Adab AL Rafidayn

The subject of my research focuses on the multiplicity of literary currents and genres in Boris Vian's L'Écume des Joures. He is a man of many talents: he is a writer, poet, lyricist, singer, translator, painter, music critic, and jazz trumpeter. In the second chapter, entitled "A Novel at the Crossroads of Several Genres and Literary Currents," I will seek out surrealist traits through burlesque, fantasy, and hoax. Certainly, Boris Vian tries all literary movements, but one wonders why the irrational and the humorous prevail throughout his novel.
At the same time, I shed light on how Boris Vian views existentialism and its creator, whom he calls Jean-Sol Partre, as well as the Zazous, as a social phenomenon in reaction to the Vichy government. What does Vian propose as an alternative to existentialism? Finally, it seems that L'Écume is close to the tale and the Nouveau Roman. Is the marvelous sufficient to classify it as a tale? Could Boris Vian be considered a precursor of the nouveau roman?

This study deals with an essential element of the syntax of which the verb is its nucleus. It also dealt with the case of the grammatical construction of the verb in the linguistic sentence, where the verb is the element that refers to an event associated with time. Its presence in the sentence indicates two meanings:
- The first meaning: the mental meaning by which the event of that action is understood.
- The second meaning: the temporal meaning by which the time of the occurrence of that event is understood, and here the verb tense is divided into three tenses: if the event occurred before the state of articulation, then this refers to the past tenses, and if the event occurs at the same time as the pronunciation, then this indication the present tense, but if it is said about an event that has not yet occurred, it refers to the future tense.
On the other hand, our study deals with the grammatical aspect of the verb with regard to the conjugation process, and the verb endings according to the gender and number of the subject, in addition to the elements surrounding the verb such as (the subject and the complement) that creates a complete sentence with the verb.

The current study explores Kurdish translators\' stances on neutrality from academic and professional perspectives, shedding light on the challenges of maintaining neutrality in various contexts. This includes sensitivity of linguistic representation in a culturally, politically, and socially charged environment that translators need to negotiate. The study analyzes how neutrality is interpreted and utilized in academic and professional contexts, considering the employer and the audience\'s expectations, the context, and the translation\'s intended use. This study uses a quantitative technique to evaluate academics\' and professionals\' perspectives of neutrality in translation. A standardized questionnaire was provided to various participants, including academics and industry professionals. Data for quantitative responses were examined using statistical methods, resulting in a full picture of the translators\' viewpoints. The data show that there is widespread agreement on the impact of culture and politics on neutrality, with cultural elements having the greatest influence. While academics and professionals seek impartiality, freelancers have a stronger consensus on cultural issues. It is argued that, despite differences in context, translators have shared professional attitudes, highlighting translation processes that prioritize translation accuracy while including ethical considerations and cultural sensitivity.

The intricacies and precision of legal language are often recognized as obstacles to understanding legal texts for both experts and the public. This research paper explores pragmatic analysis as a powerful tool to uncover hidden meanings, intentions, and implications in legal documents.
By employing a pragmatic approach, this paper qualitatively and quantitatively analyzes the KRG legal text, LAW No. (8) Of 2011, Anti-domestic Violence Law from Kurdistan Region-Iraq as its data. The analysis decodes underlying messages, demonstrating how pragmatic analysis enhances understanding of legislators’ intentions and highlights the importance of pragmatics in legal interpretation; shedding light on how the careful selection of words and phrases can exert a profound influence on legal outcomes.
Using Grice\'s theory of pragmatics, this research underscores the transformative potential of pragmatic analysis in bridging the gap between complex legal language and deeper understanding for legal professionals, academics, and the broader society. By delving beyond the surface of words, this approach reveals the hidden layers of legal discourse, fostering a more inclusive and enlightening legal environment.
The results indicate that implicit meanings are embedded in legal discourse. Through skillful use of language and context, legal experts can create documents that not only meet legal standards but also become accessible and understandable to a wider audience, promoting transparency in legal affairs.

There is a deeply rooted linguistic relationship between Turkish and Arabic, and it is well-known that the Arabic language has significantly influenced the Turkish language. Although the influence of Turkish on Arabic has not been as extensive, it has left clear marks on Arabic dialects, particularly the Mosul dialect. This can be attributed to the long period during which the Ottomans ruled the city of Mosul, leaving a significant impact on the daily lives of its people, including their language. Through this study, the influence of the Turkish language on the Mosul dialect has been highlighted. The Mosul dialect has incorporated many Turkish words and expressions that have become part of the daily speech of the city's inhabitants. This influence became more pronounced during the period of Turkification policies implemented by the Ottomans, where learning Turkish became mandatory in schools, and Turkish was the official language of education. Additionally, trade relations between Mosul and neighboring Turkish regions further reinforced this influence
In this study, examples of Turkish terms and expressions that have entered the Mosul dialect were examined, along with proverbs that reflect this influence. The study demonstrates that the Turkish language has left a noticeable impact on the everyday speech of the people of Mosul, reflecting the depth of cultural and historical ties between the two regions..

