Journal of African Studies

This research examines the role of United Nations peacekeeping forces in Africa, focusing on the case of Côte d\'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) as a practical model to assess the effectiveness of these forces in conflict containment and the restoration of stability. Côte d\'Ivoire experienced a severe political and security crisis following the civil war that broke out in 2002, which escalated further after the 2010 elections. This situation necessitated the intervention of international peacekeeping forces, primarily the United Nations Operation in Côte d\'Ivoire (UNOCI).
The study analyzes the roles of these forces in security, political, and humanitarian aspects, highlighting their contributions to the ceasefire, disarmament of warring factions, and support for the electoral process. It also emphasizes their role in rebuilding institutions and promoting national reconciliation. Furthermore, the research discusses the challenges faced by these forces, including logistical constraints, issues of national sovereignty, and accusations of bias.
The study concludes that peacekeeping forces played a tangible role in reducing the intensity of conflict in Côte d\'Ivoire. However, their efforts alone were not sufficient to ensure lasting peace without effective political support at both national and regional levels

The researcher tackled the policy of Templepay, which he launched in the early 1970s and called for the establishment of strategic relations with the Arab countries through mutual visits and the signing of agreements of friendship, cooperation and aid, which helped Chad break off diplomatic relations with Israel.
Relations between Libya and Chad have continued despite border problems. Libya has used the Chadian opposition paper to pressure President Templepay and the latter wanted to resolve the border problems peacefully and the Templepipe strategy has succeeded in creating difficulties for the opposition.
President Tempelbay was also ambitious to make change and to chart the Chadian identity independent of France, establishing friendly relations with the United States.

study addresses the role of Private Security Companies (PSCs) in Sub-Saharan Africa, where these companies play an increasingly important role in security, political, and social contexts. The presence of these companies requires a deep understanding of the legal and ethical standards governing their activities, as the absence of accountability mechanisms can lead to serious human rights violations. The study also examines the economic and social impacts of these companies on local communities, noting that while they can contribute to improving security and stability, they may also lead to the disintegration of social ties and increased tensions.
The study discusses the interactions between security companies and regional and international powers, indicating that these companies have become part of the strategies of major powers to enhance their interests in the region. It highlights the importance of developing a legal framework that regulates the activities of these companies to ensure improved economic conditions and promote sustainable development.
The study concludes that private security companies are a fundamental part of the security dynamics in Africa, necessitating that African countries develop effective strategies to address these dynamics and ensure their security and

Southern Africa is one of the continent\'s most distinctive regions in terms of topographical and human diversity. It combines a complex terrain and a social system shaped over centuries of interaction between geography and colonialism. Its lands extend from the Drakensberg mountain ranges in the east to the Cape Coastal Plains in the south, dominated by the vast interior plateau known as the Great Plateau, rich in minerals and natural resources. This geographic nature has influenced patterns of human settlement and the economy. Agriculture was concentrated in the fertile areas in the south, while mining flourished in the central highlands, creating clear economic and social disparities among local communities. This disparity in resources and location contributed to the emergence of unequal power relations since the period of European colonialism, as white settlers exploited topographical advantages to control land and resources. Over time, this economic superiority transformed into a political system known as apartheid, based on racial segregation between whites and blacks and the denial of indigenous rights. Geography deepened the effects of discrimination, as residential areas were segregated according to race, confining the black majority to marginal, resource-poor areas while whites monopolized fertile lands and wealthy urban centers. A study of topography and racism in South Africa reveals the close interconnectedness between geography and power, as terrain was used to consolidate colonial dominance and transform natural disparities into social tools of discrimination. With the fall of apartheid in the 1990s, the state began to address the effects of this historical legacy through policies of agrarian reform and balanced development. However, economic and social disparities still reflect the deep relationship between unequal topography and the racist past that shaped the region\'s modern identity.

Studying the impact of the Nile River on social life in Nubia opens up avenues for understanding the dynamics of interaction between hu-mans and their environment. The Nile contributed to organizing patterns of human settlement, structuring social relations, and shaping the cultur-al identity of Nubia. Flood seasons, agricultural activities, and river transport contributed to shaping patterns of cooperation and solidarity, crystallizing kinship systems, rituals, and customs that woven the social fabric of Nubia over the centuries.
This research sheds light on the pivotal role the Nile River played in shaping the social structure of Nubia, by examining historical data and analyzing the impact of environmental and water factors on social rela-tions and lifestyles in this vital region

This study examines the evolution of education in Sierra Leone from the colonial era through the mid-20th century. This research discusses colonial education policy in Sierra Leone, and it is crucial to understand the background of Sierra Leone\'s social structure and educational development. This understanding aids in comprehending the behaviors and attitudes of school and university students in Sierra Leone during the colonial period, as the educational system can shape the social and political attitudes of youth in developing countries like Sierra Leone. Because education is seen as critical to the process of modernization and change, this research is highly significant for Sierra Leone\'s political, social, and cultural development. In many countries worldwide, education has been considered the main axis of the development process and the primary tool for changing attitudes, transforming social structures, stimulating or accelerating economic growth, and defining new political patterns.

