Journal of Alsalam University

Abstract
This study aims to examine the production of visual news content and its implications for human rights within the context of the aggression on Gaza. The theoretical framework addresses the definition and characteristics of visual news content، the role of media in protecting human rights during armed conflicts، and media theories explaining how such content is analyzed. Through analyzing selected reports from Al Arabiya correspondents، the study finds that visualness among journalists، adhering to professional ethics، supporting Palestinian media institutions content plays a crucial role in shaping public awareness but faces challenges related to balance، neutrality، and adherence to ethical and human rights standards. The study recommends enhancing human rights aware، and integrating legal analysis into media coverage.

Abstract
This research deals with the obstacles that prevent the judge from ruling in favor of the opponents due to kinship or his entourage، his wife، in addition to his ruling in favor of his friend، his employee، and also his partner. Then the research deals with the judge’s ruling on what he heard and saw himself، as well as his ruling in what he issued a fatwa on in matters other than worship and before the opponents brought a case to him، and all of that was According to the statements of the eight schools of jurisprudence، mentioning their opinions from the transmitted and rational evidence and the effects، then mentioning the preferred opinion based on the availability of evidence to support this opinion، then mentioning the opinion of Iraqi law supported by the legal materials that the legal scholars have adopted.

Research summary
One of the most important features of Islamic jurisprudence is the fundamentalist principles that regulate the paths of reasoning and the order of ijtihad. Their importance stems from their representation of the methodological framework upon which jurisprudence is built in order to understand texts and apply rulings to real situations. In light of the increasing challenges facing Muslim minorities in non-Islamic countries, we pose the question: Can fundamentalist principles contribute to protecting the rights of these minorities within non-Islamic legislative environments?
This research aims to examine the impact of fundamentalist rules on the formulation of legislation related to the rights of Muslim minorities, particularly in countries where Sharia law is absent as a legal reference, without compromising the fundamentals of Sharia law. It follows an inductive analytical approach, which aims to collect relevant rules from their original sources, analyze their applicability to reality, and present contemporary applied models.

Abstract
Language, as the defining feature of human cognition, constitutes a highly complex entity manifested in the human ability to produce and comprehend verbal messages. Understanding how language is processed in the human brain represents one of the deepest scientific challenges in the fields of linguistics, psychology, and neuroscience.
This research aims to investigate the neural architecture of language from a neurolinguistic perspective by analyzing the mechanisms of Lexical Retrieval—the cognitive foundation underlying comprehension and production processes in the human brain. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach to review neurolinguistic theories and compare the prevailing models, such as the Dual-Stream Model, interactive, and hybrid models.
Language, therefore, is not a localized function in the brain but rather the product of an interconnected neural network distributed across the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, as well as the basal ganglia, interacting through precise functional pathways that integrate to achieve linguistic processing.
This study constitutes an attempt to elucidate the theoretical foundations of retrieval mechanisms in languages in general, and in Arabic in particular. The results indicate that lexical retrieval in Arabic assumes a dual nature: a morphological–analytical route that processes the root and pattern, and a direct route that handles high-frequency words as whole units. Furthermore, case endings (ʾiʿrāb) function as syntactic cues guiding structural unification in the brain. Arabic processing, thus, exhibits a distinctive neural specificity derived from its non-linear structure based on root-and-pattern morphology.

Summary in English
In this research, I discussed one of the methods of indicating meaning among the Hanafi scholars only, namely (the expression of the text). I took (16) applied examples from the Prophetic Sunnah, covering the chapters on purification, prayer, fasting, and Hajj only. I gave my opinion on them by saying, "I said, or this is how it becomes clear." This study and its application to the Prophetic hadiths and other texts demonstrates the precise and profound understanding of the eminent jurists and legal theorists (may God Almighty have mercy on them). The expression of the text is considered one of the most accurate indications for analyzing the text and extracting the hidden meaning that scholars understood from these texts according to a context specific to the scholars (may God Almighty have mercy on them).

Abstrac
Understanding these terms not only contributes to enhancing negotiation competence, but also paves the way for developing awareness and skills. Understanding the positions and intentions of the different parties is also crucial. From here, the need arises to develop negotiation capabilities in a systematic way, whether on an individual or institutional level, to keep up with the rapid changes in the contexts of human, political, and economic interaction.
Negotiation texts contain positions in which values such as truth and belief are taken seriously. Instructions include imposing a flexible pattern on the interlocutor to direct the conversation in a way that leads to influence on the listener. The speech must be correct and effective. The text is governed by complex linguistic procedures, and is linked to prior knowledge, situational context, functional symbols, and compositional structures .