This study examines Marie Lu’s Champion (2013), the final novel in the Legend trilogy, through the theoretical lens of Michel Foucault’s concept of panopticism. It investigates how the Republic in the novel employ’s surveillance, normalization, and control over knowledge to shape society and maintain power. The study highlights how the Republic’s methods such as technological monitoring, propaganda, and the manipulation of disease create a system in which citizens regulate their own behavior out of fear of being watched. Meanwhile it explores characters like June and Day, who resist and challenge these forms of authority. In this regard study summarizes the key elements of panopticism, tracing its origins from Bentham’s Panopticon to Foucault’s broader theory of social control. By connecting these theoretical concepts to the novel’s narrative, the study reflects the real-world concerns about surveillance, power, and resistance. Thus, it emphasizes the importance of questioning authority and demonstrates that, even in highly controlled societies, resistance and the pursuit of justice remain possible.

In this paper , Colina's Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) model to the translation of figures of speech is examined . The study emphasizes how adaptable and successful this model is at assessing translations according to their intended uses and contextual elements. It also investigates how figurative language, in particular personifications, similes, and metaphors, can improve communication by expressing meanings that go beyond the literal. The study illustrates the model's applicability for evaluating literary translations by examining a few chosen figures of speech from Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare and four of its Arabic translations.The study has concluded that Colina's TQA model offers a trustworthy framework for assessing the caliber and suitability of translated figurative language.

In online discourse, users often avoid direct accusations by implying defamatory meanings through indirect language. Social media platforms, particularly in Iraq, provide a space where individuals navigate defamation through implicit strategies, often violating conversational norms. This qualitative study investigates indirect defamation in Iraqi social media through the lens of Grice’s Conversational Implicature (1975). It hypothesizes that different Iraqi social media users engage in indirect defamation by violating Grice’s maxims in distinct ways, with frequently violations of Quality and Manner maxims and that figures of speech, particularly exaggeration and sarcasm, play a key role in conveying implicit defamatory meanings. Data were collected from public posts and comments on Facebook, Instagram, and X (formerly Twitter), focusing on four distinct user categories: public figures with real identities, public figures with fake identities, anonymous pages/admins, and private individuals with few followers. Findings reveal that the maxim of Quality is the most frequently violated across all samples, followed by Relevance, while Manner and Quantity appears to be less frequently violated. These violations are often accompanied by figures of speech, particularly sarcasm, exaggeration, metonymy, and euphemism, shaping implicit defamatory meanings. Notably, public figures using real identities tend to employ metonymy and euphemism, while those with fake identities or limited public exposure rely on sarcasm and exaggeration.

The Mamluks ruled Egypt more than two and half century. During the Mamluk era the Egyptian society, such as other human societies through history witnessed of many aspects of moral corruption. Despite the modern studies addressing many issues related to the Mamluk history, however, none of these studies dealt with in details of the efforts of the Mamluk state to combat moral corruption in Egypt expect in brief indications. Hence, the importance of this study, which adopts a historical approach by referring to and analyzing the available primary historical narratives. This study sheds light on the efforts of the Mamluk state to combat moral corruption in Egypt. It focuses on issues such as the prohibition of alcohol, vice, cannabis (hashish), and other immoral practices. The study highlights measures taken by the state, including the issuing of decrees banning these activities, raids on places where such substances were consumed or promoted, and the punishments imposed on violators. It also discusses the restrictions placed on women, as they were considered a significant factor linked to moral corruption, especially regarding their presence in public places, attire, and attendance at places associated with immoral behavior.

Language is everywhere, and we need it in almost everything. Language is used to connect, perform social actions, and provide a medium for social interactions. Language is organized and collaborative. Whether through verbal communication or written texts, as human beings, our means to successful interaction is through language. Nonetheless, according to linguists, there are not very fine differences between spoken and written language. Researchers agree that there are no fine differences between written and spoken discourse. How about persuasive language used according to the context? Are there fine differences between the persuasive language used in both written and spoken discourse? This study aims to investigate and answer this question. When it comes to successful marketing and advertising, it is evident that language plays a big role. The aim in this paper is to analyze persuasive language in both written (non-interactional) advertising and real-life (interactional/ engaging) advertising and marketing. The researcher, in this paper, aims to study the ways in which persuasive language varies according to the context in which it is used. And whether or not the strategies of persuasive linguistics are the same between written and spoken discourse. By studying and investigating the persuasiveness of language among written advertisements (non-interactional) and spoken (real-life) selling and marketing. By comparing written and spoken advertisements and ways of linguistic persuasion in both settings or contexts, these aims are, hopefully, to be reached through studying persuasive language and persuasive language strategies in written (non-interactional) advertising and real-life (interactional/ engaging) advertising or marketing. For as they say, “Language is a powerful tool!.

This study examines The Word for World Is Forest by Ursula K. Le Guin through Marxist literary critique to identify themes of alienation and capitalist exploitation. The novel provides a dystopian vision of colonialism, ecological destruction, and institutionalized exploitation of labor that resonates with historical and contemporary struggles against imperialism. Drawing on Karl Marx's ideas of alienation and surplus value, this study illustrates ways in which the novel condemns capitalism through forced labor and commodification of indigenous Athsheans. The study also examines class consciousness among Athsheans and their revolutionary rebellion as a form of resistance to colonialism. Le Guin's novel not only highlights dehumanizing effects of capitalism on oppressors and oppressed alike but also raises important questions on ethics and psychology of violence in resisting colonialism. In addition, this study puts Le Guin's critique in a broader context of Marxist literature to examine its relevance to contemporary socio-political issues such as corporate exploitation, ecological responsibility, and indigenous rights. By integrating Marxist critique with science fiction studies, this study underscores that the novel remains significant as a literary critique of capitalist colonialism and that it has deep implications for today's struggles against economic and ecological injustice.

