Zanco Journal of Human Sciences

Cities are not exempt from the urbanization challenges, whether they are habitation, demographic, environmental, economic, or social problems, these are regarded as obstacles impeding the development of this habitation. The issues with the obstacles to the expansion is considered one of the most significant problems of habitation so that geographers, designers, and architects pay attention to it, especially those who are responsible for preparing urban masterplans. The emergence of this problem in the Khabat city is mainly due to the nature of its position and geographical location. So, this study aims to investigate the obstacles of increasing habitation and its classification in the Khabat city as well as demarcating the effect degrees on creating obstacles of habitation. In addition to their formation factors, then identifying the most important planned alternatives for area expansion and the way of choosing the best alternative for the study problem, reliant on the inductive method and the utilization of qualitative research tools. This study comprises five sections. The first and second of which include the introduction and theoretical framework. The third and fourth sections are dedicated to the analysis of natural and human barriers and their degree of influence on expanding habitation as well as the factors affecting the formation of study problems and its increase. However, the fifth section discusses the identification of alternatives and current and future scenarios of area expansion using Delphi method. Then the study ends with some conclusions and recommendations.

Affirmation refers to the confirmation of a fact, and is often used to provide evidence or confirmation of the truth of something and increase confidence, and is one of the language methods and is widely used to emphasize and explain the meaning. The aim of this research is to understand the methods of affirmation in the Kurdish language that have not been studied yet. This research explains many topics, including: What is affirmation and how is it done in the Kurdish language? Its methods and types were also described, in addition to the purposes of its use. We later concluded that the meaning of affirmation can be seen on the semantic and pragmatic levels, because there are two types of affirmation: explicit verbal affirmation belongs to the semantic level, and implicit affirmation belongs to the pragmatic category.

This research explores the role of music in expressing the suffering of the Kurdish people due to the genocide they have faced throughout history, particularly during the Anfal operations of the 1980s, which led to the destruction of hundreds of Kurdish villages and the extermination of the Kurdish population in various ways. This includes the confinement of tens of thousands of its residents in detention centers overseen by the Iraqi army. The genocide did not cease there; it manifested in other forms and locations, including the massacre of the Yazidis in Shingal in 2014. Its effects have mirrored the realities of society, becoming a subject of concern for all segments of the cultural and artistic community. This has led specialists in the field of musical composition to examine and utilize it as a means of expressing collective pain, focusing on emotional and psychological content as a style in musical compositions, with themes that reflect this reality. The current research is focused on: " Variations in Kurdish music: Genocide as an example." The researchers have selected a musical composition for analysis, specifically pertaining to Kurdish music created after these events. This aims to understand how these experiences have been documented and how these works reflect the resilience of the Kurdish people and their culture in the face of genocide, the effects of which continue to be felt by individuals across Kurdistan. This music serves as a historical and social testament within international law. The musical composition acts as a tribute to those who were wrongfully lost, ensuring their memories remain prominent throughout history.

This study aims to determine the water budget in the Shahrazur Plain region, to determine the level of water surplus and water deficit, and to determine the best strategies to benefit from periods of water surplus in the agricultural sector. The study is expected to contribute significantly to improving the use of water resources and developing agriculture in the region The study included three stations using climate data during the period (2008-2020).3) and equations were applied (Penman-Thornthwaite-Sheep) to calculate the water budget. The study indicated that there were two periods Two different things In the distribution of the water budget, the results of the Penman-Montez equation varied during the period of water surplus, which extends from the month of November until the end of March, and the total annual water increase amounted to (356.4) mm in the Sulaymaniyah station, and (329.5) mm in the Helbaja station, and (315.7) mm at Darbandikhan station, and (333.8) mm on average. By Thornthwaite's method, the periods of water increase when calculating PE extends from November until the end of April, and the total annual water increase reached (485.47 - 454.0 - 432.9 - 457.45) mm, respectively, at the stations. But in a sheep way Periods of water increase when calculating PE extends from a month December To the end March, with the exception of Sulaymaniyah station, from November until the end of March The total annual water increase was(336.5- 297.37- 265.0-295.0 mm respectively at the stops For the period of water deficit, So it stretchesFrom April until the end of October, according to the Penman-Monteith equation, the total annual water deficit was respectively(660.9) mm at Sulaymaniyah station, (675.0) mm at Halbaja station, (707.6) mm at Darbandikhan station, and (668.16) mm on average. Using the Thornthwaite equation, the period of water deficit extends from May until the end of October, and the total annual water deficit was respectively (716.17 - 1016.4 - 1206.94 - 979.83) mm on. As for and using Equips sheep The period of water deficit extends from one month April to the end December, with the exception of Sulaymaniyah station, until the end of November the total annual water deficit reached (1577.4 - 1717.0 - 1873.3 - 1718.2) mm, respectively, in the stations.