Abstract
The Study Focuses on Tourism midimand the development of tourism in Iraq Our Study aims to identify tourism media and its role in developing tourism in Iraq. This Study examines the meaning. Concept, characteristics, and Objectives of the media, its role in conveying news and events to the Public, analyzing them, and its impact on citizens. We also touch on the origins and Concept of tourism, its role in Supporting and developing economic revenues for any country, its significant impact in strengthening the states economy. And how it plays a role in highlighting the Country's Cultural image. We also examine political media and how it has played its role and characteristics, as well as its importance, objectives, and Functions, and its impact on cities and tourist sites.
Explaining the role of media in Tourism, the relationship between media and tourism, and the role of tourism in economic development.
Finally, We Presented future visions for developing Tourism in Iraq, reviewing the effective Contributions of government agencies in the importance of issuing traditional legislation to preserve cities, tourist sites, and tourist sites. We also discussed future visions in the fields of media.

Research Abstract
The current study aimed to analyze the Psychological Pain Scalebased on Latent Trait Theory, using the Rasch one-parameter logistic model, which is one of the models derived from Latent Trait Theory. The researcher developed the Psychological Pain Scale and applied it to a sample of university students totaling (250) male and female students at Al-Mustansiriyah University in Baghdad for the academic year 2024–2025, distributed by gender and academic specialization (male, female) and (scientific, literary). The scale consisted of 25 items, each with four response options.
Results:
1- The item analysis results of the Psychological Pain Scale showed good fit with the assumptions of the Rasch model, indicating that the items clearly measure a single trait (Unidimensionality), thus supporting the construct validity of the scale.
2-The average item difficulty parameters, measured in logits, approximated the value of (50), confirming alignment with the standard metric proposed by Wright & Stone (1979). This facilitates easy interpretation of results using this scale.
3-Item difficulty parameters ranged from moderate to low, with no items classified as extremely difficult or extremely easy, indicating that the scale is appropriate for assessing a wide range of psychological pain levels among the sample.
4-The standard errors for individual responses and item estimates were within acceptable statistical limits, demonstrating stability and precision in the parameter estimations.
5-Differential analyses between the full sample and the high and low subgroups revealed that all observed differences were smaller than the combined standard error, indicating that the scale is free from sample dependency, which is a key assumption of the Rasch model.
6-The discrimination indices for most items fell within the acceptable range of (0.57 – 1.43), confirming the items’ effectiveness in differentiating between varying levels of psychological pain.
7- Items with adjusted estimates across the four response alternatives maintained statistical balance, confirming the validity of the scale even when limited to four options, without affecting the measurement outcomes.
Based on these findings, the study concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The state is supposed to exercise its authority under financial laws by imposing taxes, fees, or collecting loans to finance various aspects of public spending without violating constitutionally guaranteed rights, in light of the crystallization of a contemporary judicial and jurisprudential trend towards the constitutionalization of these laws, that is, an attempt to make these laws consistent with constitutional principles. , which contributes to trying to find a balance between state authority and individuals’ freedom.
Financial laws are among the laws in which legislation most requires justice, and this would guarantee the rights and freedoms of individuals and the public interest as well, as neither individuals nor the authority can reach consistency and stability in all cases except under a legal system that takes into account the principle of justice as a right and a guarantee at the same time.

Research Summary
Holy thresholds are not merely architectural elements; they carry profound symbolic meanings, reflecting human perceptions of the sacred and the transition between worlds. These thresholds have undergone transformations in art and ritual, yet they retain their significance in contemporary religious and cultural contexts. Holy thresholds also represent Architectural and spiritual elements with profound connotations in various cultures and religions, their passage is linked to concepts of transformation, purity, and connection between the material and spiritual worlds. This research aims to study the evolution of holy shrines throughout history, in terms of their art and cultural meanings, and to analyze their impact on religious and social practices.
This research relies on an interpretive approach to studying the holy shrines through an analysis of religious texts, archaeological monuments, and cultural traditions. It also employs a historical approach to explore how concepts of the holy shrine have changed over the ages.

Summary
The Arab Thought Formation Foundation is a systematic organization that challenges the Islamic faith and all its pillars and sciences. It emerged on Saturday, May 4, 2024, in Egypt, under the pretext of renewal and reviving critical thought. It has directed its attacks against Islamic doctrine, jurisprudence, the Sunnah, and the Prophet's biography, and has continued its attacks, even reaching the point of challenging the Companions. And to the scholars of Islam, it is based on researchers, writers and media professionals from Egypt and the rest of the Arab countries, it is spread on social networking sites and electronic search engines, and it is an extension of the rest of the trends of intellectual invasion.