This research is a realistic scientific debate that demonstrated the confrontation of groups of people with proof, each according to his mentality. Because returning with proof is more correct than returning with the sword. Because fear may lead its owner to be hypocritical, while the person with proof is not like that.
He confirms that the roots of the science of theology, whose goal is to defend the truths of faith in a rational and convincing way, were present in the Qur'an and desirable science, as appeared from the debate of Abraham - peace be upon him.
It gives us insight into knowing God without excessive denial or excessive comparison, but rather with a knowledge befitting His majesty that there is nothing like Him.
He uses methods of persuasion according to the classes of people, perhaps by stimulating the innate sense without using scientific terminology in reasoning. It may be by using the balance of reason and logic in an easy form, or it may be by using reason in a precise form, which is the path of philosophy or the path of the mysterious and precise rationalist

Al-Jamhara contains a rich and extensive linguistic material. Ibn Duraid (d. 321 AH) transmitted from the Arabs what no other linguistic narrator had narrated. He paid great attention to the material in his dictionary, producing rare linguistic citations. The morphological material in Al-Jamhara constitutes a space that makes research in it a motivating factor, inspiring researchers to delve into its depths and explore the depths of its secrets. The research dealt with morphological forms that were transmitted by semantic threads linked by a single meaning in the collection, transmitted by Ibn Duraid from linguistic scholars at times and from Arabs directly at other times. The research was divided into an introduction and four demands. The introduction detailed the statement on the term “tawārid” and its difference from “tārādif.” Then it turned to explaining something about Ibn Duraid and his scientific and personal biography, then explaining his method in presenting… The common forms, as for the four demands, each demand included a special type of common forms, some of which I analyzed morphologically and semantically. To understand the concept of recurrence that Ibn Duraid meant in his book, Al-Jamhara, the texts of the materials extracted from the dictionary were treated with punctuation, vocalization, graduation, and documentation in a list of the glossary of tables for each topic arranged alphabetically. The research was concluded with a list of the most prominent sources and references that the research relied on to complete it.

This research aims to introduce Al-Sabuni, his scholarly works, and his approach to his interpretation, "The Elite of Interpretations," one of his most famous works. Al-Sabuni demonstrated the diversity of the rhetorical styles he employed, including the following: interrogative, wishful, vocative, imperative, and others, which he employed to serve and clarify the meaning of the Qur'an. He also demonstrated his ability to use these styles in appropriate contexts, helping to convey meanings in a simple and accessible manner without compromising the original meaning of the text. Among the most important findings of the research are the following:
1. Al-Sabuni combined in his interpretation the sciences of language, including grammar, rhetoric, and literature. It can be classified within the linguistic rhetorical approach in interpretation. 2- Al-Sabuni demonstrated the value of the rhetorical devices in the Holy Quran through his beneficial interpretation. May God reward him.
3- Al-Sabuni's interpretation is distinguished by its precise expressions and brevity, combined with its comprehensive vocabulary and comprehensive meanings. Therefore, this interpretation has gained the admiration of many scholars and students of knowledge, facilitating their interpretation of the Holy Quran and the meanings of its words in a clear and easy manner

The natural space, in its poetic functional dimension, is worthy of moving within objective visions dependent on the text's elements, whether apparent or inspired by narrative structures. The event is linked to the space in its containment and documentation as a poetic signifier, and is based on psychological integration and emotional identification with it. The vision it conveys emerges from the context of the experience; a sense that captures the aesthetics of the space and its actors with poetic images that it brings together within a comprehensive context. This sense of spatial vision gives the experience its essence, granting it the potential for influence and precise description. Signifiers secured by the formation of the natural space are identified by the research in (Praise, Women, and Longing) in accordance with reading perspectives that stem from the text and its linguistic and non-linguistic contexts, in which the natural space is a dominant poetic signifier and a governing focus of the vision and its objective dimension..

This research aims to investigate the use of pronouns and relative pronouns in the story of Moses -peace be upon him- in the Holy Qur'an, in accordance with the textual criteria advocated by the American linguist De Beaugrande: (casting, weaving, intentionality, contextuality, situationality, information, and intertextuality). From this scholar's perspective, if these textual criteria are met in any text, it is considered a text with a cohesive cast. However, if one of these criteria is missing, it is not considered a text. The Holy Qur'an was revealed in clear Arabic. Since these criteria were designed to analyze linguistic texts, it is no surprise that they serve the Holy Qur'an, elevate its status, and raise its standing. The goal behind this type of study is to demonstrate the textual analysis of texts, based on the criteria of syntax, including reference, and how reference operates within the rules and frameworks of the text discussed by linguists, including textualists. Just as the sentence has rules and foundations, the text must also have rules and foundations. Textual studies are still in their developmental stages.
The story of Moses -peace be upon him- is one of the most frequently cited stories in the Holy Quran, appearing in more than forty places across thirty-six surahs (chapters) of the Quran, in more than five hundred and fifty verses, both long and short. Therefore, we wanted to apply a mechanism and tools of textual linguistics, namely, referencing the story of Moses -peace be upon him- in the Holy Quran. The story of Moses -peace be upon him- may not always be mentioned in a chronological order with other Quranic stories. It may come before the stories of other prophets, or it may be mentioned chronologically within the stories of the prophets. This research plan can be divided into an introduction and two axes. In the introduction, we provide a brief definition of textual linguistics, its mechanisms, and the tools of coherence, including consistency and cohesion in the text. The first axis addresses referential pronouns in the story of Moses -peace be upon him- in the Holy Quran, while the second

