Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

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This research, titled "Expression Dimensions in Ancient Sculpture Art in Kurdistan" is an intellectual and artistic study on artistic symbolism and expressionism in ancient sculpture in Kurdistan. The research dedicates a special section to discussing the role and importance of stone sculpture in Kurdistan. This is done by cutting small and medium-sized pieces of stone on the mountain surfaces to create sculptures that bear specific identity, symbols, expression, indication, and form. Generally, during the periods of Mesopotamian civilization, the archaeological remains and the art of stone sculptures were inherited by ancient Kurdistan and its surrounding areas.
The research also consists of a summary and four sections, in which the research problems, its significance, objectives, boundaries, duration, and terminology are defined. The researcher has been able to present the expressionism of ancient sculpture art in Kurdistan by classifying and analyzing samples.

Turkish policy towards the Kurdish national movement in Iraqi Kurdistan is one of the key subjects of the Kurdish national liberation movement, As the Kurdish national liberation movement in Iraq has influence on the Kurdish movement in other Kurdistan parties. As a neighboring country Turkey paid a great attention to the Kurdish Movements, the main significance of this research is the assessment of the Turkish policy and strategy towards the Kurdish movement, this study concentrates on the reasons behind of declaring the military operations in the areas of Iraqi Kurdistan borders as well as its reflection. Also it makes compresence with the Turkish previously attitude, Hence Turkey paid a great attention to its economic interests in Iraqi Kurdistan upon this doctrine looked at the Kurdish movement in Iraq. Because of this Turkish and Iraq had moved to each other so closely, the Iranian wide activities with Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan with the framework of Turkish policy is being depicted.
This research answered these questions, did Turkish policy and its military operation influence on the Kurdish movement? Had from that influence interfered to the internal affairs? Did the results of that interreference make any change of Iraqi Kurdish movement with Turkey? What were the results of military operation in the Kurdish areas? What was the regional and international attitude to the Turkish military intervene? Henceforth, this subject is being chosen in order to depict the Kurdish condition and quantity influence of Turkish policy on them.

Health services are considered the basic needs of the population and must be provided to all, because it is the basis for the development and progress of society, and has become a standard for assessing the latest level of progress. Therefore, the state’s planners are trying to acquire, create, expand and best quality for various advanced health equipment in health institutions. In order to provide the best health service capacity, according to the developmental, economic and social conditions of the country, to meet the needs of the population. This will be an important aspect of economic and social development to achieve high efficiency. This study aims to analyze the spatial analysis of health services in the district of Shaqlawa, by knowing the nature of the geographical distribution of services and proving its capabilities, as we relied on several health standards and color rates used in this field. Research: In order to achieve the specific goals, the research is divided into an introduction and three main parts: - The first part is dedicated to information about the theoretical framework and the introduction to the field of research. The third part analyzes the ability of health services in the study area.

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This research is an analytical and descriptive study of the role and position of traditional song rhythms and melodies in Western European music, which provides an overall analysis of the use and embodiment of these elements by Western European composers throughout the periods of Western musical history. The act of employing and embodying traditional melodies and dances is a broad direction of musical work in the music of all the nations of the earth and Western Europe as a pioneer in this field. Of course, the lack of Kurdish research to explain and analyze this practice in Western musicians was the main reason for conducting this study. Because getting acquainted with this way of working is an important task for us Kurds, so that we can preserve our cultural heritage of melodies and rhythms by rewriting them in new forms and bringing them to the stage. At the same time, we must combine the concept of authenticity with musical contemporariness and show our national identity to the world.

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The Bahdinan area, from 1976 to 1978, was considered a strategic region and became the backbone of the Kurdish revolution. At that time, whoever controlled the Bahdinan area was seen as the strongest party. During the Aylol Revolution (1961–1975), the Iraq-Iran border was significant because most of the aid received for the revolution came from Iran. However, during the Gulan Revolution, the strategic focus shifted to the Iraq-Turkey-Syria border. Turkey adopted a policy of indifference, and much of the aid, particularly for the PUK, came from Syria. The border in the Bahdinan area, which extended across this region, became a point of contention between the PUK and PDK parties, as both wanted to gain control over it.
Because of this, the PUK attempted multiple times to send their Peshmerga forces to Bahdinan, but the PDK opposed them. One notable instance occurred in June 1976 at the Ibrahim Azo Gargary checkpoint, and after that, a major offensive in June 1978, both were hindered by the PDK.
In this research, the following questions are addressed: To what extent did the PUK establish their organization in Bahdinan? What were the reasons for the PUK Peshmerga’s arrival in Bahdinan? After their checkpoints were established in Bahdinan, what impact did this have on the relationship between the PUK and PDK? What were the outcomes of sending their checkpoints?