Summary
This research explores the reformative function of Islamic creed (Aqidah) in shaping both individual and societal life. It argues that creed is not a set of abstract beliefs but a dynamic framework for societal and civilizational transformation. The study outlines the linguistic and theological definitions of creed, its relationship with concepts like faith and monotheism, and its reformative impact as reflected in the Qur’an and Sunnah. It highlights how creed reshapes individual perception of God, the self, and the universe, and refines moral conscience and ethical behavior. Socially, creed fosters values like brotherhood, solidarity, citizenship, and resistance against tyranny and corruption. The research concludes with practical historical applications, focusing on the Prophet’s establishment of Medina as a creed-based society, the reform programs of Caliphs Omar ibn al-Khatib and Omar ibn Abd al-Aziz, and Imam al-Ghazali's critical reform efforts. The study affirms that Islamic creed is a living force that empowers human freedom and societal righteousness.

Research Summary
The current research goal is to identify the impact of special exercises in developing the speed and achievement. To run (100 m). As for the research problem, the students cannot accomplish the event of )100 m( ran in the required way, and its aim is to break the time prescribed for the students. The researcher used the experimental curriculum, and the research community consisting of
(12 students) was identified by the sunnahs of the sun of freedom for girls in the fifth grade of scientific.
Where the researcher applied exercises to develop the speed and achievement table (100 m) ran on the research eye and the researcher used the appropriate statistical treatment to extract the results, analyze and discuss them, and the results showed that there are positive and realistic results and that the proposed approach to the experimental group has developed the speed and achievement table in the running (100 m) better than the control group. Performance of the effectiveness of (100 m) ran and the need to conduct such exercises and tests continuously in all schools to know the development of the level of physical collar among students.

Abstract
This study examines the role of social movements in driving social change and contributing to the construction of the modern state, using a theoretical and analytical approach within the framework of political sociology. Social movements are explored not merely as protest phenomena but as central actors capable of reshaping political, social, and institutional structures.
Through a critical review of conceptual frameworks and sociological theories—including deprivation theory, resource mobilization, political opportunity structures, and cultural framing—the research highlights the multiple functions that social movements perform. These range from mobilizing marginalized groups to influencing public policy and redefining state-society relations.
The study also identifies key challenges faced by social movements, such as political repression, organizational fragility, co-optation, digital dependence, and limited grassroots representation. In conclusion, the research underscores the potential of social movements as agents of democratic transformation and institutional innovation, while advocating for greater structural support, strategic vision, and theoretical development within Arab contexts.

ملخص البحث
Research summary
The research problem, or the goal of this study, is to provide a scientific, systematic, and precise description of how to apply Arabic theoretical linguistics in applied fields, resulting in diversity in linguistics and having a significant impact on developing the language curriculum and freeing it from data that are external to the language.

Summary
Praise be to God، Lord of the Worlds، and peace and blessings be upon the most honorable of creation and messengers، our Messenger، our leader، and our role model، Muhammad، the Truthful and Trustworthy، and upon his family and companions and those who follow them in righteousness until the Day of Judgment. God Almighty revealed the Holy Qur’an to be an eternal miracle for this religion، a sign proving the truthfulness of the prophethood of His Trustworthy Messenger، may God bless him and his family and grant them peace، and a constitution and method for the worlds.
Since the Holy Qur’an is like this، it is incumbent upon us to look into its verses and chapters، understand its secrets and wisdom، and extract from it the rulings، what is permissible and what is forbidden، the principles of worship and dealings، and morals، and to know its promises and threats، its glad tidings and warnings، and other things that this great treasure contains.
The subject of all of this is the science of interpretation. Therefore، scholars from this nation have interpreted the verses of God Almighty، each according to his knowledge and ability. Among these scholars is Sheikh Al-Shaarawy، may God have mercy on him، who presented a wonderful interpretation in the modern era، an interpretation that is in keeping with the culture of his time and compatible with the culture of this generation. Therefore، in this research، I wanted to provide a brief overview of the life of this distinguished scholar.

Research Summary: The research, entitled: (Trustworthy narrators who only narrate from trustworthy sources in the six books), deals firstly with trustworthy narrators, thus excluding weak ones, and secondly with specific trustworthy narrators. I consider this research useful, and I do not claim to have brought anything new, due to the limited time available and my lack of expertise in this field. So I collected some trustworthy narrators from the books of the two memorizers, Abu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Zaki al-Mizzi (742) and Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (852), from their books Tahdhib al-Kamal and Tahdhib al-Tahdhib. And if I did not come across a part of a chapter in a book that was not printed, I relied on what was published in the Comprehensive Encyclopedia under the title “He only narrated from a trustworthy person,” which was the work of its author, Muhammad Khalaf Salama, from whom I benefited, and when quoting, I referred to him, out of scientific honesty.