The introductions come as a poetic painting, crowning a group of psychological and social approaches that govern awareness at the moment of creative production. The introductions bear the poet’s readiness to disclose hopes and aspirations that keep the recipient in uninterrupted communication, and their impact remains on him.
Introductions are one of the basic and important keys to entering the depths of the text; it is the main threshold imposed on poets to dive into, and forced the recipient to dismantle it, examine it and interrogate it, and in doing so it targets the recipient’s interest to attract him to it and put him in direct contact with it, to reveal its mysteries and secrets, and each introduction has its own beauty; because it possesses a poetic specificity that distinguishes it from others.
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The title of the collection of poems (Saqt Al-Zand) by Abu Al-Ala Al-Maari is one of the unique titles that was not used by any poet of his time or before him. This title reflects the state of frustration and existential questioning that the poet is experiencing. His style is distinguished by innovation compared to the traditional titles that were used to name the diwans in the Abbasid era. Thus, the title (Saqt Al-Zand) opens a door to contemporary critical contemplation. It is considered part of the (textual thresholds) in modern literary criticism, as it constitutes a shift in understanding the titles of the collections of poetry in that era. In the era of Abu al-Ala al-Ma’arri or the era before him. The collections were usually named after the poet himself, as in (Diwan al-Buhturi) and (Diwan al-Mutanabbi), which revolves around the traditional character prevailing in naming literary works.
Thus, the title of the collection (Saqt Al-Zand) constitutes a departure from the usual naming of collections. Thus, the title of the collection (Saqt Al-Zand) constitutes a departure from the usual naming of collections, and it adds to the uniqueness of Abu al-Ala al-Ma’arri intellectually and stylistically, as it carries connotations of modesty, self-criticism, and the literary tendency in his poetry, which distinguished the poet, making him a milestone in the development of Arab literary awareness.

This research studies the Arabic dialects mentioned in the book (The Characteristics) by Abu al-Fateh Uthman ibn Jinni (d. 392 AH). It begins with a brief introduction aimed at clearly and concisely distinguishing between the concepts of language and dialect. In this introduction, we refer to a precise and important issue that Ibn Jinni touched upon in this book: the issue of the disagreement among Arabs regarding their dialects. The introduction highlights his view toward those who claim the existence of this disagreement, whichserves as a pivotal entry point for understanding his methodology. This is followed by a core study of the research, which addresses the Arabic dialects mentioned in (The Characteristics), divided into two main sections to organize the scientific material and facilitate its review. The first section focuses on the words mentioned by Ibn Jinni, indicating that they are an Arabic dialect . These are arranged alphabetically to ensure easy reference and classification. The second section deals with the issues in which Ibn Jinni mentioned a number of Arabic dialects, also arranged alphabetically, similar to the first section. In both section, the research is careful to clarify Ibn Jinni's statement regarding each of these dialects separately, to explain his methodology in attributing those dialects to their speakers, and to reveal the variation in this attribution, whether through documentation or lack thereof. The research concludes with a summary that includes the most important findings and conclusions reached by this study in uncovering the Arabic dialectal material within the book (The Characteristics).

The reader will find in Ibn al-Rumi’s collection of poems, and specifically his elegies, that most of them are in mourning, crying, and wailing over family and relatives. His arrangement of fourteen poems in mourning for family and relatives is considered a large number compared to the total number of his twenty-four elegies in his collection. They constituted approximately 60% of his total elegies, which is a large percentage. Among the most famous of them is his elegy for his middle son Muhammad, known as (The Necklace’s Intermediary), which is considered a shining beacon in the sky of Arabic elegies, specifically (The Lament of Sons). The verb, in terms of meaning, is stronger than the noun, and the more of it – I mean the verb – is stronger than the simpler one; Therefore, in this poem, the augmented verbs were chosen, which were present in (forty-three) verbs, constituting (50%) of the total verbs mentioned in the verses of the poem (bare and augmented), specifically the augmented verbs with the letter (af'al), as twenty-three verbs were mentioned in this form, meaning that more than half of the augmented verbs mentioned in the elegy came in the form (af'al), thus forming a morphological dominance over the remaining forms, all of that to fulfill the poet's desire to empty the many and deep meanings that were inflaming his heart and searing it with the fire of pain and separation; it is known that the increase in the form adds an increase in meaning, as the bare verb may not achieve what was raging in his chest, so we find that he resorted to augmented verbs to achieve his goal of expressing his feelings and sorrows. The choice fell on some verbs mentioned in the augmented form with the letter (af'al) and we devoted them to presentation, analysis, and clarification of their meanings