The Roman state is one of the ancient states known in ancient history as the state that included thousands of slaves, especially in the late Republican era due to its many wars and campaigns. In that era, the issue of slaves became a major concern for society and the state alike. This research studied the types of slaves and their social status. Some of them worked in state institutions, lands, farms and homes, and therefore they were exposed to a lot of social injustice as well as oppression and deprivation. In addition, this research also discusses the issue of the social status of slaves in Roman society and the social status of women and children of slaves. On the other hand, the social status of slaves was discussed from the family structure to the various levels of the social structure and their role in this field.

Identity has become a central issue in contemporary political thought, leading to the emergence of various theories and perspectives. Within the ideological framework of liberal democracy, Francis Fukuyama offers his own perspective on identity. This study aims to clarify Fukuyama's understanding of identity and highlight its impact on societies and states.
Fukuyama emphasizes an individual's right to define their own identity, arguing that human beings inherently seek to preserve their dignity. In his analysis, he draws on the concept of “thymos”, which represents the innate human desire for recognition and dignity.
He views national identity as a cornerstone of nation-building, asserting that it can be cultivated through constitutional frameworks, education systems, and shared political values.
Fukuyama also critiques identity politics, arguing that it prioritizes group recognition over individual dignity, ultimately leading to societal fragmentation. Furthermore, he believes that multiculturalism in Western societies has become a factor contributing to their disintegration, rather than strengthening social cohesion in the future.

The cultural traditions in the novels of Sayed Qadir Hedayati, as a model of value-based and traditional dimensions, is a scholarly research study that utilizes four of Hedayati’s novels as a material for this research. This paper adopts the cultural criticism approach in an attempt to highlight the relationship between cultural traditions and the novel. Culture is one of the complex concepts that has undergone a long historical evolution, taking diverse directions. Values and traditions are subject to change—older traditions fade away, while new ones emerge in their place.
This research raises several questions, which have been addressed to the extent possible. Among these questions: What is the concept and definition of culture? What are values and traditions? To what extent has Sayed Qadir Hedayati incorporated the concepts of values and culture traditions into his novels and utilized them effectively?
Through the analysis of the novels, it is concluded that values and cultural traditions are deeply embedded in his novel texts, with a particular emphasis on the woman question and the phenomenon of traditions in Kurdish society.

It is widely acknowledged and viewed that Applied Linguistics has yet to be neatly and clearly defined or classified into precise categories. Thus, this study aims at identifying the macro subfields of Applied Linguistics that have been emphasized in the titles of MA theses and PhD dissertations at universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq between 2007 and 2021, as well as, sorting out the titles into categories based on those identified and/or discovered common macro subfields. Following that, the titles will be examined to determine which subfield has been given more attention.
This paper, first, highlights the history of Applied Linguistics, in which its changes and developments are discussed throughout the years in separate decades starting from 1950 to the present time, in which seminal research and studies of key scholars and pioneers in the field are reviewed. Since the field has been defined differently according to various linguists and evolved across time, it is worth providing those definitions and changes to conclusively showcase the subfields. Additionally, several well-formed and well-researched categorizations of the sub-fields of Applied Linguistics are presented to have grounds to classify MA theses and PhD dissertation titles that have been conducted at the universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq accordingly.
The findings of this analysis offer a scholarly foundation that assists applied linguists in approaching the discipline’s subfields with a measured and balanced perspective in their future studies. This study will be significant for newly done research in the field of Applied Linguistics in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and provides encyclopedic information and/or basic grounds.