The abstract
The Prophetic Sunnah, as defined by the statement of many texts of the Qur'an, Is what guides us to know the statement of the Qur'anic text, and from here It becomes clear to us the position, position, and function of the Sunnah In relation to the Messenger of the Qur'an, and the source of the Book and the Sunnah is one, whichh is the divine revelation, and the Qur'anic verses are based on the obligation of obedience.
And the Sunnah Is one of the foundations of religion, and It is a necessary argument for all Muslims to refer to it in terms of working with it according to law, and when It was recorded and authenticated by the Messenger of God, It has the status and the status of the book, whether it Is considered by the mujtahidin in general, and It has something to do with the book.
The complete equality between the Qur'an and the Sunnah on the one hand and the statement of the close relationship and protest between them, and that each of them Is a revelation from God Almighty, there Is no difference between the reciter of it and others in terms.

Summary
The Arabic language has received great attention and great care from most researchers and scholars, at all times and places; because it represents the language of the Holy Qur’an, and the authentic heritage of the Arab nation in particular, and repetition, as one of the main topics of the Arabic language, has also received great attention from linguists, ancient and modern, and modern scholars have given it great attention, as many books have been written about it, which is clearly evident in their research and studies. At the beginning of the research, I referred to some of what the Arabic linguistic dictionaries mentioned in defining its linguistic meaning, then I followed it with what the scholars of Arabic, both ancient and modern, spoke about, especially the textualists among them, for what they provided of definitions and explanations for this term, as I also touched upon some important topics in the context, such as: repetition between praise and blame, during which I mentioned the evidence and arguments of each group, then I moved on to mentioning some of the special divisions of it among the textualists, such as their division of it into a whole (complete) and a part, as I mentioned some of the branches of each section of them, then I applied these sections with their branches to the short Qur’anic surahs, the subject of the research.

Abstract
This study aimed to examine political alienation among Iraqi university students in Baghdad in relation to their use of social media. A sample of 150 male and female students was selected from three universities in Baghdad. A questionnaire was distributed to measure the study's objectives and answer its research questions, as well as to identify manifestations of political alienation among the participants.The study found that students use social media to varying degrees, and that political alienation is a significant social and political issue among university youth. This alienation manifests in several dimensions, including non-normativity, political isolation, apathy, loss of meaning in life, loss of control, and social fragmentation. These dimensions were observed at high, medium, and low levels.Furthermore, the study highlighted that the use of social media for more than three hours a day is common, and the importance of social networking sites is growing globally due to the diversity of their functions and the increasing number of users. These platforms play influential political, social, and cultural roles, including shaping public opinion, facilitating the expression of views, advocating for rights, and encouraging political participation.The research problem centered on understanding the relationship between social media use and political alienation among Iraqi university students. Several sub-questions were derived from this main question. The researcher employed a survey method, and the sample was selected randomly.
The study concluded that students experience a high level of political alienation and that social networks have a clear impact on them. It also found that political participation among youth is generally low. The study recommended addressing the causes of political alienation, as it primarily affects young people and society at large.
concluded that students feel a high degree of alienation. There is a clear impact of social networks on the respondents, and the political participation of youth is low.

Abstract
The research titled "The Influence of Al-Khalil in the Book of Mashariq Al-Anwar on the Authenticity of the Traditions" by Judge Iyad aims to present and clarify Al-Khalil's lexical opinions, which Judge Iyad transmitted from Al-Khalil in this book, and to shed light on them, while clarifying which opinions were consistent with Al-Khalil's statements in the Al-Ain Dictionary, or which were inconsistent with Al-Khalil's statements. The research also revealed Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad's position with Judge Iyad in his book, Mashariq Al-Anwar, as he used to give precedence to Al-Khalil’s opinion over other scholars in many matters; this is because he is one of the pioneers of lexicographical composition, and as the research showed the opinions of the owners of dictionaries on linguistic vocabulary, and the importance of the research lies in the fact that the owners of the explanations of hadith and strange words cannot do without the Arabic language and its people.

Research Summary
This research includes the opinions of a scholar who had a clear impact on Arabic and interpretation, namely Al-Zamakhshari, through what was transmitted by a scholar with wide knowledge of opinions, namely Ibn Hisham, in a book that is labeled as being from the letters of meanings, which is the book (Mughni Al-Labib). Ibn Hisham transmitted many of Al-Zamakhshari’s opinions in the book, and Ibn Hisham carefully selected those opinions in explaining the grammatical rules. It became clear that Ibn Hisham was precise in transmitting from Al-Zamakhshari by referring to his books. He highlighted what Al-Zamakhshari saw in his book of opinions, and he also explained the opinions that were far from the opinion of the majority, and what was objected to by him or by other scholars. He also mentioned the delusions that Al-Zamakhshari fell into. Ibn Hisham described some opinions as confused, and sometimes contradictory, and other descriptions that characterized Al-Zamakhshari’s opinions.