Functional grammar Is defined as: “It Is the grammar that is not limited to the role played by words or phrases in the sentence, i.e. the functions (structural and grammatical) such as the subject and the object, because these functions represent only a part of a whole, interacting with other functions (situational or communicative) which are the semantic and pragmatic functions, and through them the structural characteristics of linguistic expressions are linked to the communicative.
Communicative purposes that these expressions are used as a means to achieve.”
The study is based on the central hypothesis that verbs, with their pivotal semantic roles in sentence construction, exhibit a complex interplay with syntactic structures, making them a focal point where meaning and structure converge.
The study aims to provide an integrated perspective on understanding how verbs in Arabic are formed by analyzing their semantic roles and their impact on the syntactic organization of sentences. It highlights how verbs are influenced by elements such as tense, subject, object, and other contextual modifiers, creating a linguistic structure that ensures the speaker's communicative intent. The research focuses on uncovering the semantic patterns of verbs (e.g., transitivity and intransitivity) and their reflection in the syntactic structure of sentences, while elucidating the interactive relationship between grammatical elements surrounding the verb.
The study presents a comprehensive analytical model that integrates the semantic and syntactic dimensions of verbs into a unified framework. It demonstrates how this relationship contributes to constructing sentences that achieve a balance between syntactic structure and functional meaning, emphasizing the changes that occur in sentence structure due to the semantic functions performed by the verb in different contexts.

Reference is One Of the means that achieve the coherence and consistency of the text. Lt is a skill of linguistic mastery, which is only performed by those who are aware of the importance of referential elements and their role in directing in the intended direction, Therefore, it has an inherent relationship with the meaning, and its presence ensures the continuity of the text's flow in harmony, consistency and stability. Lt has the flexibility that makes it capable of retrograde and progressive extension with lightness and ease, Reference is not something that an expression does, nor is it a kind of decoration and dazzle, but it is something that someone can refer to by using a specific expression, it can be said that reference reduces the referred to in a way

Iraqi universities are flourishing with many academic figures who have left a significant impact and legacy in contemporary historical studies. Recently, Iraqi universities have dedicated theses and dissertations to studying the lives of these academic figures, their biographies, and their role in writing and documenting history, as well as their scientific and academic contributions both within Iraq and abroad.
Since its establishment in 1957, Baghdad University has been a pioneer in this field, followed by other Iraqi universities in history departments in the humanities faculties. Many individuals working in this academic field have recognized the importance of writing about the history of living figures who continue to contribute their knowledge. It seems that this perspective on academic symbols and figures is crucial for understanding the lives, careers, and contributions of the studied individuals, especially since the Iraqi historical school is rich with many academic figures who have made clear contributions to the development of intellectual movements and higher education in Iraq.
Contemporary historians of the Iraqi historical school have had a significant impact on historical documentation through their substantial contributions and scholarly works. Among them is Professor Dr. Khalil Ali Murad, who has presented and translated numerous books, historical research, and studies, along with translating English and Turkish documents. He left a clear mark on the Iraqi universities where he worked through his teaching and supervision of graduate students, as well as his participation in scientific conferences and seminars inside and outside Iraq. He is proficient in several languages, including Arabic, English, Ottoman Turkish, and Kurdish, and has a clear vision of the concept of historical documents, their importance, and his study of issues related to historical documentation and his views on the reality of historical studies.

American Academic Activity in The Ottoman Empire Was Part Of American Efforts To Promote Education And Cultural Exchange With The Islamic World , In Addition To Spreading Christian Evangelism Among Ottoman Muslims And Other Christian Sects , Several American Colleges Were Established In Various States Of The Ottoman Empire These Colleges Provided Educational Programs And Curricula In The English Language, And Participated In Spreading Western Ideas And Scientific Progress, In Order To Enhance Education And Cultural Exchange This Included The Exchange Of Students And Academics, As Well As The Translation Of Books And Articles Between Turkish And English, These C0llege Also Contributed To Modernizing The Ottoman Education System And Introducing New Concepts In Higher Education, It Helped Spread Liberal And Democratic Ideas Among Ottoman, In Addition To Its Role In Inciting Nationalisms Against The Ottoman Empire, It Is Worth Noting That American Academic Activity Faced Many Challenges, These Included Linguistic And Cultural Difficulties As Well As Opposition From Some Political And Popular Circles That Doubted The American Intentions, American Academic Activity Left A Positive Legacy In The Field Of Education And Cultural Exchange Between The United States Of American And The Ottoman Empire In Forming A New Generation Of Leaders And learners Who Played An Important Role In Modernizing The Ottoman Empire.

Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh by Ibn al-Athir (630 AH/1232 AD) is considered one of the important historical books. Its author excelled in presenting a tragic narrative that expresses emotion and panic, reflecting the magnitude of the tragedy of the Islamic world in the consciousness of contemporaries of the Mongol invasion, which is considered one of the most prominent transformations in the reality of the Islamic world at the beginning of the seventh century AH/thirteenth century AD. This invasion constituted a turning point in the history of the Khwarazmian state and the military, political, social and economic shocks that the Islamic East witnessed later, ending with the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate. Ibn al-Athir described the terror caused by the Mongol invasion and their crimes in people’s souls and the general situation until the year 628 AH/1230 AD, when Ibn al-Athir stopped writing, as he died two years later. His information is distinguished by its accuracy and abundance about the dangerous and sensitive stage in Islamic history. Ibn al-Athir also followed the analytical and critical approach in his narration of the stories.