The research aims to study (the impact of information technology on solid waste treatment in Erbil city, an analytical study of the opinions of a sample of workers in (municipalities). The research was launched from a basic objective, which is to research the impact of information technology on solid waste treatment, and to achieve this objective, the research adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the sample was represented by a group of workers in (municipalities). The research includes two variables, the independent variable is information technology, including two basic dimensions, which are (the importance of using information technology, awareness when dealing with solid waste), while solid waste was a dependent variable, and was represented by two dimensions, which are (to what extent do you see waste problems, educating citizens and reusing materials). The questionnaire form was the main tool for collecting data, and data was collected from (45) items from the study community. After testing the hypothesized relationships, a basic conclusion was reached, which is that there is a positive, statistically significant moral effect of information technology on solid waste treatment.

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This study deals with the prophet’s biography from the point of view of the famous orientalist David Samuel Margoliouth. Shedding light on his opinions and analyses through a clear and precise academic critical approach, aiming to expose his scientific errors and methodological fallacies and to demonstrate his distortion of the facts related to the life of the prophet and authenticity of Islam. And in particular a number of essential issues in the biography of the prophet and Muslims, including the lineage of the prophet, his participation in the Fijar War, his trips to Levant, the theory of the prophet’s epilepsy falsely attributed to him, his call to Islam in the secret phase, and the migration of Muslims to Abyssinia. It also dealt with the study of the major transformations that took place in Medina, such as the constitution of the Jews, and the treaty of Hudaybiyyah, in addition to this letter to kings and empires, his marriages and in-laws, and the causes of his illness and death. In the end, he chose those topics and launched his criticisms and doubt through them, without any scientific basis, trying to cast doubt on the purity of the prophet’s personality and the message of Islam. However, the study seeks to respond to these claims and accusations with conclusive evidence and reliable information derived from the primary historical sources’ contemporary to that period.

Bachtyar Ali's "Occupying the Darkness" is a powerful contemporary Kurdish novel that grapples with the complex issue of identity formation under colonization. Set against the backdrop of decades of oppression and violence against Kurds in Turkey, the novel offers a nuanced portrayal of the colonized Kurdish individual and their struggle for selfhood. This study delves into the various manifestations of "self" depicted in the novel, including the "hesitant self", "moderate self", and the "assimilated self,". By examining these different facets of identity, the study aims to illuminate colonization's profound psychological and cultural impact on the Kurdish people.

intellectual and conceptual work in the art of ancient Iraqi pottery has contained the research on four chapters, the first chapter included the problem of research, dealing with the current research (The conceptdisplacement in pottery ancient Iraq) and which multiplied to answer the following question:
What is the displacement in the pottery of ancient Iraq (agricultural villages)?
To answer this question, it was necessary to set a specific goal that leads the research to achieve an answer to the question and come up with relevant results. Therefore, the aim of the research was to (identify the displacement in the pottery of ancient Iraq)
The researcher has set the limits of his research, the first of which is the objective limits: pottery works, pots, pottery tablets, pottery sculpture, seals, pottery compositions, either temporal boundaries: between the beginning of agricultural settlements, either spatially it has been determined by (ancient Iraq)
The study of this topic was the establishment of a theoretical framework through which we learn about the most important mechanisms and foundations of the work of the concept of displacement in the ancient Iraqi art as a first topic, while the second research has been entitled to displacement in the pottery of Iraq Or sex or abundant goodness
2 – occupies the body of women focus of the work of displacement focused on the formation of equivalent analogy parallel to reality reformulate at the level of form and technique to achieve a rhetorical image expressive of religious and magical practices associated with the form of women in the mentality of Iraqi society
The researcher also developed a number of conclusions according to the data of those results that resulted from the analysis, the most important of which are
1- Displacement contributes to the launch of mythological contents with symbolic connotations by depicting ritual scenes saturated with begging and getting closer to the gods on the one hand and greatness on the other hand to express the spiritual and metaphysical forces that hide behind the manifestations of these forms
In the style of ancient Iraqi pottery sculpture, the form maintains the realism of the execution, while the imagined images are displaced and unrealistic in order to refer the realistic scene to a structural composition that remains linked to the natural reality as it reflects the vision of the ancient Iraqi artist.

