Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

This novel represents a historical period in Iraq, portraying a set of social traditions across two different generations: one that does not adhere to social traditions and another that strongly believes in them. It reveals two distinct cultures: a Kurdish culture and an Arab culture, both of which have influenced the younger generation. The novel depicts the ancient era in a modern way, shedding light on various traditions within Kurdish society that have led to the oppression of Kurdish individuals. Not only females but also males have often been the primary victims of these traditions. However, in the current study, the focus is specifically on women and their rights, examined through the lens of feminist theory. This is a new attempt to explore the ideological implications of feminist discourse in Jabbar Jamal Gharib's novel The Age of Bilquis' Weeping. The study focuses on the dark and hidden aspects of Kurdish culture, particularly the injustices and oppression faced by women, who are treated as an oppressed class within society. It also highlights the most prominent challenges and hardships women endure. In our research, we aim to determine whether the author is addressing aspects of Kurdish culture, violations of women's rights, or aiming to raise awareness about the rights and freedoms denied to Kurdish women, and whether the author supports these rights. This article extensively discusses various perspectives on feminist discourse, including the concept of patriarchy, the commodification and exploitation of women, the oppression of women, discrimination based on skin color, and differences in social class—many of which are reflected in the novel.

This study investigates compensatory vowel lengthening of /a/ in Kurdish within the framework of Moraic theory. For the first time, the process of compensatory lengthening of /a/ is analyzed using Moraic theory in the Kurdish language. Compensatory lengthening refers to the process of lengthening a phoneme, most often a vowel, in response to the removal or shortening of another phoneme. Essentially, a vowel is lengthened to compensate for the omission of another phoneme. Compensatory lengthening results from the reduction or shortening of an adjacent phoneme. As a result, the weight of the segment where compensatory lengthening occurs remains constant. To analyze this process, we recorded and examined words using (Praat), a program dedicated to the acoustic analysis of speech sounds. Through this program, we measured the length of the vowel /a/ in both its normal and extended states to observe the differences. This process is common in many languages. The goal of Moraic theory is to distinguish between languages that exhibit compensatory lengthening and those that do not. In addition, the mora is used to determine syllable weight and serves as a structural unit between the syllable and phoneme tiers. Phonemes can be associated with morae, which carry phonemic rhythm. Moraic theory effectively explains this process, which occurs when a unit is reduced in the phoneme tier, leaving some morae free in the moraic tier. This article demonstrates that, contrary to Hayes' (1989) claim, the result of this process is not the preservation of sentence weight but rather the preservation of word weight.

After the establishment of the Safavid state (1501-1722), which was a radical Shiite military state, Iran experienced a fierce ethnic struggle for power, especially among the nations that supported the Safavid dynasty in establishing their state , Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians), in terms of ethnicity (Kurdish, Persian, Turkish, Arab) and several other nations, but the conflicts occurred more between (Persians and Turks), because each of them saw itself more suitable The conflict was due to the fact that the Turks, known as the Men of the Sword, believed that they had played a major role in establishing the Safavid state, so they must have lost all the sensitive parts of the state as a reward for their sacrifices.
Although Shah Ismail I (1501-1524), the founder of the Safavid state, initially entrusted them with most of the sensitive positions of his state, he felt threatened by the expansion of Turkish power over the future of Iranian rule They were called Tajiks and were known as the men of the pen. Although most of the other Safavid kings followed the same path after the death of Shah Ismail I, the reign of none of the kings ended without conflict between Persians and Turks, so that the conflict had reached the Safavid court, despite the two nations They were each other, and each of them strongly supported one of the princes of the family to take power, the conflict reflected on all parts of the country, which eventually weakened the state and eventually collapsed in

The current research aims to test the role of Affiliative leadership in organizational prosperity through employee well-being. In order to achieve the research objectives, a hypothetical diagram was designed that explains the nature of the relationship between the variables of the current research. For the purpose of testing the research hypotheses, the research was applied to a sample of employees at private universities in the city of Erbil in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq through a questionnaire prepared for this purpose. The researchers distributed (150) forms to the employees, and (114) forms were retrieved suitable for analysis. The current research used several statistical tools to reach the relevant results by relying on the statistical programs (SPSS. V. 24) and (Amos. V. 24). The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that there is a correlation between the research variables and a positive, statistically significant effect of the variable of affiliative leadership on organizational prosperity through the mediating role of employee well-being. Based on these conclusions, the research presented a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which is that the universities studied should increase their focus on dealing with work issues and interests from an open perspective and meeting employees' emotional needs in the context of work.