The political, administrative and security dimensions are considered as main subjects of Kuwaiti history, especially the previous studies didn't refer to them and for this reason it started its study deeply. The first section tackles the urban revolution and its role in establishing the municipality of Kuwait which leads to develop the city as well as to attack people to live there. The second section, however, tackles the problem of water in Kuwait and how to Process it because Kuwait faced the problem of water scarcity because of its desert nature . Kuwaiti people depend on drilling water wells and bringing water from shat Al-Arab.
Overtime, sea water distillation stations were built and ground water lakes under the desert were discovered and water wells were dug to improve the exploitation of water resources. As for the third section, it tackles the general transport in Kuwait (challenges and solutions) and Kuwaiti efforts in developing the means of transport and communication.
Kuwait developed the means of transport and communication via constructing many roads ,the establishment of a public transport company, and the establishment of a ground station for satellite communications. Kuwait Airways developed with government support, and Kuwait Airport witnessed significant improvements ,strengthening its position in the aviation sector.

He Caucasus region became famous for its economic activity through the export and import of goods, or as a transit route for goods from other countries. The region was known for exporting mules, horses, various weapons, copper tools, and the black fox fur that kings and caliphs, including Caliph Al-Mahdi, adorned themselves with. In addition, the region was known for the fish known as “tarikh,” which was transported to Mosul and Iraq via the Tigris River. However, the white slaves were considered the most significant import for Islamic countries from these lands. Textile products from Islamic countries also reached the region, making their way to pagan nations in the north. Trade activities were concentrated in towns like Barda, Ardabil, and Dabil, among others. Some cities in the region, such as Derbent and Atel, were considered centers for trade between the northern peoples and the southern Muslim regions. These cities hosted traders from various nations, including Muslims, Armenians, Romans, Syrians, Lann, Bulgarians, and Russians. It is important to note that the Russians often combined trade with warfare, making it difficult to determine when their trading ships transformed into warships. Coins minted in Iraq were also found in many areas of the Caucasus

The study examined industry and its importance in the Arabian Peninsula from the Prophetic mission until the end of the Rashidun era (1–40 AH / 622–661 AD), given its significance in all civilizational aspects. It aimed to understand the role of industrial production, the social classes involved, and the key industries that spread and flourished despite the simplicity of primitive methods in the Arabian Peninsula during one of the most pivotal periods in human history—the time from the Prophetic mission to the end of the Rashidun era.
The researcher divided the study into several sections. The first section addressed the foundations of industry and the factors contributing to its advancement. The second section focused on key food industries, such as food and beverage production and their development. The third section covered metal industries, including precious crafts, blacksmithing, and weapon-making, along with those who worked in these fields. The fourth section explored various other industries, including textile production, leather tanning, and associated crafts, as well as wood and stone industries during that period.

Wheat is the main food item that most people live on, which constitutes the main material for their daily food, and it is no secret to anyone that the importance of wheat and its significant effects are important on people's lives and daily livelihood, so any impact affects it in terms of high wheat prices or scarcity of supply in the markets, and of course, any negative impact affects it reflected on the overall daily life of people, and this effect was represented by showing the movement of prices for wheat and its impact On the prices of bread and its quality in terms of variation and fluctuation between rise and fall, and its great impact, leads to frequent confrontations between the public and the authority because of that, and so we note that the Levant and Egypt have been exposed to cases of high wheat prices and scarcity in the markets and the occurrence of social unrest and hunger because of that..

This research deals with one of the clans of the Aws tribe, namely Bani al-Nabit ibn Malik ibn al-Aws, who played a major role in supporting the Islamic call during the era of the message. The research will provide details about the origin of Bani al-Nabit, as the origins of Bani al-Nabit go back to the Qahtanite Azd tribe, as the Azdi tribes migrated from Yemen due to the collapse of the Ma'rib Dam. Among these tribes are the Aws and Khazraj tribes, which settled in Yathrib (Medina).
The research also provides details about the homes of Bani Nabit in Medina, as they lived in areas close to each other, specifically in the east of Medina on the outskirts of Harrat Waqim. The distribution of tribes in Medina was affected by three factors: soil fertility, the abundance of valleys, and the availability of wells. Harrat Waqim, east of Medina, was one of the most fertile areas of Medina, so most of the homes of the people of Medina were in its southern and western parts. The most prominent areas settled by Bani Nabit in the north and east of Medina were: Al-Saflah, Al-Arid, Shaykhan, Al-Jawaniyyah, Ratij, and Al-Aswaf. Bani Nabit had a number of wells, including: Bir Jasoum, from which the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) drank; Bir Marq, which witnessed the gathering of the first Muslims and where Saad ibn Muadh and Asid ibn Hudayr converted to Islam at the hands of Mus'ab ibn Umair; Bir Al-Quraysah, and Bir Dashm. The Banu Nabit had a number of atams: these were forts built by the people of the city from stone, and they were a means of defense, protection, and decoration for the people of the city. Their shapes varied between square and round, and they were sometimes attributed to people’s names. The number of atams of the Banu Nabit reached fourteen atams, and the Banu Haritha had the largest share of the atams due to their border location. They also had a number of mosques that were religious and scientific centers, built from mud, including: the Waqim Mosque, the Sheikhs’ Mosque, the Banu Dhafar Mosque, and the Noor Mosque, in many of which the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) prayed.