Dialogue constitutes an important component of the novel, has a close and direct relationship with all the novel characters, and reveals to us the cultural and social level and psychological status of those linguistic beings.
Because dialogue has different styles and many forms branch out from these styles, we decided to devote this research to studying only one style, which is represented by (indirect external dialogue) or what is called narrative dialogue.
To conduct this research, we chose the novel (Shawani Adam - Adam’s Nights) by the Kurdish novelist (Bayan Salman) because this type of dialogue constitutes one of its important artistic and expressive properties and has a close relationship with most of the narrative elements of the novel, especially with many of its main characters. It is secondary and reveals the essence to us These characters and their richness in terms of their opinions, positions, and transformations through the stages of development of events and the changing locations of their movements.

This research is entitled (The Role of Educational Linguistics in Kurdish Language Learning: The Basic Stage as a Sample). The importance of this study is in giving priority to teaching all subjects through Kurdish language as it asks for using Kurdish language as a medium of instruction in the primary stages on the principles of educational linguistics, such as (language learning, curriculum, student-teacher relationship, sight and hearing, speaking, reading and writing, etc).
The scope of this study includes primary schools (circle one and two) composing of the first grade of primary school up to the sixth grade of primary school and its materials within the framework of the central Kurmanji dialect. The study requires that the students in the primary stage in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq from the perspective of educational linguistics perspective to be entirely taught Kurdish in terms of reading and writing. Therefore, the descriptive analysis approach in the light of the principles of educational linguistics has been followed and the role of educational linguistics in the primary education process in the Kurdistan Region is that of learners, teachers and the Kurdistan Regional Government.

Until the present time, the state has been one of the most important topics in political science and has been a central focus for thinkers and scholars in this field. Often, politics is understood as the study and analysis of the state. The state is considered as the most important political institution in society, it has several unique characteristics compared to other institutions in society. In an Islamic perspective, this significance is similar, as the formation and existence of political authority in society are essential requirement. Therefore, scholars and thinkers of Islamic thought, across various schools and sects, affirm that the existence of the state and political authority is one of the fundamental duties of Islam, and that it is even considered a part of and related to the core of the religion and its implementation
Ibn Taymiyyah, like many other scholars, emphasized the importance of this field and treated it as an integral part of religion in his writings. He argued that its system and foundations are based on religious texts (the Qur'an and the Sunnah). This indicates that politics is an inherent part of religion, and throughout Islamic history, up until 1924, it was seen as intertwined with both political and spiritual life. Ibn Taymiyyah argued that the establishment of the state was necessary from both rational and religious perspectives, asserting that it is a fundamental requirement for even the smallest human gatherings, extending to the highest levels in the formation and establishment of the state hierarchy.

This study explores the impact of mock conferences on the lexical complexity of Iranian EFL learners, addressing significant challenges in developing speaking proficiency in non-native contexts. Given the limited exposure to English-speaking environments and the predominance of traditional rote-learning methods, Iranian learners often struggle to achieve advanced vocabulary use and communicative competence. This research examines whether participation in mock conferences can foster lexical complexity in upper-intermediate learners, enhancing their speaking abilities. A quasi-experimental design divided 100 participants from an Iranian language institution into control and experimental groups. The experimental group engaged in a mock conference, receiving training on presentation skills and etiquette, while the control group followed standard instructional practices. Lexical complexity was assessed via pre- and post-intervention using the Type-Token Ratio (TTR), a measure of vocabulary diversity. Statistical analysis of the experimental group's results showed a significant improvement in lexical complexity post-intervention, in contrast to the control group's negligible change. These findings support using mock conferences as an effective pedagogical approach for enhancing vocabulary diversity and overall linguistic proficiency in EFL contexts. Although the study includes some limitations, such as the Small sample size and its focus on a specific cultural and institutional context, which may affect the generalizability of the findings, it suggests that implementing such interactive, context-based learning activities can be instrumental in promoting advanced speaking skills and lexical development among EFL learners, especially in linguistically isolated environments.