The pipe is used to smoke tobacco and filter tobacco smoke, and cool the smoke before it reaches the mouth, although this filter does not reduce the harmful effects of tobacco. The pipe consists of several fixed parts such as: the tobacco bowl that carries the tobacco and charcoal, and this part is connected to a thinner tube called the smoking pipe that is used to transfer smoke to the mouth, and the pipe is made of different materials such as stone, wood and metals, but the pipe used in this study is a pipe made of clay. The appearance of the clay pipe in the Ottoman Empire dates back to the early seventeenth century AD, that is, a hundred years after the appearance of the pipe in Europe and the United States via West Africa. Especially Egypt, and it was brought to Turkey, and the pipe was also brought to the Middle East by European-American merchant ships, then it spread widely in all areas under Ottoman rule. As a result of the excavations in Erbil Citadel, hundreds of clay fountains were found, most of them intact with some broken pieces, which are now kept in one of the artifact stores and are dedicated to the preservation of artifacts discovered during archaeological excavations. The study deals with the artifacts discovered in Erbil Citadel, including the clay fountains that date back to the Ottoman period. Therefore, we chose 15 pieces discovered during the archaeological excavations in Erbil Citadel and that were not studied. The research dealt with the archaeological excavations in the citadel, and then we addressed the history and technology of making the fountain in the Ottoman era, referring to the type and sections of the fountain, the type and colors of clay used in making the fountain. We also conducted a scientific analysis of the types of decoration and methods of its implementation

This research which entitles “The administration of Bush’s son foreign policy towards the Middle East 2001-2003: Afghanistan and Iraq as an instance”, is studied a very crucial part of the foreign policy of the Bush’s son toward the Middle East. This research is used a number of significant documents and newspaper reports, which are relevant to the foreign policy of the Bush’s administration towards the Middle East. The terrorist attack of 11 September of 2001 imposed the US president, Bush’s son to put an end to the ancient policies of containment and initiative a new idea for the US to construct peace, stability and freedom through cultivating of democracy’s seeds. The administration of Bush’s son, greatly observed the democracy for the US national interests and the world peace also its reality.
This study main aim is to explore the administration of Bush’s son believed it was the US responsibility to bring prosperity and peace to the civilization world, especially the Middle East. The Bush’s son administration foreign policy of the Middle East took two positions till to be capable to form freedom, friendly manner, peace, hope, stability and democracy in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Bush administration foreign policy to establish democracy within Iraq and Afghanistan in the Middle East did not stop. In other words, it effected on the Arab-Israel peace process as well.
This article attempts to answer some critical questions for instance why after the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001 the US and the Bush’s administration directly declared war on terror? Why the war on terror forwarded the US to Afghanistan as well as Iraq? Why the US was impatient with prior efforts of the US foreign policy for generating the prosperity, peace and stability in the Middle East? Was The US foreign policy wisely contemplated on generating the democracy and showing local democracy? did the world unipolar give the US opportunities to take this effective force. As, the merely world power, it was in the US interests to protect its economic and alliances as well as making suitable circumstance in the desires of its leaders?

The research aims to demonstrate the role of applying Shariah governance in improving the financial performance of Islamic banks. The importance of the research highlights the importance of applying Shariah governance as a basis for ensuring transparency and protecting the interests of stakeholders in Islamic banks. To achieve the research objective, the researchers relied on primary sources, namely the design of the questionnaire, which was designed based on previous studies and the theoretical aspect of the research. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part includes paragraphs aimed at identifying the characteristics of the research sample, and the second part includes (22) paragraphs that were used to collect data in order to test hypotheses and answer questions related to the research problem. The research sample members amounted to (49) individuals, including (24) employees in Islamic bank departments, (15) auditors, and (10) Chatered accountants in audit offices and companies. After analyzing the data using the statistical program (SPSS) and testing the research hypotheses, a set of results was reached, the most important of which are: A positive correlation was found between the independent variable Shariah governance through the dimension (Shariah Financial Services Board and Shariah Supervisory Boards) and the dependent variable financial performance, and the value of the correlation coefficient between them was (.639**), (.678**) respectively. This means that the application of Shariah governance leads to improving the financial performance in Islamic banks. In light of the research results, the researchers recommend a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: the necessity for Islamic banks to adopt the principles of Shariah governance and its approved standards, which enable them to manage the process of financial innovation.