There is an important group for whom Al-Safadi wrote biographies namely the Arab emirs from the Arab tribes. TheMamluk state deals with this group and tried to contain them by granting them permanent positions and allocating sums of money to win them over, given their importance in maintaining security and stability and maintaining communication with the Mamluk state through its emirs, who were assigned these positions. This is the Emirate of the Arabs, which dates back to the era of the Seljuk state, specifically during the reign of the ruler of Damascus, Prince Tughtekin(497-5522\1103-1128 AD). Al-Safadi wrote biographies of six Arab emirs, and their importance to him varied according to his detailed explanation and mentioning them briefly.
The research aims to shed light on the nature of the relationship between the Mamluk state and the Arab emirs, which was dominated by mutual interests, as well as understanding the role of these emirs in Islamic history.
The research is divided in to axes that include the relationship of the Arab princes with the Mamluks, including the Emirate of Al Fadl, from which the Al Mahana family branched off. The research also addresses the Emirate of Al Marra,the Emir of Al Uqba, and the Emir of the West. The research concluded with a set of results .

The circumstances of World War II led to increased press censorship. As Turkish press publications were reshaped according to a changing political strategy, the Turkish government's maneuvers were reflected in its foreign policy, which shifted according to the political circumstances during the war. The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs' efforts to establish maximum relations with all Axis or Allied powers in order to stay out of the war led to significant developments. Significant developments occurred in 1940, the period when the Axis powers began invading the Balkans and the growing reaction in the Turkish press against the Axis powers, which quickly invaded even the Balkan states that had declared neutrality. The dangers that emerged in the Balkans and the Aegean Sea in October 1940, when Italy attacked Greece, played a role. In the same year, Germany occupied Hungary and Romania, and the Turkish press's position on German hegemony over Romania and its impact on the situation in the Balkans became clear. Furthermore, the Turkish press's position on the Italian attack on Greece, a neighboring country, and its sympathy with the Greeks in defending their country were also highlighted. In the first half of 1941, the atmosphere of Axis dominance prevailed in the Balkans. After the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia and Greece in the first half of 1941 and the complete control of the Axis powers over the Balkans, the comments in the Turkish newspapers also changed. Anti-Axis articles in the Turkish press increased, and the harsh tone was evident in the articles published in the newspapers in the spring of 1941. It was clear that the Turkish press was under the control of the Turkish government and that its positions largely reflected the foreign policy of the Turkish government.

This research examines the relationship between the body and the value system from a cultural perspective. It is a complex topic where diverse cultures and traditions overlap. The meaning and function of the body in marriage vary according to cultural and religious contexts, leading to significant variations in perceptions and practices. In many cultures, the body is considered a symbol of dignity and identity, viewed as a tool for expressing desire and love, and a means of social acceptance. In many societies, marriage is considered a bond between two families or tribes, and the cultural framework determines how the contract is formed, in terms of the dowry, the roles between spouses, and the dowry. Customs and traditions influence how the body is understood within the framework of marriage. Some cultures emphasize purity and virginity, while others view sexual expression as a natural part of the relationship. Some civilizations have begun to revise their views of the body and marriage in light of economic and social changes. Health issues are also related to this topic, as it is essential for both spouses to be in good health, which reflects a healthy awareness within marital bonds. This study explores the topic by highlighting the importance of understanding cultural identity and how it influences social norms. It defines the objectives of the study, which analyzes the influence of cultural values and provides recommendations to promote acceptance of bodily diversity. The case study approach, a research method used to analyze a specific topic, is used. The study seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the body and the value system, and to provide recommendations that enhance cultural awareness and support mental health. It also contributes to enriching the discussion about the body and culture, strengthening understanding between different cultures.

This study aims to examine the role of the Iraqi family in shaping their children’s inclinations toward university education by analyzing the social, economic, and cultural factors influencing their educational decisions. The study employs both the historical and descriptive-analytical methods, reviewing the historical development of the family’s role in supporting higher education and analyzing the impact of parental education levels, family support, and economic status on children’s educational choices.
The findings indicate that the family plays a crucial role in directing children toward university education. Parental educational background, economic stability, and cultural orientations significantly shape children’s academic aspirations. The study also highlights disparities in these influences between urban and rural families.
The study recommends strengthening the family’s role in supporting higher education through awareness campaigns and counseling programs, as well as adopting educational policies that ensure equal opportunities for all social groups.

This study aims to provide a sociological analysis of taboos In the Yazidi community, considering them fundamental components in shaping collective consciousness and regulating both religious and social behavior. Taboos play a significant role in defining the boundaries between what is accepted and what is rejected, whether in social relationships or religious practices, thus contributing to the organization of daily life for the Yazidi individual.
The researcher adopts the descriptive-analytical method, relying on personal observations within the studied community, as well as on previous theoretical studies. Accordingly, the study seeks to offer a deeper understanding of taboos in the Yazidi community from both religious and sociological perspectives.
The researcher concludes that taboos are not only religious In nature but also have important social dimensions, as they help regulate social relationships. Therefore, the researcher recommends the necessity of protecting and documenting the Yazidi religious heritage to preserve it from loss, and supporting sociological studies that address communities with unique cultural and religious characteristics, in order to understand the mechanisms of their continuity and adaptation to societal changes and transformations

This study aims to analyze the obstacles and challenges that hinder and limit the development process in the Hawija district of Kirkuk Governorate, from a socio-analytical perspective, this study deals with the social, political, economic, environmental, health and administrative aspects that hinder development, with a focus on the impact of historical factors and conflicts on the development reality in the region.
The research relies on the descriptive analytical approach, where it relies on previous theoretical studies in addition to relying on the observations of the researcher that he observes in the study community, so the study seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the development reality in the Hawija district, and then propose solutions that contribute to overcoming the current obstacles and promoting sustainable development in the region.