Abstract
This research is an analytical study that aims to explore the role of television in consolidating the values of sustainable development, focusing on Iraqi television as an applied model. The research is divided into three main frameworks: methodological, theoretical, and practical. In the methodological framework, The study tools, content analysis methodology, and sample used are identified. The theoretical framework addresses the concepts of sustainable development and the role of development media in disseminating its values, in addition to the mechanisms for consolidating these values through television. The study concludes with a practical framework that analyzes the reality of environmental and health awareness programs on Iraqi television. In terms of quantity, quality, and production entities, the study then evaluates the effectiveness of these programs in achieving sustainable development goals. The study concludes by presenting a summary of the findings and recommendations for developing media content to be more effective in raising community awareness of sustainability issues. I followed all scientific steps in my current research to arrive at the following conclusions: television coverage of environmental and health issues is weak compared to other topics, with awareness programs constituting a limited percentage of total broadcasts, the lack of strategic planning in the production of development content, with most programs relying on government agencies without the effective participation of civil society organizations or experts, content focuses on general awareness without deepening the values of sustainable development (such as waste management or energy conservation), with a dearth of interactive programs or programs targeting specific age groups, the poor technical quality of some programs, which reduces audience appeal, especially among young people, due to the reliance on direct delivery rather than creative approaches, weak monitoring and evaluation of the programs' impact on behavioral change, with no clear indicators measuring their effectiveness.

Research summary
This research examines and analyzes the fundamental jurisprudential views of Imam al-Khwarizmi (d. 568 AH) as presented in Al-Bahr al-Muhit fi Usul al-Fiqh by Imam Badr al-Din al-Zarkashi.
Significance of the Topic:
The importance of this study stems from the distinguished scholarly status of Imam Mahmud al-Khwarizmi among the eminent scholars of his time. For this reason, Imam al-Zarkashi included al-Khwarizmi’s opinions alongside those of other leading scholars in Al-Bahr al-Muhit, which is regarded as one of the authoritative references in comparative studies of Usul al-Fiqh.
Research Problem:
The research revolves around the question: What are the most significant jurisprudential principles favored by Imam al-Khwarizmi, and what impact did they have on the science of Usul al-Fiqh? The main objective is to uncover the nature of his opinions, assess their scientific value, and highlight their place within the discipline of Usul al-Fiqh.
Methodology: The researcher employed the analytical-comparative method by surveying al-Khwarizmi’s statements in Al-Bahr al-Muhit, comparing them with the views of other Usul scholars, and drawing upon classical sources as well as selected works of later scholars.
Findings:
The study reached several key conclusions, the most important of which are:
1- Imam al-Khwarizmi distinguished himself by explicitly stating the preferred opinion in a given issue using expressions such as “we have a proof” or “this does not constitute consensus.
2- He provided technical definitions for certain jurisprudential issues.
3- Imam al-Khwarizmi is recognized as one of the foremost scholars of his era.
Recommendations: The research recommends conducting further studies on jurisprudential opinions found in classical Islamic legal works to shed light on the Usul contributions of numerous scholars who excelled in Sharia sciences and advanced the development of Usul al-Fiqh.

Abstract
Praise be to God, the Most Merciful, the Most Merciful, who encompasses all things in mercy and knowledge. Praise be to God, the Generous and Benevolent, who showered His creation with benevolence from us and lavished upon them His blessings, outwardly and inwardly. Prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad, whom God sent as a mercy to the worlds, an intercessor for sinners, and a guidance for the believers. The guided mercy and the blessing bestowed, and upon all his family and companions.
Mercy is the vast attribute of God Almighty that His servants, the obedient and the disobedient, the near and far, the rich and the poor, the young and the old, aspire to. It pervades all of His creation, including angels, jinn, humans, inanimate objects, animals, and all of the worlds except the devils. God Almighty said (And My mercy encompasses all things) () Whoever writes it down to Him will attain happiness in this world. And the Hereafter, and whoever is deprived of it is deprived of all goodness. By it the creation is sympathized and we know the truth, and by it affection is achieved and by it happiness is achieved, and by it the rain is sent down and by it the best of mankind is sent, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family and companions. The Almighty said (And We have not sent you except as a mercy to the worlds).