The current research aims to study the mediating role of quality of work life in enhancing the effect of authentic leadership on organizational Identification. To achieve the research objectives, the descriptive analytical approach was relied upon by designing a questionnaire to collect data from (104) employees (medical and administrative staff) in a number of Private hospitals in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. A set of statistical methods were used to analyze the data statistical program (SPSS V.26, Amos V.26) used. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of a positive correlation between the variables of the study (authentic leadership, quality of work life, and organizational Identification), as well as the presence of a significant effect on authentic leadership and its dimensions in organizational Identification. In addition, the effect of authentic leadership in organizational Identification increases more when there is quality of work life. Number of conclusions were pointed out that would help in presenting a number of recommendations, the most important of which is the need for private hospitals to pay attention to enhancing organizational Identification among employees (medical and administrative staff) by practicing their leaders authentic leadership behaviors and providing a quality work life.

The narrator is considered one of the main sources of narrative production, but in narrative works, the narrator is measured in several types and through each of these types, this narrator reduces the number of functions, and identifies those that the writer of innovative stories wants to attract the attention of readers, including narration. Therefore, he tries with all his ability to use characters. And also, other basic narrative principles, and employing them in the service of the narrator, in order to demonstrate those functions that the novelist wants to use or for a specific purpose.
This study consists of two chapters, where the first chapter deals with the theoretical concept of the narrator, its types and functions, and the second chapter of this study also specializes in the functions of the narrator in the novel, and explains the style and usage of this function. For this reason, we conducted this study on this topic with tags entitled (Types and the functions of the narrator in the novel – Dergahe Dunyaye by the novelist Sabri Sulaifani).

This research is examined through the lens of cultural anthropology. In a rapidly growing digital landscape, TikTok has emerged as a dominant cultural force in recent years, having a significant impact on the lives of children and teens. What plays a key role in this platform is the “TikTokers” who have a significant impact on the values and beliefs of its audience.
To address the problem of this research, a cultural anthropological approach is used, monitoring participants, fieldwork, content analysis, and survey forms. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design targeting parents of students in the centre of Erbil, in this study, a convenience sampling technique is used. G*Power version 3.1.9 was used to calculate the study sample, and 492 completed survey forms were analyzed. The methodology facilitates an understanding of how primary students engage with TikToker content in their cultural context.
The findings highlight the complex cultural dynamics of TikTok, emphasizing the role of TikTokers in shaping educational value; Parents expressed concern that TikTok content contradicted the educational values they were teaching their children; many educators expressed strong opposition to their children aspiring to be TikTokers. This study provides insights for parents, shedding light on the challenges and impact of social media on children’s well-being and improving their cultural values. The results can inform discussions on creating responsible content and promoting educational value in digital spaces.

One of the important factors in social development is the art of caricature, as a modern tool of expressing criticism in a "pictorial" way, has been able to play a prominent role. Following the development of enlightenment and the establishment of the modern authoritarian system in the world, the spread of democratic ideas, the decline of monarchy and absolutism, and the rapid advancement of technology, particularly the printing industry, have provided an opportunity for more direct criticism. However, this is not always the case; in some regions, in the name of republicanism and democracy, societies are still governed by the same old monarchical or capitalist and neoliberal systems. This has made the task of critical journalists and artists even more challenging, but not impossible. Additionally, another part of this art, due to the anxiety and loneliness of individuals in this era, has taken on the task of entertainment. The researcher, appreciating the richness of this genre, seeks to highlight the foundations of caricature art in Iraqi Kurdistan and aims to introduce it to the reader. This research consists of four parts: the first part outlines the general framework of the research, including: the preface, research problem, importance of the research, objectives, research boundaries, and definitions of terms. The second part is divided into two sections: the first discusses the history of caricature and cartoon art in the world, Iraq, and Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the publications of caricatures and caricature artists in Kurdistan, and second section contains the theoretical framework references. The third part of the research focuses on research methodologies: research community, research sample, and research method, including four samples from four artists, and the fourth and final section is dedicated to its conclusions, suggestions and recommendations.