This research aims to analyze the multiple challenges faced by families of cancer patients from social, economic, and psychological perspectives, within the context of the ongoing pressures and difficulties imposed by the disease, which affect daily life patterns and family stability. The study explores the impact of these changes on family structure and relationships, as well as their ability to adapt to the healthcare and living requirements of the patients.
The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, based on a review of relevant literature and previous studies, in addition to the researcher's observations derived from analyzing the social and economic realities of families affected by the disease. The study seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the conditions these families endure and to explore the roles that healthcare and social institutions can play in supporting them. It also offers practical recommendations to improve the level of services and care provided, thereby enhancing the families’ resilience in the face of these challenges.

Verbal violence is a phenomenon observed in most human societies throughout history, albeit to varying degrees. Virtually no language in the world is entirely devoid of violent expressions .While verbal violence manifests as an individual act during speech, it is fundamentally a social phenomenon, as individuals acquire these aggressive terms from their social environment. These violent expressions are not merely fleeting words; their meanings and connotations reflect the speaker's psychological and social state, revealing the depth of their emotional and societal influences Manifestations of Verbal Violence ,Verbal violence can be direct or indirect: Indirect verbal violence includes gestures, facial expressions, neglect, marginalization, malicious gossip, and heavy-handed humor. Direct verbal violence involves insults, curses, and false accusations, defamation of honor, scathing criticism, harsh blame, shouting, and threats.This phenomenon has psychological and social repercussions: Psychological effects: Deterioration of mental health, low self-esteem, increased stress and agitation, reduced quality of life, and heightened feelings of isolation and depression. Social effects: Erosion of social bonds, weakened trust among societal groups, and impaired functioning of key social institutions (e.g., family and school systems). The growing normalization of vulgar language—now commonplace in homes, streets, and even educational institutions—signals a dangerous societal shift. A Complex Interplay of Factors This phenomenon cannot be explained through a single-factor logic. Its escalation results from the interaction of multiple factors: Environmental and historical influences Psychological, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. These elements have particularly shaped Iraqi society over the past century.

The study aims to define the concept of information technology and to specify the concept of illiteracy and information literacy in order to clarify and express them comprehensively. The study addressed the importance of information technology, its characteristics, functions, and components, as well as the history of illiteracy and the types of illiteracy recognized in society, and identified the position of information illiteracy within it. The study examined the reasons for the emergence of the information literacy gap, the factors contributing to its spread, and the most important levels of literacy, along with the methods used to eradicate information illiteracy. It then discussed modern mechanisms, methods, and initiatives for eliminating information illiteracy, leading to the conclusion.The study concluded with several results and recommendations, the most important of which were:
Results:
1. Information technology contributes to enhancing the efficiency of university researchers by facilitating the process of obtaining information quickly and with high accuracy.
2. Training researchers on academic scientific research skills to enhance their ability to analyze data and information and effectively utilize it to ensure the quality of scientific output.
3. The application of information technology requires bridging the information gap, which necessitates the availability of qualified human competencies that possess the experience and skills needed to use modern technological devices and means, ensuring the maximum benefit from its capabilities.
Recommendations:
1. Support researchers in using digital tools such as academic search engines and electronic databases that help accelerate the research process and improve its accuracy.
2. Work on providing an informational environment through which faculty members, students, and researchers can be educated and trained, benefiting from it to enhance information literacy and work to reduce the digital divide between developed and developing countries.
3. Encourage collaboration between universities and educational institutions on one hand, and technology companies on the other, in order to develop integrated technological solutions that support scientific research, and to develop digital platforms that promote collaboration among researchers from different parts of the world, allowing them to exchange knowledge and research ideas.

The research aims to identify the reality of using electronic management in the information institution represented by the Central Library of Al-Mustansiriya University and to show the extent of the impact of using electronic management on the individuals working in the information institution by measuring the impact of applying electronic management on the development of administrative work. To achieve the objectives, the researcher used the descriptive approach using the efficiency scale and preparing a form that includes six tables, each table is specific to one of the work axes in the library. The questionnaire was presented to arbitrators whose names are mentioned in Appendix No. (1). As for the research community, it included a group of heads of departments and divisions and some experienced workers, numbering (25) workers. The research reached a group of results, including
Efficiency of human resources in the field of administrative work under the implementation of e-management reached 78%, which is a good percentage. This indicates the extent of employees' knowledge of the electronic administrative work applied within the information institution represented by the Central Library of Al-Mustansiriya University. 2- Therefore, the efficiency of human resources in providing services and work under the implementation of e-management was 72.2%. This indicates a good percentage of electronic services provided in the Central Library of Al-Mustansiriya University. Focus on all electronic business capabilities and activating them to enhance the performance of human resources. The most important recommendations were as follows Providing employees with the opportunity to be creative, innovative, and participate in decision-making to improve their performance under the implementation of e-management Focusing on employees responsible for e-administration and improving their performance by intensifying specialized courses on software, databases, and electronic systems for e-office work on an ongoing basis