Political campaign rhetoric plays a key role in shaping voter behavior in the Kurdistan Region. This study examines the 2024 elections, focusing on rhetorical strategies in speeches and materials that aimed to evoke emotions and reinforce group identity. It employs critical discourse analysis to examine political discourse in the 2024 Kurdistan elections, emphasizing its role in reinforcing power structures and shaping public opinion. It aims to uncover themes related to identity, governance, ethnicity, and power, and evaluate the influence of the discourse of campaigns on public opinion. The data of the study consists of excerpts of speeches delivered by leaders of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, and the New Generation Movement. Van Dijk’s macrostructural model was adopted to examine how political discourse creates ideological meanings and shows power relationships, following a qualitative approach. The study's findings show that each party uses strategic narratives to legitimize its power and undermine its opponents. They shape the discussion by using emotional appeals, claims about identity, and accusations of dictatorship. These strategies influence how voters perceive and behave, either by strengthening loyalty, fostering distrust, or advocating for change. The study concludes that language plays a crucial role in political influence in Kurdistan. Election discourse reflects deeper societal conflicts and power struggles. Critical discourse analysis highlights how political texts construct legitimacy, challenge opposition, and shape public awareness. This research offers valuable insights into political communication in divided societies and enhances the application of critical discourse analysis in electoral contexts throughout the Middle East.

This study explores the use of intertextuality in the rhetoric of Masoud Barzani during the 2024 elections. The research focus centers on how Barzani employed intertextuality in his electoral campaign speech delivered on Wednesday, September 25, 2024, to construct and reinforce his power, identity, and legitimacy as a Kurdish leader. The primary objective of this Paper is to examine how these intertextual references shape Barzani’s communicative style and contribute to the construction of his political image within Kurdish politics. The data for this study are drawn from Barzani’s campaign speech, broadcast on the Gulan Media and K24 platforms. Methodologically, the analysis adopts Fairclough’s (1992) three-dimensional framework, which examines the text at three levels: textual, discursive, and socio-cultural. At each level, different forms of intertextuality - including direct quotations, allusions, pastiches, and genre borrowing - are analyzed to uncover how Barzani’s language reflects the broader political and cultural context of the Kurdish people. The findings reveal that Barzani’s discourse effectively employs intertextuality as a rhetorical strategy to assert power, reinforce legitimacy, and construct a strong sense of Kurdish identity. This analysis offers valuable insights for further studies on Kurdish political discourse and leadership communication.

Our research carries out an exhaustive study and in-depth analysis of Charles Perrault’s fairy tale Bluebeard. It aims to highlight the semiotic, semantic, and linguistic aspects of his text that structure the narrative. Through this genre of storytelling, the narrative conventions and their impact on the reader’s perception, understanding and interpretation are analyzed. To do this, the structures and recurring motifs are analyzed. We also highlight the main themes of the tale, such as transgression, suspense, authority, and the forbidden represented by Blue Beard, as well as the protagonist’s curiosity and anxiety. By exploring the semantic dimensions, the signs and symbols, the dramatic relationships between the characters, and the lexical and grammatical choices made by Perrault, we aim to reveal the significant narrative tension that runs through the work.
Perrault’s Barbe Blue has a rich narrative dimension and is of linguistic interest to researchers wishing to deepen their knowledge of textual genres. This research aims to place particular emphasis on its textuality and classic narrative techniques.

The water quality assessment of the Alana River Basin is crucial for ensuring the safe use of surface and groundwater for drinking, industry, and agricultural purposes. This study assesses the water quality parameters in the basin through various sources, including surface and groundwater, by examining the biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of the water while considering factors that influence them. Fifteen surface water and three groundwater samples were collected from the Alana River extending to the confluence of the Bekhal, Balakian, and Khalifan Rivers during the dry season (October 2024). Total coliforms, thermotolerant bacteria, and E. coli were evaluated as microbiological parameters. The results of this study show that all surface and groundwater samples conformed to the acceptable limits for drinking set by comparison with WHO and IQS, based on chemical and physical criteria. Additionally, the suitability of water based on average Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)- 237.7mg/L for surface water and 247.3mg/L for groundwater samples, along with the average Total Hardness (T.H.) of 263.6mg/L and 261.9mg/L for surface and groundwater, respectively, suggested that water samples can be classified as harsh freshwater. Surface water and groundwater are classified as Ca-bicarbonate according to Piper and Chadha diagrams. Microbiological indicators revealed that all surface and groundwater samples collected during dry seasons did not comply with WHO guidelines, hence proving their contamination. Consequently, the water in this basin is unfit for direct consumption and necessitates treatment before use.