This research explores successful leadership skills and team management as depicted in the Qur'an and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It begins by defining the concept of leadership in Islam, emphasizing that it is not merely about authority or power, but a responsibility requiring mercy, justice, and consultation. The study also discusses the role of the leader in encouraging and motivating the team, as well as the importance of planning and organizing to achieve goals.
The research highlights the difference between leadership in the Qur'an and traditional leadership concepts, pointing out that Qur'anic leadership focuses on consultation and collaboration within the community rather than individual authority. It also explores the qualities of a successful leader in the Qur'an, such as honesty, wisdom, and compassion, through stories like that of Prophet Joseph (PBUH), who demonstrated strategic planning by storing crops during years of abundance to address a future famine.
Furthermore, the research discusses Prophet Muhammad’s leadership in managing his team through consultation, showing how his decisions were based on the input of his companions, fostering teamwork and engagement in decision-making. The story of Dhul-Qarnayn is presented as an example of wise and just leadership, combining strength with wisdom in governance.
Finally, the study presents leadership and management principles derived from the Qur'an, such as motivation, trust-building, and organizing teamwork, offering a comprehensive framework for successful leadership in contemporary settings.

Effective communication demands heightened linguistic proficiency, particularly in the vocabulary used in today's interconnected world. This study, rooted in cognitive psychology, investigates how young native Kurdish speakers process and perform traditional Kurdish folklore words in their daily communication with a focus on mental functions such as perception, memory, and the systematic understanding of language rules that underpin effective communication. A critical issue arises from the disconnect between linguistic competence and performance among young native Kurdish speakers: while they may recognize and understand folklore words, they often choose not to use them in everyday communication. The research employs a qualitative descriptive analysis, involving 100 participants under the age of 30 in the Garmian district, focusing on their recognition and production of folklore words. The core assumption of this study refers to analyzing the way young native Kurdish speakers process original folklore Kurdish words and develop them in their communicative competence, and whether to perform them in their daily life communications. Findings reveal a significant cognitive competence among participants, with high levels of recognition and understanding of folklore words stored in long-term memory. However, actual usage in daily communication shows a notable gap, as participants reported using only a subset of these words.

This paper utilizes a New Historicist lens to examine the breakdown of family structures in Elif Shafak’s the Bastard of Istanbul, a contemporary novel reflecting life in Turkey. It shows how the cultural dissonance, generational conflicts, and the lingering effects of historical trauma weaken the bonds within the Kazanci and Tchakhmakhchian families and, ultimately, between Armenians and the Turkish community. Through a close analysis of the experiences of Zeliha, Asya, Armanoush, and other characters, the paper explores how the unspoken truths and unresolved historical narratives erode trust and fracture family connections. The study emphasizes how the enduring legacy of past sufferings disintegrates the very foundation of the family unit and breaks the blood ties. Through scrutinizing the various instances of familial decline portrayed in the fiction, the researchers provide a deeper understanding of the text and illuminate the impact of historical and social forces on family life in modern Turkey.

Artificial intelligence has become increasingly prevalent in the education field; hence, knowing teachers’ and students’ perceptions of AI’s use in educational contexts is crucial. This study investigates Kurdish EFL students’ and teachers’ perceptions of using AI to improve students’ English language proficiency. It further aims to explore their perceptions towards the use of AI in the education field. A mixed-methods approach has been utilized to achieve the aims of the study. A survey questionnaire was distributed to 421 students and 30 teachers majoring in English at Salahaddin University. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 30 senior students and 15 teachers to collect the qualitative data. The results disclose that Kurdish EFL students and teachers perceive the use of AI as an impactful means for improving students’ writing, speaking, reading, listening, and pronunciation skills. The findings further unveil that the teachers and students perceive AI as both a threat and an opportunity to the field of education, as there are disadvantages and advantages to it

This study aims to explore the characteristics that define a successful woman entrepreneur in the business sector, examine gender inequality and the policies that affect females from childhood through stages of life, and investigate the gender underperformance hypothesis by evaluating the barriers that hinder women's progress in the business field. This research adopts a qualitative approach through conducting qualitative interviews. The participants are divided into two groups: businessmen and businesswomen in Erbil: They consist of (20) businessmen and (10) businesswomen in different business areas such as construction, real estate, service industry, managing marketing, design, beauty center, cooking and baking shop, healthcare center, education system, and socializing services. The results reveal that family and society are the most influential factors in shaping individuals' success in business. However, progression in business requires personal capability, knowledge, self-confidence, and clear direction. Moreover, the study found that childhood is a critical period for observing and developing an interest in business. The findings further disclose that the more common factors refer to coercive control from men and a lack of trust in women’s abilities. The combination of traditional female roles such as being women, wives, and mothers often limits their ability to manage a business simultaneously. The final finding highlights physiological differences between men and women as an additional factor contributing to the women's underperformance hypothesis.