Âşık Ömer is one of the most important poets known for his folk poetry who lived in the 17th century. In his works, it is evident that Ömer wrote poetry in the aruz meter in the style of the divan poets of the period in addition to his folk poetry. There are several copies of the works written by Aşık Ömer. After compiling "Âşık Ömer Divanı" by Orhan Yavuz and Yakup Karasoy, the importance of the author in both the Turkish language and Turkish literature world has increased with the studies that have examined his poems in a variety of literary studies. The content of this research includes topics such as religion and love. All of the poems were written in aruz meter and the linguistic characteristics of the period are clearly seen in the poems. Hence, only the sound events in verbs are considered in terms of labial harmony in this study. This work is examined under four headings such as Rounded Vowel Suffixes in Flat-Based Words (Düz Tabanlı Kelimelerde Yuvarlak Ünlülü Ekler), Flat Vowel Suffixes in Round-Based Words (Yuvarlak Tabanlı Kelimelerde Düz Ünlülü Ekler), Round Vowel Suffixes in Round-Based Words (Yuvarlak Tabanlı Kelimelerde Yuvarlak Ünlülü Ekler), and Flat Vowel Suffixes in Flat-Based Words (Düz Tabanlı Kelimelerde Düz Ünlülü Ekler).

The study investigates the pragmatic use of Culpeper’s (1996) impoliteness strategies in the selected English political caricatures. Although caricatures deliver political messages, the expressions of impoliteness can differ between cultures. Therefore, a single caricature may employ more than one impoliteness strategy. A mixed approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods, is utilized in the study. The data is collected from the caricatures of famous English caricaturists, whose work has been published on the X platform. The findings show that four impoliteness strategies are observed in the selected political caricatures. The analysis of the selected data shows that among the impoliteness strategies, bald on record impoliteness is the most frequently used, and negative impoliteness is the second most used. Positive impoliteness and mock politeness together rank third, while there is no occurrence of withholding politeness in the selected English political caricatures.

Speakers frequently utilize fillers to gain time while they generate thoughts. This behavior is known as the pause or hesitation phenomenon. The study aims to identify the most commonly used hesitators during spoken interactions. It will categorize hesitators into various groups, helping to identify which types are more prevalent and which present challenges for learners. Through the classification of hesitators, the study will highlight particular difficulties learners encounter with their language usage. Analysis showed that students used hesitators, such as silent hesitator and filled “uh”, “ah”, “eh and “um,” an average of 38 times per class, largely during complicated discussions. Hesitators acted as time-gaining devices, markers of uncertainty, and turn-taking facilitators. Their overuse occasionally stifled fluency, while their effective use aided communication. Teachers are called to increase awareness of the usage of hesitators, present alternative tools, and encourage their polysemous interpretation.

Word formation is an essential aspect of linguistic evolution. This study is entitled "Word Formation Processes Used in Kurdish Community Facebook Platform". A wide range of research has been conducted for explaining word formation processes in many languages, this study investigates (10) types of word formation processes such as (Inflectional and derivational morphemes, Compounding, Borrowing and some others) in four different Kurdish Facebook pages which are (Rudaw, Dengi Parwarda, and Erbil Life). The study is limited to the year (2024). The main research question is what are the most commonly used word formation processes in the selected Kurdish Facebook pages. The study aims to identify the most and least frequently used word formation processes in Kurdish online communication, compare their occurrences, and analyze their impact on the linguistic landscape. It focuses particularly on newly formed words in digital communication, examining popular methods, language mixing (Kurdish with Arabic or English), and abbreviation trends. This study contributes to Kurdish linguistics by emphasizing how social media platforms foster the formation and spread of new lexical items, thus documenting an ongoing shift in language use among Kurdish speakers. It also offers insights into sociolinguistic patterns within the Kurdish digital community, showing the influence of globalization and digitalization on everyday communication. By focusing on a relatively under-researched area, it fills a gap in digital communication studies and provides a foundation for further exploration of language evolution in Kurdish-speaking online environments. The study adopts a qualitative and quantitative approach, and utilizes Yule’s (2010) framework of word formation processes to analyze (4) Kurdish Facebook posts. It has been concluded that inflectional morphemes are the most frequently used, followed by derivational morphemes, compounding, and borrowing, while conversion, clipping, blending, reduplication, and initialism occur less frequently.