regarding the impact of services on outcomes (social, psychological, economic), it was observed that services do have an effect, with an inverse relationship, meaning that higher availability of services corresponds to lower social, psychological, and economic consequences.

This study, entitled "Diplomatic Relations between the Mamluk and Ilkhanate States from 694 to 736 AH / 1294 to 1336 AD," is a historical analysis that examines the diplomatic interactions between these two powers. Despite a long history of conflict, both states managed to shift from hostility towards a more peaceful and cooperative relationship. This transformation was facilitated through the exchange of ambassadors, diplomats, and valuable gifts. The military prowess of the Mamluks attracted the attention of the Mongol state, prompting them to seek closer relations. In response to the Mongol's growing influence and power, the Mamluks fortified their defense strategies to safeguard their national security, which led them to seek alliances to protect their strategic interests. Consequently, the Ilkhanate, recognizing these efforts, opted for diplomatic engagement with the Mamluks instead of confrontation. Both states employed diplomatic tools such as peace treaties, diplomatic correspondence, gifts, and envoys, which formed the cornerstone of their relations. All negotiations between the two powers adhered to the prevailing diplomatic norms and laws of the Islamic world.

The Way of the Sufi (2015) stands as a significant signpost into Sufi literature, offering profound insights into the mystical tradition of Sufism, and introducing revered Sufi figures, their ideologies, and texts. This study analyses Shah's main work, focusing on its portrayal of Sufi philosophy, enlightenment practices, and transmission of spiritual knowledge through literary styles used in the book. The study argues that Sufi literature’s effective method of spiritual guidance and enlightenment is empowered by the distinctive narrative style and philosophical themes presented by the Sufis in the form of poems or stories. This study highlights the significance of Sufi literature in general, its literary style, and the spiritual accomplishments presented. A comprehensive examination of Shah’s thoughts is aimed at revealing the profound depths of Sufi teachings to offer new insights and develop an understanding of Sufi’s philosophical tenets, deep divine love, and broader cultural implications of spiritual devotion.

Humanitarian organization play a crucial role in assisting individuals who have been adversely affected by civil unrest, therefore they need to recruit individuals who are not only competent but highly qualified through a transparent process devoid of cronyism and nepotism. Such employees have the potential of improving performance of organization. The aim of this study is; to investigate the impact of the selection process on the performance of an organizations. For this, quantitative method is used in which a sample of 200 employees working at SWEDO Organization. Questionnaires were used as the main instrument for collecting data. Study revealed that there was a significant positive association between recruitment and selection process and the policies that govern recruitment, moreover the study established that the most effective way of selecting and recruiting people is to adopt more than method of recruitment and to subject the candidates to a final round of interviews. The findings of this study are crucial to the human resource personnel who are involved in recruitment both in the public service as well as the private sector, since the study has given useful insights on the necessary instruments needed for recruitment. Such policies will certainly help in improving the performance of organizations.

This paper is an attempt to introduce the theoretical concepts relating to the relationship between the brain and communication. It aims to explore communication difficulties experienced by individuals with aphasia. Using a neuropragamtic analysis, it investigates the challenges the aphasia patients face in their attempts to convey meaning within various communicative contexts. By showing how linguistic impairments intersect with pragmatic skills, this study enhances the understating of pragmatic processing in those with neurological impairments. In defining communication impairment, a neurological foundation of language in the brain is clarified. All the areas responsible for producing and comprehending language are presented along with explaining how lesions to the areas result in different language disorders. The last part of the study is devoted to the study of pragmatics from a neurological perspective where there is a description of the pragmatic skills of people who suffer from a brain injury. The emphasis, however, is on conversation as a major type of interpersonal communication to show how the cooperative principle and the maxims as the basic concepts of pragmatics are affected by aphasia which results in communication impairment.

This study investigates the effects of topic familiarity on meaning construction skills among Kurdish EFL university students. Recognizing vocabulary as a critical component of language learning, the research addresses the challenges Kurdish students face in understanding and acquiring new vocabulary within unfamiliar contexts. The study aims to analyze how familiarity with a topic influences students' ability to construct meaning from English texts. Utilizing an experimental design, 50 sophomores from the College of Education participated in pre- and post-tests, supported by topic familiarity questionnaires and a Vocabulary Knowledge Scale. Results indicate that the experimental group, exposed to reading materials aligned with familiar topics, showed significantly greater improvements in comprehension skills compared to the control group. The findings suggest that integrating familiar content into language instruction enhances student engagement and comprehension. The study concludes with recommendations for educators to incorporate familiar subjects into reading materials, employ structured meaning construction models, and balance familiar and challenging content to develop comprehensive reading skills. This approach not only reinforces vocabulary retention but also facilitates deeper cognitive processing and overall language acquisition.