Arabic language tops the list of languages spoken in the world and in Nigeria in terms of the number of its speakers regarding religion, as well as from the perspective of the influence on the languages with which it has come into contact with, as it has expanded in various ramifications such as: education, economy, social life, and many other aspects, despite been the oldest language in Nigeria, but its presence and teaching face a number of problems and challenges, especially in places where there are few Muslims in the country. Nigerian government has dropped its level from second to third place, and it has been converted to an elective subject in educational institutions, but fortunately, it has maintained its dignity and honor. It seems that this language, throughout the history of human life, has a great spirit that helps it regain its nobility, because it contains a great and honorable message, which is the words of Allah. it is on this basis, this paper aims to shed light on the status of Arabic language in Nigeria, through indicating its position in the national policy on education, so also this article seeks to shed light on the problems and challenges reflected in the reality of teaching Arabic language in Nigeria, as well as mentioning some possible solutions to the problems. the paper contains a brief history on the emergence of the language in Nigeria, a general overview of its development, the position of the government on the language, its position in Nigerian educational policy, its future and the challenges ahead.

This study explores a compelling topic, particularly, because participating in warfare is generally viewed as a male-dominated field. However, the fact that women play active roles in liberation movements, represents a rare and noteworthy phenomenon that merits reflection, analysis, and discussion.
The study is structured into three main sections:
- The first offers a broad overview of Senegalese movements situation.
- The second highlights a case of women\'s resistance in northern Senegal (Ndatte yalla MBODJ)
- The third presents further examples of female-led resistance efforts in the southern regions of the country (Aline Siteo DIATTA).

Since literature serves as a mirror reflecting the political, social, and cultural life of human societies, writers from Sub-Saharan Africa in general—and West Africa in particular—spared no effort in portraying their communities during the brutal wave of colonialism and the periods that followed. Their positions were often dualistic, dividing them into various categories: some supported the French colonizer, others opposed it, a third group was powerless to resist, and a fourth held ambiguous stances.
This study aims to document the attitudes of these main groups based on their literary texts, both poetry and prose.

This research examines the Arabic language as a fundamental component of identity in Africa. It has contributed from an early age to the emergence of Afro-Arab intermingling and, over the ages, has provided renewed opportunities to consolidate Arab-African relations through its constructive interaction with local languages and its contribution to the issues of African societies. The article aims to reveal the role of Arabic in strengthening these relations and rebuilding them on modern foundations and strategies that respond to the aspirations of new generations in the digital age. It adopts a descriptive and analytical approach to studying the course of Arab-African relations and highlighting the impact of Arabic on cultural and knowledge exchange. The research concludes that the Arabic language has contributed to rapprochement between peoples, preserved African cultural heritage, and enriched linguistic and cultural diversity on the continent. It recommends the development of strategies for spreading Arabic through institutional, academic, and political cooperation that contributes to consolidating Arab-African relations.

Hastings Kamuzu Banda was born in 1898. He studied at missionary schools and was baptized in 1910. He then walked to Southern Rhodesia and then to South Africa to complete his studies. He then moved to the United States and obtained a Bachelor of Medicine degree in 1937. He then moved to Britain to study and practice medicine. He returned to his country and led the political movement against British colonialism. He served as Prime Minister and was elected President of the Republic of Malawi in 1966 and continued to rule until losing the elections in 1994. He died in South Africa in 1997.

The book \"The Role of the Fulani and Their State in the Introduction of Islam and the Dissemination of the Knowledge of Ahl al-Bayt in West Africa\" by Adam Hawa Barry is a pioneering academic study that examines the pivotal historical role played by the Fulani tribe in spreading Islam and establishing Islamic political entities in West Africa before the colonial era. The book focuses on analyzing the establishment of three main Islamic states: the Confederate State in Futa Jallon (Guinea), the Imamate State in Futa Toro (Senegal), and the Sokoto Caliphate in Nigeria led by Usman dan Fodio.
The work explores the methods of Islamic propagation employed by the Fulani, starting from peaceful preaching and education to jihad, which served as a tool to remove obstacles to the religion\'s spread. It also addresses the internal and external factors that led to the collapse of these states, focusing on the role of French and British colonialism. The book concludes by highlighting a later period where the school of Ahl al-Bayt was introduced to the region with the contribution of some tribe members, thus connecting the historical endeavor with the contemporary reality